Deuteronomy 12:30

הִשָּׁ֣מֶר

Root word keep, kept, observe, heed, keepeth, …

Dictionary form: שָׁמַר · shaw-MAHR

Verb — Niphal, Imperative, second person masculine singular passive or reflexive — "it was done" / "he did it to himself" a command — try "___!" the built-in subject is "you"

In the KJV here: take heed

keep ×28 kept ×24 and keep ×23 to keep ×23 take heed ×16 and to keep ×7 observe ×7 ye shall keep ×6

More options

keep — Most versatile rendering; suits commands and ongoing obligations.

observe — Best for law/covenant contexts: observe the sabbath.

guard — Physical or protective watching over something or someone.

watch over — Caring, attentive oversight; warm, pastoral register.

heed — Prefer when the nuance is careful attention or warning.

preserve — Suits divine protection contexts: God preserves his people.

BDB8848 H8104

I. שָׁמַר₄₆₅ verb keep, watch, preserve (Late Hebrew id.; Phoenician שמר in proper name and (Punic) = watchman; Tel Amarna šimiru is perhaps overseer (Canaanism), Wkl^{No. 80, i. 23}; Mandean סמירא preserved Nö^{M 46}; compare Arabic converse by night, stay awake (see Lag^{BN 105}); Ba^{NB 175 f.; ES 43} infers from eyelid (compare [שְׁמֻרָה] below), and Arabic support, aid, protect (l = r), that two √ √ are combined in Hebrew; but proof insufficient); —

Qal₄₂₅ Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳שׁ Gen 37:11 +, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁמֹר 1Sam 2:9 +, יִשְׁמָרֿ Jer 5:24 +, suffix 3 masculine singular יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ Exod 21:29; Exod 21:36 3 feminine singular suffix תִּשְׁמוּרֵ֑ם Prov 14:3 (read תִּשְׁמְרוּם, see Ges^{«GKC:47g»§ 47g} Toy), etc.; Imperative masculine singular שְׁמֹר Job 2:6 +, שָׁמְרָה 1Chr 29:18 +; masculine plural שִׁמְרוּ Josh 6:18 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute שָׁמוֺר Deut 5:12 +; construct שְׁמֹר Gen 3:24 +, suffix שָׁמְרָהּ Gen 2:15, etc.; Participle active שֹׁמֵר 1Sam 1:12 +, etc.; passive שָׁמוּר Eccl 5:12 (1Sam 9:24 see below), etc.; — [Synon. I. נָצַר, נָטַר, q. v.]:

1. a. keep, have charge of, garden Gen 2:15 (J), ark 1Sam 7:1, property in trust Exod 22:6; Exod 22:9 (E), compare 1Sam 25:31 tend flock Gen 30:31 (E), compare Zech 3:7; Num 3:8 (P); so perhaps (object omitted) Hos 12:13 (where ׳שׁ chosen for parallelism Now Marti and others); Participle הֲשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹ֑כִי Gen 4:9 (J), ׳שׁ of sheep 1Sam 17:20, הַכֵּלִים ׳שׁ v1Sam 17:22, הַכְּגָדִים ׳שׁ 2Kgs 22:14; 2Chr 34:22, הַנָּשִׁים ׳שׁ Esth 2:3; Esth 2:8; Esth 2:15, compare vEsth 2:14, etc.
b. keep, guard, captives Josh 10:18 (J), 1Kgs 20:39, דֶּרֶךְ Gen 3:24 (J); keep watch and ward, אֶל person for whom 1Sam 26:15 (Ps 59:10 see 3 end), עַל person vPs 59:16; Prov 6:22 בַּנַּעַר 2Sam 18:12 have a care of (read לִי for מִי ᵐ5 and modern); in hostile sense, אֶל הָעִיר (in siege) 2Sam 11:16, חַטָאתִי עַל Job 14:16 (but read תַּעֲבֹר with ᵐ5 Ew Di Du and others [not Hi Bu]); absolute with מֵעַל Eccl 5:7 watcheth above, etc.; keep one's mouth, be prudent of speech Prov 21:33, compare Mic 7:5 keep = protect, save, one's life, נֶפֶשׁ Prov 13:3; Prov 16:17; Prov 19:16; Prov 22:5, another's Job 2:6 in Proverbs, accusative of person, subject wisdom, Job 4:6 she shall preserve thee, compare (+ מִן of evil) Job 6:24; Job 7:5 especially Participle watch, watchman, of city Isa 21:11 (twice in verse); Isa 21:12; Isa 62:5 (figurative), Song 3:3; Song 5:7 (twice in verse); Ps 127:1 הַמֶּלֶף ׳שׁ (in temple) Jer 35:4 + (see סַף), פֶּית הַמֶּלֶךְ ׳הַפּ 1Kgs 14:27 = 2Chr 12:10, הַשְּׁעָרִים ׳שׁ Neh 13:22, שֹׁמְרֵי הַבַּיִת (figurative) Eccl 12:3 ׳שׁ הַבַּיִתךֵסעוֺה ךֵהת פךֵךֵכ (of David's concubines) 2Sam 15:16; 2Sam 16:21; 2Sam 20:3 שֹׁמֵר הַכֵּלִים 1Sam 17:22, הַבְּגָדִים ׳שׁ 2Kgs 22:14, חַפַּרְדֵּס ׳שׁ Neh 2:8, הַנָּשִׁים ׳שׁ Esth 2:3; Esth 2:14; Esth 2:15, שֹׁמְרִים absolute Judg 7:19; Jer 51:12.
c. hence watch for, wait for, accusative of person 1Sam 19:11 (to kill him), compare Ps 59:1 (title; accusative הַבַּיִת); with יֲקֵכַי Ps 56:7 = dog my steps, Ps 71:10; Jer 20:10 = watch (suspiciously) Job 10:14; Job 13:27; Job 33:11 absolute הַשֹּׁעמרִים Judg 1:24 wait for, נֶשֶׁף Job 24:15, לַבֹּקֶר Ps 130:6 (twice in verse).
d. watch, observe, accusative of thing 1Sam 1:12; Eccl 11:4; Job 39:1; Jer 8:7 (of birds), with intelligence Isa 42:20; Ps 107:43 accusative of person Ps 37:37 (|| ראה), Zech 11:11 accusative of sin Ps 31:7; Ps 130:3 accusative of thing, for the purpose of avoiding, Ps 17:4.

2. a. keep, retain, of storing up (food) Gen 41:35 (E); absolute Eccl 3:6 (opposed to הִשְׁלִיךְ); treasure up (in memory) Gen 37:11 (E), compare Mal 2:7; 1Chr 29:18; Prov 4:21 (בְּתוֺךְ לְבָבֶ֑ךְ), Prov 22:18 (כְּבִטֱנ֑ךָ); retain wrath Amos 1:11 (read שָׁמֶר לָנֶצַח We Now GASm Marti; see also נָטַר 1) + (anger omitted) Jer 3:5 (|| נטר).
b. keep within bounds, restrain, object שׁוֺר Exod 21:29; Exod 21:36 (E); with accusative hand, מִן of evil Isa 56:2 figurative keep thy foot, with temporal clause Eccl 4:17 לְֿפִי מַחְסוֺם׳אֶשׁ Ps 39:2 (ᵐ5 Du and others אָשִׁימָה); apparently reflexive (= Niph`al), Josh 6:18 (+ מִןהַֿחֵרֶס), possibly sc. גַפְשְׁכֶם Di.

3. a. observe, celebrate, accusative of festival, etc., Exod 23:15 (E), Exod 34:18 (J), Exod 12:17 of day vExod 12:17 (P), of month Deut 16:1.
b. keep Sabbath Deut 5:12; Lev 19:3; Lev 19:30; Lev 26:2 (all H), Exod 31:13; Exod 31:14; Exod 31:16 (P), Isa 56:4, also (+ מֵחַלְּלוֺ) vIsa 56:2 vIsa 56:6.
c. of other obligations: keep convenant Ezek 17:14, especially convenant of ׳י Deut 29:8; 1Kgs 11:11 + 5 t., ׳שְׁבֻעַת י 1Kgs 2:43, perform vow Deut 23:24 keep commands Jer 35:18; Ezek 20:18 especially מִצָוֺת, תֻקִּים, יֲבֹדָה, etc., of ׳י (sometimes || נצר), Exod 20:6 = Deut 5:10; Amos 2:4; 1Kgs 2:3; Ps 119:8; Ps 119:17; Ps 119:34 + very often (c. 120 t.); ׳דֶּרֶח י ׳שׁ Gen 18:19 (J) + 4 t., ׳דַּרְכֵי י 2Sam 22:22 = Ps 18:22, ׳י ׳ד omitted Judg 2:22 b; אָרְחוֺת צַדַּיקִים ׳שׁ Prov 2:20 (|| תֵּלֵח תְּלֵח בְּדֶרֶח טוֺבֹים), ׳שׁ דְּרָכַי (ways of wisdom) Prov 8:32 (Ps 17:4 see 1 d); keep discharge an office, כְּהֻנָּה Num 3:10; Num 18:7 (both P), absolute 2Chr 5:11 a function or duty, especially מִשְׁמֶרֶת ׳שׁ Lev 8:35; Num 1:53 + approximately 32 t. (see ׳מ below); accusative of obligation often omitted, especially D (and R^D) keep and do Deut 4:6; Deut 7:12 + 8 t.; to do Deut 5:1; Deut 5:29 + 16 t. D + 3 t., etc.
d. observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom) Hos 12:7 (חֶסֶד וּמִשְׁפָּט), Isa 56:1; Prov 4:4; Prov 5:2; Prov 7:1; Prov 7:2 bad sense, observe vanities Ps 31:7. — Doubtful are: לִשְׁמֹר absolute Hos 4:10, very strange (conjectures in We Now Marti); שָׁמוּר 1Sam 9:24, HPS אֵחַרְנוּ, compare Now Bu^Comm.; Ps 59:10 read עֻוִּי אֵלֶיךָ אֲזַמֵּ֑רָה (as vPs 59:18, ᵑ6 Che Bae).

4. sometimes ׳י subject:
a. keep, preserve, protect, accusative of person, + ב of way, etc., Gen 28:15; Gen 28:20 (J), Exod 23:20 (E; of מַלְאָח), Ps 91:11 (׳מ), Josh 24:17 (E); accusative of person (or נפשׁ) only: 1Sam 30:23; Jer 31:9; Num 6:24 (P), Job 29:2; Ps 16:1 + 10 t. Psalms; + מִן Ps 121:7 + 2 t.; accusative רַהְּלַי 1Sam 2:9, compare Prov 3:26 (מִן); Participle שֹׁמְרֶ֑ךָ Ps 121:3; Ps 121:5, compare vPs 121:4, etc.; accusative of city Ps 127:1.
b. with accusative בְּרִית, ל person Deut 7:12, + חֶסֶד vDeut 7:7 + 5 t., אֱמֶת לְעוֺלָם ׳הַשּׁ Ps 146:6 הַשְּׁבֻעָה Deut 7:8, etc.; passive of covenant (׳י agent) עֲרוּכָה בַכֹּל וּשְׁמֻרָה 2Sam 23:5 (legal terminology, Dr).

5. keep, reserve, weeks of harvest Jer 5:24 (ל person). Niph`al₃₆ Perfect 3 masculine singular נִשְׁמַד 2Sam 20:10, etc.; Imperfect 3 feminine singular תִּשָּׁמֵד Judg 13:13 2 masculine plural תִּשָּׁמַ֑רוּ Exod 23:13 Imperative masculine singular תִּשָּׁמֵד Isa 7:4 הִדָמשּׁ֫מֶר (לְךָׅ Gen 24:6 +; feminine singular הִשָּֽׁמְרִי Judg 13:4, etc.; —

1. be on one's guard, with בַּחֶרֶב 2Sam 20:10 by reason of the sword, i.e. against it; with ב temporal 1Sam 19:2, שָׁם 2Kgs 6:10 take heed Exod 23:13 (E) Deut 2:4 with מִן person Exod 23:21 (E), Jer 9:3 מִן of thing Judg 13:13; Deut 23:10 מִן infinitive take care not to, etc. Gen 31:29 (E), 2Kgs 6:9 infinitive without מִן Exod 19:12 (J), but read probably מֵעֲלוֺת; followed by פֶּן lest Gen 24:6 (J) + 11 t. (especially Deuteronomy); with (וְ)אַל jussive Exod 10:23 (J), Judg 13:4; Job 36:21, with Imperative coordinate Isa 7:4. — Very often Imperative (24 t.), especially in phrase הִשָּׁמֶרלְֿךָ (12 t.), הִשָּֽׁטְרוּ לָכֶם (3 t.); + לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם Deut 4:15; Josh 23:11 (R^D; + infinitive); + ׳בְּנַפ Jer 17:21 apparently ב pret. on peril of your life (compare ב III. 3 a), so perhaps also בְּרוּחֲכֶם Mal 2:15; Mal 2:16 (We Now).

2. keep oneself, refrain, abstain, מֵאִשָּׁה 1Sam 21:5.

3. be kept, guarded, Hos 12:14 (compare ׳שׁ of Jacob v.Hos 12:13); be preserved (by ׳י) Ps 37:28 (לִיוֺלָם), but read probably עַוָּלִים (לְעוֺלָם) נִשְׁמָ֑דוּ Hup-Ri (Now) Che Bae Du Dr. Pi`el Participle plural מְשַׁמְּרִים הַבְלֵישָֿׁוְא Jonah 2:9 those paying regard to false vanities (compare Qal Ps 31:7). Hithpa`el Imperfect 1 singular וָאֶשְׁתַּסֵּר מֵעֲוֺנַי Ps 18:24 I kept myself from, etc. = 2Sam 22:24 (verb cohortative); 3 masculine singular וְיִשְׁתַּמֵּר חֻקּוֺת עָמְרִי Mic 6:16, but read וְתִשְׁמֹר thou keepest, observest, We Now GASm.

keep, kept, observe, heed, keepeth, …

šāmar

properly, to hedge about (as with thorns), i.e., guard; generally, to protect, attend to, etc

to keep, guard, observe, give heed

(Qal)

to keep, have charge of

watch, watchman (participle)

to be on one's guard, take heed, take care, beware

לְ ךָ֗

לְ

Preposition to, for

ךָ֗

Suffix — pronoun your / you (one man)

Preposition

In the KJV here: to thyself

it ×144 him ×95 them ×83 thee ×59 me ×53 unto him ×35 you ×28 he ×22

פֶּן

Conjunction lest, that, peradventure, not

Dictionary form: פֵּן · pane

Conjunction

In the KJV here: that be not

lest ×88 lest peradventure ×5 and lest ×4 not ×3 that ×3 beware lest ×2 that not ×2 therewith lest ×2

More options

lest — Direct modernization; clearest warning-clause equivalent.

or else — Colloquial; suits consequence warnings in narrative.

so that … not — Explicit negative-purpose clause; useful in formal prose.

for fear that — Highlights anxiety or precaution behind the warning.

in case — Softer register; fits cautionary or conditional contexts.

BDB6677 H6435

פֶּןֿ₁₃₃ (always with Makkeph

**except Gen 38:23; Gen 44:34; Deut 7:25; Deut 32:27 [not Gi], Isa 27:3; Prov 25:8: Mandelkern^{Conc. under the word}.) conjunction (averting, or deprecating), lest (origin dubious: Thes Kö^{ii. 334} from פָּנָה, properly substantive construct in accusative for the aversion of; but פָנָה is intransitive: Nö^{M. 474} compares the enclitic particle פּוֺן in ᵑ7, then ἄν, 'etwa,' thinking that a particle with the meaning 'es möchte etwa,' spoken in a tone of alarm, might readily acquire a deprecatory force); — lest:

1. with imperfect Gen 3:3 ye shall not eat thereof . . . פֶּןתְּֿמֻתוּן lest ye die, Gen 11:4 let us build a city פֶּןנָֿפוּץ lest we be scattered, Gen 19:15; Gen 19:17; Gen 19:19; Gen 38:23; Gen 45:1l Exod 1:10; Exod 23:29; Exod 23:33 etc., 2Kgs 10:23 (followed by יֵשׁ), Isa 6:10; Isa 27:3; Isa 28:22; Isa 48:5; Isa 48:7; Ps 2:12; Ps 7:3 etc.; often after הִשָׁמֶרלְֿךָ take heed to thyself Gen 24:6; Gen 31:24, and especially in Deuteronomy, as Deut 4:9; Deut 4:23; Deut 6:12; Deut 8:11 and elsewhere; after a verb of fearing Gen 32:12, and once, even, of swearing Judg 15:12 deprecating pathetically, Gen 44:34 how shall I go up, etc.? lest I look upon the evil that will befal my father. Once, unusually, preceding the principal clause, Prov 5:6 אֹרַח חַיִּים פֶּןתְּֿפַלֵּס lest she should make level the path of life, her ways are unstable, etc. (Ew Be Now; see also Toy). Note especially
a. the idiom כִּי אָמַר (אָמַרְתִּי) פֶּןֿ for he (I) said, Lest..., implying always that some precaution has been taken to avert the dreaded contingency, Gen 26:9 for I said, Lest I die on account of her (to obviate which, Isaac had called Rebecca his sister), Gen 31:31; Gen 38:11; Gen 42:4; Exod 13:17; Num 16:34; 1Sam 13:19; 1Sam 27:11 (לֵאמֹר), Ps 38:17 with כי אמר implied Gen 26:7 compare, with an aposiop., Gen 3:22 and now, lest he put forth his hand, etc. (implying that measures are taken to prevent this, see vGen 3:23): compare Tob 8:9.
b. פֶּןֿ at the beginning of a sentence, with a dissuasive force, (Beware) lest: + Isa 36:18 פֶּןיַֿסִּית אֶתְכֶם חזקיהו (beware) lest Hezekiah deceive you, Deut 29:17 (twice in verse) (followed by יֵשׁ), Jer 51:46; Job 32:13; Job 36:18.

2. with Perfect, the result feared being conceived as having possibly already taken place; 2Sam 20:6 pursue after him, פֶּןמָֿצָא לוֺ ֗֗֗ וְהִצִּיל lest he have found him fenced cities, etc. (but the tense of והציל makes יִמְצָא probably, Dr^sm Bu Kö^{iii. 486}), 2Kgs 2:16 ׳וַיַּשְׁלִכֵהוּ וגו ׳פֶּןנְֿשָׂאוֺ רוּחַ י.

lest, that, peradventure, not

pēn

properly, removal; used only (in the construction) adverb as conjunction, lest

(conj) lest, not, beware lest

תִּנָּקֵשׁ֙

Root word snared, snares, catch, snare

Dictionary form: נָקַשׁ · naw-KAHSH

Verb — Niphal, Imperfect (Yiqtol), second person masculine singular passive or reflexive — "it was done" / "he did it to himself" not-yet-complete action — try "he will ___" or "he ___s" the built-in subject is "you"

In the KJV here: thou snared

a snare ×1 catch ×1 is snared ×1 lay snares ×1 snared thou ×1

More options

trap — Most natural modern term for catching with a snare.

ensnare — Vivid verb; suits figurative or metaphorical contexts well.

snare — Modernized KJV verb form; still clear and widely understood.

entrap — Emphasizes deliberate deception or scheming.

catch in a trap — Explicit phrase; useful when clarity is paramount.

lure into a trap — Highlights enticement; good for cunning or seductive imagery.

BDB5381 H5367

[נָקַשׁ] verb knock, strike only in specific sense of hit, strike or bring down (a bird), and only figurative (Ecclus ינקש Eccl 41:2 c striketh against (ב; margin ונוקש), so נוקש ב 13:2c; Late Hebrew knock, strike e.g. the knees, or a door (so Hiph`il); Aramaic (including Biblical Aramaic) נְקַשׁ id., fixit, impegit, percussit, etc. (Arabic strike in, carve, etc., is loan-word Frä¹⁹⁴); — the Hebrew verb apparently means bring down with a [certain kind of] stick, perhaps like a boomerang, see description and illustration in Wilkinson^{gypten 323} WMM^{Asien u. Europa.123f.}); —

Qal Participle נוֺקֵשׁ Ps 9:17 he (׳י) striketh down the wicked (so Hup-Now De Che); Vrss Ol Ew Bae Kau We Buhl^Lex read נוֺקַשׁ, Niph`al from יקשׁ. Niph`al Imperfect 2 masculine singular תִּנָּקֵשׁ אַחֲרֵיהֶם Deut 12:30 lest thou be thrust (impelled) after them. Pi`el Imperfect יְנַקֵּשׁ Ps 109:11 let the creditor strike at, take aim at (ל); 3 masculine plural וַיְנַקְּשׁוּ Ps 38:13 (absolute). Hithpa`el Participle מִתְנַקֵּשׁ בְּנַפְשִׁי 1Sam 28:9 why art thou striking at my life?

I, II. נֵר, נִר, (נִיר) see נור p. 632f

BDB9720 H5367 H5368

[נְקַשׁ] verb knock (see Biblical Hebrew (rare)); —

Pe`al Participle active feminine plural נָָֽקְשָׁן Dan 5:6 of knees knocking דָּא לְדָא.

snared, snares, catch, snare

nāqaš

to entrap (with a noose), literally or figuratively

to knock, strike, bring down

(Qal) to strike down

(Qal) to ensnare

אַֽחֲרֵי הֶ֔ם

אַֽחֲרֵי

Preposition after, behind, afterward, following, followed, …

הֶ֔ם

Suffix — pronoun their / them

Dictionary form: אַחַר · ah-HAHR

Preposition

In the KJV here: by following them

after ×313 and after ×47 and afterward ×28 behind ×25 after that ×23 from following ×21 after him ×15 after them ×14

More options

after — Most versatile; suits temporal and sequential contexts.

behind — Prefer for spatial/positional contexts.

following — Good for pursuit or discipleship contexts.

afterward — Purely temporal; signals what comes next in narrative.

since — Use when marking a causal or temporal starting point.

from then on — Emphasizes ongoing continuation after a turning point.

BDB336 H310

אַחַר properly substantive the hinder or following part (compare the plural)

1. adverb a. of place, behind, twice Gen 22:13 (many MSS. ⅏ ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Ol Ew read אֶחָד see Di) Ps 68:26.
b. of time, afterwards Gen 10:18; Gen 18:5; Gen 24:55; Gen 30:21; Judg 19:5 +; וְאַחַר in laws of P, as Lev 14:8; Lev 14:19; Lev 15:28; Lev 22:7; Num 5:26 and elsewhere

2. preposition a. of place, behind, after Exod 3:1; Exod 11:5; 2Kgs 11:6; Song 2:9; Isa 57:8: הָלַח אַחַר to go after, follow Gen 37:17; 2Kgs 13:2; 2Kgs 23:3; Isa 65:2; Ezek 13:3; Job 31:7 חָיָה אַחַר 1Sam 12:14 מֵאַחַר from after 2Sam 7:8; Ps 78:71; Isa 59:13.
b. of time, after Gen 9:28; Lev 25:15 al; הָאֵלֶּה אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים after these things Gen 15:1; Gen 22:1; Gen 39:7; Gen 40:1; 1Kgs 17:17; 1Kgs 21:1; Ezra 7:1; Esth 2:1; Esth 3:1 אַחַר כֵּן Lev 14:36; Deut 21:13; 1Sam 10:5 אַחַר זֶה (late) 2Chr 32:9 followed by infinitive Num 6:19; Jer 40:1; 1Chr 2:24; Job 21:3 עַד אַחַר till after Neh 13:19.
c. Neh 5:15 strangely: Ew RV besides; but text probably corrupt, see Be Ry.

3. conjunction אַחַר אֲשֶׁר after that Ezek 40:1 and without אשׁר Lev 14:43; Jer 41:16; Job 42:7. As preposition & conjunction the plural אַחֲרֵי is much more frequently, which in any case must be used before suffixes. Plural only construct אַחֲרֵי with suffix אַחֲרַי, אַחֲרֶיךָ, etc.

1. substantive hinder part 2Sam 2:23 בְּאַחֲרֵי הַחֲנִית with the hinder end of the spear.

2. preposition a. of place, behind, after Gen 18:10 וְהוּא אַחֲרָיו and it behind him Deut 11:30; Judg 5:14; 1Sam 14:13; 1Sam 21:10; Hos 5:8 אַחֲרֶיךָ Behind thee! (sc. Look or The foe is); with a verbas הִבִּיט to look Gen 19:17; 1Sam 24:9, הֵנִיעַ ראֹשׁ to shake the head 2Kgs 19:21 ( = Isa 37:22), especially verbs expressing or implying motion, as בָּא to enter in (see Dr 2Sam 20:14) בִּעֵר, דָּבֵק, דָּלַק, הָיָה, הָלַח, מִלֵּא, פָּנָה, רָדַף, הִשְׁלִיח (see these words).
b. of time, after Gen 9:9 זַרְעֲכֶם אַחֲרֵיכֶם your seed after you; similarly Gen 17:7-10; Gen 17:19; Gen 35:12; Gen 48:4; Exod 28:43; Num 25:13 all P (also Deut 1:8; Deut 4:37; Deut 10:15; 1Sam 24:22; 2Sam 7:12 ||), & with בָּנָיו Gen 18:19 J ( + בֵּיתוֺ) Exod 29:29 P Lev 25:46 H Deut 4:40; Deut 12:25; Deut 12:28; Jer 32:18; Jer 32:39; 1Chr 28:8; Prov 20:7, דּוֺרוֺתֵינוּ Josh 22:27, בֵּיתוֺ Job 21:21; Exod 10:14; Judg 10:3 etc.; with infinitive Gen 5:4 אַחֲרֵי הוֺלִידֹוֺ after his begetting Sheth, Gen 13:14; Gen 14:17; Gen 18:12; Gen 25:11 + often; אַחֲרֵיכֵֿן afterwards Gen 6:4 (אחרי כן אשׁר = afterwards, when, compare 2Chr 35:20) Gen 15:14; Gen 23:18; Gen 25:26; Gen 32:21; Gen 41:31; Gen 45:15 etc.; ויהי אחריכֿן as a formula of transition chiefly in 2 Samuel (2Sam 2:1; 2Sam 8:1 || 2Sam 10:1 || 2Sam 13:1; 2Sam 21:18 ||) compare 1Sam 24:6; Judg 16:4; 2Kgs 6:24; 2Chr 20:1; 2Chr 24:4 ; in late Hebrew אַחֲרֵי זֹאת Job 42:16; Ezra 9:10; 2Chr 21:18 ( + כָּלֿ 2Chr 35:20 (do.); compare Aramaic אַחֲרֵי דְנָה Dan 2:29; Dan 2:45, and בָּאתַר דְּנָה Dan 7:6; Dan 7:7. — The local (metaphor) and temporal senses blend Ps 49:14 וְאַחֲרֵיהֶם בְּפִיהֶם יִרְצוּ & after them (i.e. following, imitating them) men applaud their speech, compare Job 21:33.

3. conjunction אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר after that, with the finite verb Deut 24:4; Josh 7:8; Josh 9:16; Josh 23:1; Josh 24:20 +; without אשׁר Lev 25:48; 1Sam 5:9 . (The most common construction of אחרי is as a preposition with the infinitive construct) Josh 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר יָצְאוּ must be an error, either for אחרי אשׁר or for כאשׁר alone (notice אחריהם twice in the same verse); 2Sam 24:10 read אַחֲרֵי סָפַר see Dr.

4. with other prepositions: —
a. מֵאַחֲרֵי₅₇, 1Chr 17:7 מִןאַֿחֲרֵי (|| 2Sam 7:8 מֵאַחַר); (α) from behind Gen 19:26; 2Sam 2:23 from after i.e. from following after, usually with שׁוּב or סוּר 1Sam 24:2; 2Sam 2:22; 2Sam 2:26; 2Sam 2:30; 2Sam 11:15; Josh 22:16; Josh 22:18; Josh 22:23; Josh 22:29; 1Sam 15:11 +; with other verbs of motion, as עָלָה 1Sam 14:46; 2Sam 20:2, נַעֲלָה 2Sam 2:27, לָקַח Amos 7:15; 1Chr 17:7, זָנָה Hos 1:2 pregnantly Isa 30:21 thy ears shall hear a word מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ coming from behind thee, Jer 9:21 (that is נָפַל, see v^a) 1Sam 13:7 ᵐ5^L We Dr חָֽרְדוּ מֵאַחֲרָיו (β) denoting position (מן = off, on the side of; see מן behind Exod 14:19 (twice in verse); Josh 8:2; Josh 8:4; Josh 8:14; 1Kgs 10:19; Neh 4:7 (מֵאַחֲרֵי לְ) 2Chr 13:13 b, (γ) of time (rare) Deut 29:21; Eccl 10:14 מֵאַחֲרֵי כֵן 2Sam 3:28; 2Sam 15:1; 2Chr 32:23.
b. אֶלאַֿחֲרֵי 2Sam 5:23; 2Kgs 9:18 סֹב אֶלאַֿחֲרַי v2Kgs 9:19; Zech 6:6.
c. עַלאַֿחֲרֵי Ezek 41:15 beside, at the back of.

BDB337 H310

אַחֲרַי adjective Prov 28:23 (si vera lectio)

BDB3524 H310 H3186

(ו)ייחר Kt 2Sam 20:5 (Qr וַיּ֫וֺחֶר) see אחר above and Dr^sm.

BDB9289 H311 H310 H870

[אחר] plural with אַחֲרֵי, preposition after (Cappadocian and Egyptian Aramaic אחר afterwards (Lzb^{Eph.i. 361} S-C^{pap C 8}), probably Nabataean אחר after (Lzb²¹² SAC¹⁶); Egyptian Aramaic אחריכם (S-C^{Pap. c 8}+); ᵑ7 (sometimes) אֲחוֺרֵי; Biblical Hebrew אַחַר); — אַחֲרֵי דְנָה after this Dan 2:29; Dan 2:45 with suffix אַחֲרֵיהֹן Dan 7:24. Usu. Aramaic synonym בָּאתַר, q. v.

after, behind, afterward, following, followed, …

ʾaḥar

properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)

after the following part, behind (of place), hinder, afterwards (of time)

as an adverb

behind (of place)

behind, after (of place)

hinder part

from behind

אַֽחֲרֵ֖י

Preposition after, behind, afterward, following, followed, …

Dictionary form: אַחַר · ah-HAHR

Preposition

In the KJV here: after that

after ×313 and after ×47 and afterward ×28 behind ×25 after that ×23 from following ×21 after him ×15 after them ×14

More options

after — Most versatile; suits temporal and sequential contexts.

behind — Prefer for spatial/positional contexts.

following — Good for pursuit or discipleship contexts.

afterward — Purely temporal; signals what comes next in narrative.

since — Use when marking a causal or temporal starting point.

from then on — Emphasizes ongoing continuation after a turning point.

BDB336 H310

אַחַר properly substantive the hinder or following part (compare the plural)

1. adverb a. of place, behind, twice Gen 22:13 (many MSS. ⅏ ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Ol Ew read אֶחָד see Di) Ps 68:26.
b. of time, afterwards Gen 10:18; Gen 18:5; Gen 24:55; Gen 30:21; Judg 19:5 +; וְאַחַר in laws of P, as Lev 14:8; Lev 14:19; Lev 15:28; Lev 22:7; Num 5:26 and elsewhere

2. preposition a. of place, behind, after Exod 3:1; Exod 11:5; 2Kgs 11:6; Song 2:9; Isa 57:8: הָלַח אַחַר to go after, follow Gen 37:17; 2Kgs 13:2; 2Kgs 23:3; Isa 65:2; Ezek 13:3; Job 31:7 חָיָה אַחַר 1Sam 12:14 מֵאַחַר from after 2Sam 7:8; Ps 78:71; Isa 59:13.
b. of time, after Gen 9:28; Lev 25:15 al; הָאֵלֶּה אַחַר הַדְּבָרִים after these things Gen 15:1; Gen 22:1; Gen 39:7; Gen 40:1; 1Kgs 17:17; 1Kgs 21:1; Ezra 7:1; Esth 2:1; Esth 3:1 אַחַר כֵּן Lev 14:36; Deut 21:13; 1Sam 10:5 אַחַר זֶה (late) 2Chr 32:9 followed by infinitive Num 6:19; Jer 40:1; 1Chr 2:24; Job 21:3 עַד אַחַר till after Neh 13:19.
c. Neh 5:15 strangely: Ew RV besides; but text probably corrupt, see Be Ry.

3. conjunction אַחַר אֲשֶׁר after that Ezek 40:1 and without אשׁר Lev 14:43; Jer 41:16; Job 42:7. As preposition & conjunction the plural אַחֲרֵי is much more frequently, which in any case must be used before suffixes. Plural only construct אַחֲרֵי with suffix אַחֲרַי, אַחֲרֶיךָ, etc.

1. substantive hinder part 2Sam 2:23 בְּאַחֲרֵי הַחֲנִית with the hinder end of the spear.

2. preposition a. of place, behind, after Gen 18:10 וְהוּא אַחֲרָיו and it behind him Deut 11:30; Judg 5:14; 1Sam 14:13; 1Sam 21:10; Hos 5:8 אַחֲרֶיךָ Behind thee! (sc. Look or The foe is); with a verbas הִבִּיט to look Gen 19:17; 1Sam 24:9, הֵנִיעַ ראֹשׁ to shake the head 2Kgs 19:21 ( = Isa 37:22), especially verbs expressing or implying motion, as בָּא to enter in (see Dr 2Sam 20:14) בִּעֵר, דָּבֵק, דָּלַק, הָיָה, הָלַח, מִלֵּא, פָּנָה, רָדַף, הִשְׁלִיח (see these words).
b. of time, after Gen 9:9 זַרְעֲכֶם אַחֲרֵיכֶם your seed after you; similarly Gen 17:7-10; Gen 17:19; Gen 35:12; Gen 48:4; Exod 28:43; Num 25:13 all P (also Deut 1:8; Deut 4:37; Deut 10:15; 1Sam 24:22; 2Sam 7:12 ||), & with בָּנָיו Gen 18:19 J ( + בֵּיתוֺ) Exod 29:29 P Lev 25:46 H Deut 4:40; Deut 12:25; Deut 12:28; Jer 32:18; Jer 32:39; 1Chr 28:8; Prov 20:7, דּוֺרוֺתֵינוּ Josh 22:27, בֵּיתוֺ Job 21:21; Exod 10:14; Judg 10:3 etc.; with infinitive Gen 5:4 אַחֲרֵי הוֺלִידֹוֺ after his begetting Sheth, Gen 13:14; Gen 14:17; Gen 18:12; Gen 25:11 + often; אַחֲרֵיכֵֿן afterwards Gen 6:4 (אחרי כן אשׁר = afterwards, when, compare 2Chr 35:20) Gen 15:14; Gen 23:18; Gen 25:26; Gen 32:21; Gen 41:31; Gen 45:15 etc.; ויהי אחריכֿן as a formula of transition chiefly in 2 Samuel (2Sam 2:1; 2Sam 8:1 || 2Sam 10:1 || 2Sam 13:1; 2Sam 21:18 ||) compare 1Sam 24:6; Judg 16:4; 2Kgs 6:24; 2Chr 20:1; 2Chr 24:4 ; in late Hebrew אַחֲרֵי זֹאת Job 42:16; Ezra 9:10; 2Chr 21:18 ( + כָּלֿ 2Chr 35:20 (do.); compare Aramaic אַחֲרֵי דְנָה Dan 2:29; Dan 2:45, and בָּאתַר דְּנָה Dan 7:6; Dan 7:7. — The local (metaphor) and temporal senses blend Ps 49:14 וְאַחֲרֵיהֶם בְּפִיהֶם יִרְצוּ & after them (i.e. following, imitating them) men applaud their speech, compare Job 21:33.

3. conjunction אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר after that, with the finite verb Deut 24:4; Josh 7:8; Josh 9:16; Josh 23:1; Josh 24:20 +; without אשׁר Lev 25:48; 1Sam 5:9 . (The most common construction of אחרי is as a preposition with the infinitive construct) Josh 2:7 אַחֲרֵי כַּאֲשֶׁר יָצְאוּ must be an error, either for אחרי אשׁר or for כאשׁר alone (notice אחריהם twice in the same verse); 2Sam 24:10 read אַחֲרֵי סָפַר see Dr.

4. with other prepositions: —
a. מֵאַחֲרֵי₅₇, 1Chr 17:7 מִןאַֿחֲרֵי (|| 2Sam 7:8 מֵאַחַר); (α) from behind Gen 19:26; 2Sam 2:23 from after i.e. from following after, usually with שׁוּב or סוּר 1Sam 24:2; 2Sam 2:22; 2Sam 2:26; 2Sam 2:30; 2Sam 11:15; Josh 22:16; Josh 22:18; Josh 22:23; Josh 22:29; 1Sam 15:11 +; with other verbs of motion, as עָלָה 1Sam 14:46; 2Sam 20:2, נַעֲלָה 2Sam 2:27, לָקַח Amos 7:15; 1Chr 17:7, זָנָה Hos 1:2 pregnantly Isa 30:21 thy ears shall hear a word מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ coming from behind thee, Jer 9:21 (that is נָפַל, see v^a) 1Sam 13:7 ᵐ5^L We Dr חָֽרְדוּ מֵאַחֲרָיו (β) denoting position (מן = off, on the side of; see מן behind Exod 14:19 (twice in verse); Josh 8:2; Josh 8:4; Josh 8:14; 1Kgs 10:19; Neh 4:7 (מֵאַחֲרֵי לְ) 2Chr 13:13 b, (γ) of time (rare) Deut 29:21; Eccl 10:14 מֵאַחֲרֵי כֵן 2Sam 3:28; 2Sam 15:1; 2Chr 32:23.
b. אֶלאַֿחֲרֵי 2Sam 5:23; 2Kgs 9:18 סֹב אֶלאַֿחֲרַי v2Kgs 9:19; Zech 6:6.
c. עַלאַֿחֲרֵי Ezek 41:15 beside, at the back of.

BDB337 H310

אַחֲרַי adjective Prov 28:23 (si vera lectio)

BDB3524 H310 H3186

(ו)ייחר Kt 2Sam 20:5 (Qr וַיּ֫וֺחֶר) see אחר above and Dr^sm.

BDB9289 H311 H310 H870

[אחר] plural with אַחֲרֵי, preposition after (Cappadocian and Egyptian Aramaic אחר afterwards (Lzb^{Eph.i. 361} S-C^{pap C 8}), probably Nabataean אחר after (Lzb²¹² SAC¹⁶); Egyptian Aramaic אחריכם (S-C^{Pap. c 8}+); ᵑ7 (sometimes) אֲחוֺרֵי; Biblical Hebrew אַחַר); — אַחֲרֵי דְנָה after this Dan 2:29; Dan 2:45 with suffix אַחֲרֵיהֹן Dan 7:24. Usu. Aramaic synonym בָּאתַר, q. v.

after, behind, afterward, following, followed, …

ʾaḥar

properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)

after the following part, behind (of place), hinder, afterwards (of time)

as an adverb

behind (of place)

behind, after (of place)

hinder part

from behind

הִשָּֽׁמְדָ ֣ם

הִשָּֽׁמְדָ

Root word destroyed, destroy, utterly, destruction, down, …

֣ם

Suffix — pronoun their / them

Dictionary form: שָׁמַד · shaw-MAHD

Verb — Niphal, Infinitive Construct, construct state passive or reflexive — "it was done" / "he did it to himself" try "to ___" or "___ing"

In the KJV here: they be destroyed

destroyed ×6 to destroy ×6 destroy ×5 thou be destroyed ×5 shall be destroyed ×4 and i will destroy ×3 and destroy ×2 and destroyed ×2

More options

destroy — Broadest, most versatile rendering for active use.

annihilate — Emphasizes total elimination; good for genocide or complete destruction.

wipe out — Colloquial but vivid; suits narrative or dramatic contexts.

exterminate — Implies systematic, thorough destruction of people or groups.

obliterate — Stresses leaving no trace; suits poetic or emphatic passages.

eradicate — Conveys rooting out entirely; fits covenantal or legal warnings.

BDB8787 H8045

[שָׁמַד]₉₀ verb Niph`al be exterminated, destroyed (Late Hebrew derived species; Aramaic שְׁמַד Pa`el cause to apostatize (Jastr); Syriac seems disputed (in Lexicons); Nö^{Eut. Nab. 32} curse; Ba^{ES 10} cites Assyrian ašmud, I destroyed; Gerber¹¹² thinks verb denominative); — Perfect 3 masculine singular consecutive וְנִשְׁמַד Ezek 32:12 +, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשָּׁמֵ Isa 48:19; Prov 14:11 2 masculine plural תִּשָּׁמֵד֑וּן Deut 4:26 Infinitiveabsolute הִשָּׁמֵד vDeut 4:26 construct suffix הִשָּׁמֶדְךָ Deut 28:20, etc.; —

1. of person be annihilated, exterminated, Gen 34:30 (J), Judg 21:16; 2Sam 21:5 (+ מֵהִתְיַצֵּב בְּ; — but read לְהַשְׁמִידֵגוּ ᵐ5 Ew We Dr and others), Ps 37:38 (|| נִכְדָת), Ps 83:11 of people Deut 4:26 (׳הִשָּׁמֵד תּשּׁ), Deut 7:23; Deut 12:30(+ מִפָּנֶתךָ Deut 28:20 (|| אָבַד vDeut 28:24 vDeut 28:45 vDeut 28:51 vDeut 28:61, Jer 48:42 (+מֵעִם. Ezek 33:12; Ps 92:8 (+ עֲדֵיעַֿד, compare also וְלֹא יִשָּׁמֵד שְׁמוֺ מִלְּפָנָי֑ Isa 48:19 (+ יִכָרֵת; וַרְעֶ֑ךָ etc., in || clause).

2. be destroyed, of bamoth, Hos 10:8, compare (בֵּית רְשָׁעִים) Prov 14:11 be devastated, of land, Jer 48:8 (|| אבר). Hiph`il₆₉ Perfect 3 masculine singular הִשְׁמִיד Deut 2:22 +, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַשְׁמִיד Isa 13:9 +, וַיַּשְׁמֵד 1Kgs 16:12; 2Kgs 10:28, etc.; Imperative masculine singular הַשְׁמֵד Deut 33:27 Infinitive absolute הַשְׁמֵד Isa 14:28, יֵ֯ד Amos 9:8 construct לְהַשְׁמִיר Josh 9:24 +, also עַד הִשְׁמִידְךָ Deut 7:24, וֺ- Deut 28:48, ָ֯ ם - Josh 11:14 (but read in all ׳הַשׁ, as Josh 23:15, see Dr^{Deut 7:24}), לַשְׁמִד Isa 23:11, etc.; —

1. annihilate, exterminate: accusative of person or a people, subject ׳י or human person, Deut 1:27; Deut 2:22 (+ מִפְּנֵי person), Deut 6:15 (+ מֵעַלפְּֿנֵי הָאֲרָמָה), Deut 9:20 + 16 t. Deuteronomy; Josh 7:12 (accusative הַחֵרֶם; + מִקִּרְבְּכֶם), Josh 9:24 +4 t. Joshua (all R^D), 2Kgs 14:16; 1Kgs 13:34; Amos 9:8; Isa 13:9; Isa 26:14; Esth 3:6; Esth 3:13 + 23 t.; accusative פִּרְיוֺ וְשָׁרָשָׁיו (figurative) Amos 2:9, compare Ezek 34:16 (but Vrss Co Toy and others [not Hi Krae] אֶשְׁמֹר); אֶתשְֿׁמִי ׳הִשׁ 1Sam 24:22 (Gi v.1Sam 24:21), 2Sam 22:38; 1Kgs 16:12; Ps 145:20 הַשְׁמֵד as substantive, Isa 14:23 besom of extermination; accusative אֶתהַֿבַּעַל 2Kgs 10:28, of extirpating Baal-worship מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל.

2. destroy, cities Mic 5:13, fortresses Isa 23:11, bamoth Lev 26:30 (H), Num 33:52 (P; || אִבֵּד), חֹזֶק מַמְלְכוֺת הַגּוֺיִם Hag 2:22.

BDB9964 H8046 H8045

[שְׁמַד] verb Haph`el destroy (ᵑ7 Pa`el make apostatize; compare Biblical Hebrew); — Infinitive לְהַשְׁמָדָה Dan 7:26 (object omitted, = dominion).

destroyed, destroy, utterly, destruction, down, …

šāmad

to desolate

to destroy, exterminate, be destroyed, be exterminated

(Niphal)

to be annihilated, be exterminated

to annihilate, exterminate

מִ פָּנֶ֑י ךָ

מִ

Prefix — preposition from, out of

פָּנֶ֑י

Root word before, face, presence, because, faces, …

ךָ

Suffix — pronoun your / you (one man)

Dictionary form: פָּנִים · paw-NEEM

Noun — Common, both plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: from before thee

before ×796 the face ×55 from before ×53 his face ×53 because ×49 my face ×48 thy face ×39 before him ×38

More options

face — Most direct rendering; prefer for literal, physical contexts.

presence — Ideal for divine or royal encounter contexts.

countenance — Slightly elevated; suits emotional or expressive descriptions.

surface — Use for physical objects, land, or water (e.g. 'surface of the deep').

in front of — Best for spatial or positional prepositional phrases.

because of — Use when פָּנִים heads a causal prepositional phrase.

BDB4446 H3942 H6440

לִפְנָָֽי 1Kgs 6:17 see below [ פָּנֶה], פָּנִים.

BDB6680 H6440 H3942

[פָּנֶה], plural פָּנִים₂₁₂₃ noun masculine^{Prov 25:23} and (Ezekiel = Prov 21:21 = edge; on 2Sam 10:9 see below) feminine face, also faces (as turned toward one); — plural absolute פָּנִים Gen 32:31 +; construct פְּנֵי 2Sam 14:32 +; suffix 1 singular פָּנַי Gen 43:3 +; 3 masculine singular פָּנָיו Gen 4:5 +, פָּנֵי֑מוֺ Ps 11:7 (Kö^ll.1.446); 2 masculine pluralפְּנֵיכֶם Gen 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Gen 4:5; Gen 4:6; Exod 33:14 +; with verb singular Lam 4:16 (through influence of intervening ׳י, Ges^{«GKC:146a»§ 146a}), Prov 15:14 (but read פִּי, as Qr, see פֶּה); —

I. 1. face, faces (Jer 30:6; Ezek 27:35 +, compare Ezek 1:6; Ezek 10:14; Ezek 10:21 etc.):
a. literally, of man Gen 43:31; 2Sam 19:5; 1Kgs 19:13; Lev 13:14; Dan 8:18; Dan 10:9; Dan 10:15 +; ׳עוֺר פ Exod 35:29; Exod 35:30; Exod 35:35 pale (from alarm) Isa 29:22; Jer 30:6, flushed Isa 13:8; Ezek 21:3, compare Nah 2:11; Joel 2:6 tearful Isa 25:8; Job 16:16 sad, רעים ׳פ Gen 40:7, compare Neh 2:2; Neh 2:3, also ׳רֹעַ פ Eccl 7:8 i.e. sadness; ׳יֵּיטִב פ Prov 15:13 maketh glad the face; נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ, Gen 4:5; Gen 4:6 why is the face fallen (in displeasure), compare 1Sam 1:18 (reading נָָֽפְלָה, נָָֽפְ לוּ, or הִפִּילָה); covered with shame Ezek 7:18, whence figurative of confusion, discomfiture Jer 51:51; Ps 69:8; Ps 83:17, etc.
b. of ׳י Exod 33:20, compare vExod 33:23.
c. פָּנִים אֶלפָּֿנִים face to face, of seeing (God) Gen 32:31, compare Judg 6:22, knowing Deut 34:10, judging Ezek 20:35, speaking Exod 33:11, and so ׳בְּפ ׳פ Deut 5:4 נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים 2Kgs 14:8 see each other (in the) face = meet each other in battle, compare v2Kgs 14:11 = 2Chr 25:17; 2Chr 25:21.
d. of relations with ׳׃י ׳הֵרִים פ Ezra 9:6, in worship (see also נשׂא); in spiritual sense Jer 2:27; Jer 32:33 (פָּנָה אֵלַי עֹרֶף וְלֹא פָנִים); ׳לִדְרוֺשׁ י ׳נָתַן פ 2Chr 20:3 ׳נָתַן אֶתפֿ אֶלאֲֿדֹנָי Dan 9:3 הַבָּנִים קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezek 2:4.
e. of ׳י himself, לֹא יָסִיר פָּנִיםִ מִכֶּם 2Chr 30:9 בְּעֹשֵׂי ׳פְּנֵי י רָ֑ע Ps 34:17 גַּעֲרַת פָּנֶיךָ Ps 80:17. — See further below

7. 2. a. = presence, person, of ׳י Exod 33:14; Exod 33:15, בְּפָנָיו Deut 4:37, מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו Isa 63:9 לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים, see לֶחֶם; of ׳י's angry presence Lam 4:16; Ps 21:10 of Absalom 2Sam 17:11 in weakened sense, nearly = suffix (compare נפשׁ 4 a), Prov 7:15.
b. with ראה technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence: before a man Gen 32:21 (+ 3 other uses of ׳פ), (God, with יראה pointed as Niph`al, see II 2); especially as privilege, = have access to, man of rank Gen 43:3; Gen 43:5; Gen 44:23; Gen 44:26, king Exod 10:28 (twice in verse) compare vExod 10:29 (all J), 2Sam 14:24 (twice in verse); 2Sam 14:28; 2Sam 14:32 compare 2Sam 3:13 (twice in verse); רֹאֵי פְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ 2Kgs 25:19 = Jer 52:25; Esth 1:14 implying favour of person seen, man Gen 33:10 (J), God vGen 33:10, compare Job 33:26 (Hiph`il), and, with חזה, Ps 11:7; Ps 17:15.

3. face of seraphim Isa 6:2, cherubim Exod 25:20 (twice in verse) = Exod 37:9 (twice in verse), Ezek 1:8; Ezek 1:11; 2Chr 3:13 +.

4. face of animals, פְּנֵי הַצּאֹן Gen 30:40 ׳אַרְיֵה וּפ ׳פ נֶשֶׁר ׳שׁוֺר ופ Ezek 1:10 (in descr. of cherubim), compare Ezek 10:14 אַרְיֵה ׳פ also 1Chr 12:8 (figurative), כְֿפִיר׳פ Ezek 41:19 ׳פִּתְחֵי פ Job 41:6 of crocodile.

5. face (= surface) of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Gen 2:6; Gen 4:14; Gen 7:4; Ps 104:30 +, so הָאָרֶץ ׳פ Gen 1:29; Gen 7:3; Gen 8:9; Gen 11:4; Gen 11:8; Gen 11:9; Gen 19:28; Isa 24:1, תֵבֵל ׳פ Isa 14:21; Isa 27:6 of a field Prov 24:31 תְהוֺם ׳פ Gen 1:2 (twice in verse); Job 38:30, הַמַּיִם ׳פ Gen 7:18 רְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמַיִם׳פ Gen 1:20 כִֿסֵּה׳פ Job 26:9 i.e. of God's throne (but Bu reads כֶּסֶה fullmoon); הַלּוֺט ׳פ Job 25:7 see [ לוּט; לְבוּשׁוֺ ׳פ Job 41:5 the expanse of his [the crocodile's] coat; front (especially Ezek.), of house Ezek 41:14; Ezek 47:1, הַקֹּדֶשׁ ׳פ Ezek 41:21 of gate Ezek 40:6; Ezek 40:20; Ezek 40:22; Ezek 42:15; Ezek 43:4 of chamber Ezek 40:44 (twice in verse); Ezek 40:45; Ezek 40:46 of pot (סִיר) Jer 1:13 הַמִּלְחָמָה ׳פ 2Sam 10:9 battle-front = 1Chr 19:10 (verb agrees with ׳הַמּ in gender, Ges^{«GKC:146a»§ 146a}); = van of locust-army Joel 2:20 (opposed to סֹפוֺ); front, i.e. edge, of sword Ezek 21:21, of axe Eccl 10:10 = condition, state of a thing, as denoted by its appearance; of flock Prov 27:23 הַדָּבָר ׳פ 2Sam 14:20 the appearance (situation, attitude) of the affair.

6. as adverb of location מִפָּנִים וּמֵאָחוֺר 2Sam 10:9 before and behind = ׳וְֿ ׳פ 1Chr 19:10, also Ezek 2:10; 2Chr 13:14 פְּנֵי toward Song 7:5, also in front (to the East?) of 2Chr 20:16 (see לִפְנֵי d below); לְפָנִים forward Jer 7:24 (opposed to לְאחוֺר); מִלִּפְנִים 1Kgs 6:29 see פְּנִימָה; adverb temporal לְפָנִים formerly Deut 2:12; Deut 2:20; Josh 11:10; Judg 1:10; Judg 1:11; Judg 1:13 + 12 t.; מִלְּפָנִים Isa 41:26 from beforetime (|| מֵראֹשׁ).

7. for other phrases see: אוֺר verb Hiph`il 5; אוֺר n. 10; בּוֺשׁ Hiph`il; בקשׁ Pi`el 3; בּשֶׁת 1; [הַכָּרָה]; הָדַר 2; זָעַם Niph`al; זָעַף 1; הָבַשׁ 1 a; I. חָרָה I חָוַר; חָזַק Pi`el 5; II. חלה; IV. חמר; חָפָה; טָחַן; יָעַד Hoph`al; יְשׁוּעָה 3; כּוּן Hiph`il 3; כִּפֶּר 1; כָּסָה Pi`el 1, 2; מָאוֺר; מְגַמָּה p. 169; I. מוּל; מַשּׂא; [נָבַט] Hiph`il 3; נֶגֶד 1, 2 c; נֹכַח; נָכַר Hiph`il; נָפַל 3 b, and Hiph`il 5; נָשָׂא 1 b (3); נָתַן 2 b; סָבַב Hiph`il 1 a; סָתַר Hiph`il 2; I. עֵבֶר 2; עַז, עָזַז Hiph`il; עָמַד Hiph`il 6 a; II. עֻמָּה; [צָרַב]; [קָדַם] Pi`el; שִׂים; שׁוּב Hiph`il; שִׁית; II.שָׁנָה Pi`el; תֹּפֶת. II. פְּנֵי with prepositions: —

1. אֶלפְּֿנֵי:
a. to the presence of, Exod 23:17 pregnantly יֵרָאֶה ֗֗֗ אֶלפְּֿנֵי הָאָדוֺן shall appear (coming) to the presence of (= before) ׳י (|| Exod 34:23 ׳אֶתפְּֿנֵי הָא); with יָצָא = to confront 2Chr 19:2.

b. to the front of, after a verb of motion, Lev 6:7 הַמִּזְבֵּחַ ׳הַקְרֵב אֹתָהּ ֗֗֗ אֶלפְּֿנֵ, Lev 9:5; Lev 16:2; Num 17:8; Num 20:10.
c. towards or on the front of (אֶל = עַל), Ezek 41:4; Ezek 41:12; Ezek 41:15; Ezek 41:25; Ezek 42:2; Ezek 42:3; Ezek 42:7; Ezek 42:10; Ezek 42:13; Ezek 45:7; Ezek 48:21.
d. on to the surface of, Lev 14:53 וְשִׁלַּח ֗֗֗ אֶלפְּֿנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה, Ezek 16:5.

2. אֶתפְּֿנֵי close by (II. אֵת) the face or front of: hence
a. the presence of, 1Sam 2:11 עֵלִי ׳אֶתפֿ 1Kgs 12:6 who stood שְׁלֹמֹה ׳אֶתפֿ (compare לִפְנֵי 1Kgs 10:8), Esth 1:10; Prov 17:24 pregnantly (nisi וַיַּנִּחֵם leg., ᵑ6 ᵑ7 We Dr and others) 1Sam 22:4. Specifically ׳אֶתפְּֿנֵי י Gen 19:13 (1Sam 2:17), v1Sam 2:27; 1Sam 2:18 and with נִרְאָה of the appearance of all males at the three annual חַגִּים, Exod 34:23 הָאָדֹן ׳יֵרָאֶה כָּלזְֿכוּרְךָ אֶתפֿ, vExod 34:24; Deut 16:16 (compare Dr), Deut 31:11; 1Sam 1:22 (|| ׳י ׳אלפֿ Exod 23:17); so פָּנַי alone Exod 23:15 = Exod 34:20 (לֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָם), Isa 1:22, פָנֶיךָ Ps 42:3 (according to many, Ges^Thes Di^{Exod 23:15} Che^{Isa 1:12, critical note}, the verb in all these passages was originally Qal, afterwards pointed as Niph`al to avoid the expression see the face of ׳י); אֶתפָּֿנֶיךָ in thy presence Ps 16:10; Ps 21:7; Ps 140:14.
b. in front of, Gen 33:18. הָעִיר ׳וַיִּחַן אֶתפֿ, Lev 4:6 פָרֹכֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ ׳אֶתפֿ ׳לִפְנֵי י vLev 4:17. — מֵאֵת פְּנֵי from before, see II. אֵת

4 a. 3. בִּפְנֵי: (a) in the face of, mostly in particular phrases, with hostile import: thus, with יָרַק to spit Num 12:14; Deut 25:9 התיצב to make a stand Deut 7:24; Deut 11:25, and עמד Josh 10:8, לֹא יַעֲמֹד אִישׁ בְּפָנֶיךָ Josh 21:42; Josh 23:9 עָנָה to answer (give evidence) against, Hos 5:5 וענה גאון ישׂראל בפניו, Hos 7:10; Job 16:8 וְנָקֹטוּ בִּפְנֵיהֶם = feel loathing against their own selves, Ezek 6:9, so Ezek 20:43; Ezek 36:31. (b) in front of, Ezek 42:12.

4. לִפְנֵי, properly at the face or front of, the most general word for in the presence of, before: as Gen 18:22 עֹמֵד לִפְנֵי אַבְרָהָם, Exod 4:21; Exod 11:10; 2Sam 2:14; Prov 17:18 + often; after a verb of motion, Gen 47:2 וַיַּצִּיגֵם ׳לפני פ and set them before Pharaoh, Gen 27:20 ׳כִּי הִקְרָה י לפני literally made (it) to meet before me (compare Gen 24:12), Exod 29:10; Prov 18:16 etc. In particular,
a. With the implication of
(a) under the eye or oversight of, Deut 25:2; 1Sam 3:1.
(b) under the eye and regard of, Gen 17:18 לוּ יִשְׁמָעֵאל יִחְיֶה לְפָנֶיךָ, Hos 6:2; Isa 53:2; Ps 61:8 compare Jer 30:20; Jer 31:36; Isa 66:22; Ps 102:29: also 1Sam 2:28; 2Sam 19:14.
(c) figurative for in (or into) the full (mental) view of, Gen 6:13 קֵץ כָּלבָּֿשָׂר בָּא לְפָנַי is come in before me, Lam 1:22 תָּבאֹ כָלרָֿעָתָם לְפָנֶיךָ, Jonah 1:2 עָֽלְתָה לְפָנַי (compare אֶל Gen 18:21; Exod 2:23), Isa 65:6 כְּתוּבָה לְפָנָ֑י, Jer 2:22 נִכְתָּךְ לְפָנָי (compare נֶגְדִּי Isa 47:12).
(d) openly before, 1Sam 12:2 הִתְהַלֵךְ לִפְנֵי, and with collateral idea of deserving (and receiving) regard 1Sam 2:35, especially ׳לפני י Gen 17:1 and elsewhere.
(e) in presence of the moon or sun, Ps 72:5; Ps 72:17, i.e. as long as they endure.
(f) free before, at the disposal of,Gen 13:9 הֲלֹא כָלהָֿאָרֶץ לְפָנֶיךָ (compare Gen 20:15; Gen 34:10; Gen 47:6; Jer 40:4; 2Chr 14:6), 2Chr 24:51; Song 8:12.
(g) in the sight (estimation) of, Gen 7:1 thee have I seen to be just before me, Gen 10:9 a mighty hunter before ׳י, Deut 24:4 ׳י ׳תּוֺעֵבָה ל, vDeut 24:13 ׳י ׳צְדָקָה ל, 1Sam 20:1 b, אָרוּר ׳י ׳ל Josh 6:26; 1Sam 26:19, ׳י ׳לְרָצוֺן ל acceptable before ׳י, Lev 1:3 +, Ps 19:15; 2Kgs 5:1 a great man לִפְנֵי אֲדֹנָיו, Prov 14:12; Ps 143:2 ׳וַיִּיטַב ל (late synonym of earlier בְּעֵנֵי) Neh 2:5; Neh 2:6; Esth 5:14 ׳טוֺב ל Eccl 2:26; Eccl 7:26 compare also נָתַן לְרַחֲמִים לִפְנֵי, see רַחֲמִים.
(h) ׳לִפְנֵי י, specifically of acts done with a solemn sense of ׳י's presence, often, but not always, at a sanctuary: Gen 27:7 that I may eat and bless thee before ׳י, before I die, Exod 18:12 to eat bread before God, Deut 1:45 ye wept before ׳י, Deut 6:25; Deut 12:7 (to eat, so vDeut 12:18; Deut 14:23; Deut 14:26; Deut 15:20), vDeut 15:12 (rejoice, so vDeut 15:18; Deut 27:7; Isa 9:2), Josh 18:6; Josh 24:1; Judg 11:11; Judg 20:23; Judg 20:26; Judg 21:2; 1Sam 7:6; 1Sam 10:19; 1Sam 11:15; 1Sam 12:7; 1Sam 15:33; 1Sam 23:18; 2Sam 5:3; 2Sam 7:18; 2Sam 21:9 and constantly in P, as Exod 16:9; Exod 16:33; Exod 16:34; Lev 1:5; Lev 1:11; Lev 3:1; Lev 3:7 etc.; of residents in Jerusalem Isa 23:18. So in ׳י ׳הָלַךְ ל 1Kgs 2:4 and elsewhere.
b. In other phrases: —
(a) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand before, i.e. wait upon, be in attendance on, Deut 1:38 and elsewhere (see עָמַד 1 e). Simil. הָיָה לִפְנֵי 1Sam 19:7 (compare 1Sam 29:8), 2Kgs 5:2 ׳עָבַד ל 2Sam 16:19.
(b) הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה לִפְנֵי to bow down before Gen 23:12; Deut 26:10; 2Kgs 18:22 and elsewhere (see below שָׁחָה; also נָפַל 3 b): so with הִתְפַּלֵּל to pray 1Sam 1:12 +; compare הלך פָני 1Kgs 12:30; 1Chr 21:30.
(c) to be smitten (נִגַּף) before a foe; see נָגַף Niph`al [contrast נוּס מִפְּנֵי: below 6 a]. So with נָפַל 1Sam 14:13 נָתַן (in helplessness or flight), especially in Deuteronomy, as Deut 1:8; Deut 1:21; Deut 7:2 (twice in verse); Deut 7:23; Josh 10:12; Josh 11:6 + (Dr^{DT lxxxii}): compare Judg 4:15; 2Sam 5:20; Isa 45:1; Jer 1:17.
(d) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand (make a stand) before (not quite so strong as בִּפְנֵי ׳ע, above 3), Exod 9:11; Judg 2:14; 2Kgs 10:4; Jer 49:19; Ps 76:8; Ps 147:17; Nah 1:6 so with הִתְיַצֵּב Deut 9:2; Josh 1:5; Job 41:2, קוּם Josh 7:12; Josh 7:13.
(e) in hostile sense (rare), יָצָא לִפְנֵי go forth to face 1Chr 14:8; 2Chr 14:9.
(f) לִפְנֵי (נָתַן) שִׂים, of food, to set or place before, Gen 18:8; Gen 24:33 +.
(g) נָתַן לִפְנֵי to set before, i.e. propound for acceptance or choice, usually of laws (especially Deuteronomy, Jeremiah), Deut 4:8; Deut 11:26; Deut 11:32; Deut 30:1; Deut 30:15; Deut 30:19; 1Kgs 9:6 (D²), Jer 9:12; Jer 21:8; Jer 26:4; Jer 44:10; , compare Ezek 23:24 (place at disposal of): so with שִׂים Exod 19:7; Exod 21:1.
c. With reference to position:
(a) in front of, before, especially with verbs of motion (with which נֶגֶד is hardly used), Gen 32:21 בַּמִּנְחָה הַהֹלֶכֶת לְפָנָ֔י that goeth before me, Gen 33:14 the cattle אֲשֶׁר לְפָנַי, Exod 17:5; Exod 23:20 etc.; in the description of a march or procession, Exod 13:21; Exod 13:22; Num 10:33; Isa 52:12; Isa 58:8 +; 2Sam 3:31 and wail before Abner (before his bier); of flocks before a shepherd Gen 32:18 of captives or booty driven before a conqueror 1Sam 30:20 (read וַיִּנְהֲגוּ לְפָנָיו We Dr), Isa 8:4; Isa 40:10 = Isa 62:11 וּפְעֻלָּתוֺ לְפָנָיו his recompence (i.e. his newly-recovered people, regarded as his prize of war) before him, Amos 9:4; Lam 1:5; Lam 1:6
(b) of a leader, etc. = at the head of, Deut 10:11; Judg 9:39; 1Sam 8:20; Mic 1:13 and elsewhere; compare בא ויצא לפני (העם) Num 27:17; 1Sam 18:13; 1Sam 18:16; 2Chr 1:10; Eccl 4:16 before whom (at whose head) he was.
(c) denoting superiority, before, above, Gen 48:20 וַיָּשֶׂם אתאֿפרים לפני מנשׁה, Job 34:19.
d. Of places (not very common): Exod 14:2 before Pi-hahiroth . . ., before Baal-zephon, Num 33:7b, Gen 23:17 מַמְרֵא ׳אשׁר ל (usually ׳על פני מ: see 7 a d), 1Chr 19:7; Neh 8:1; Neh 8:3 before the temple, veil, altar, etc., Exod 16:34 + הָעֵדֻת ׳ל, Exod 30:6 + הַפָּרֹכֶת ׳ל, Exod 40:5; Exod 40:6; Num 3:38; Num 7:10 and elsewhere (all P), 1Kgs 6:21; 1Kgs 7:49 +.
e. Of time, before: Amos 1:1: לפני הָָֽ רעַשׁ before the earthquake, Gen 29:26; Gen 30:30 לְפָנַי before me (i.e. before I came to thee), Exod 10:14 לפניו לא היה כן before it there was not the like, Num 13:22; 1Kgs 16:25; 1Kgs 16:30 מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר לְפָנָיו, Isa 43:10; Isa 48:7; Prov 8:25; Job 15:7 etc. Sq. infinitive, Gen 13:10 ׳לִפְנֵי שַׁחֵת י before ׳י's destroying, etc., Gen 27:7 לִפְנֵי מוֺתִי, Gen 36:31; 1Sam 9:15 +. Once, in late Hebrew, לִפְנֵי מִזֶּה before this Neh 13:4. feminine In the manner of, like (rare and dubious), 1Sam 1:16 אַלתִּֿתֵּן אֶתאֲֿמָֽתְךָ לִפְנֵי בַתבִּֿלִיַּעַל like a worthless woman, Job 3:24 like my food, Job 4:19 they are crushed like the moth (compare Lat pro).

5. מִלִּפְנֵי₇₃ from before: —
a. from the presence of (properly, from a position before a person or object: to be distinguished from מִפְּנֵי; see 6):
(a) Gen 41:46 ׳ויצא יוסף מִלִּפְנֵי פ from before Pharaoh, Gen 47:10; 2Kgs 5:27; 2Kgs 6:32 +; ׳י ׳מל Gen 4:6 Cain went forth from before ׳י, Jonah 1:3; Jonah 1:10 specifically of the sanctuary, Lev 9:24 ׳ותצא אשׁ מלפני י (so Lev 10:2), קֶצֶף Num 17:11 (compare 2Chr 19:2), with לָקַח etc. Lev 16:12; Num 17:24; Num 20:9, 1Sam 21:7 the shew-bread that was removed from before ׳י; from before a place 1Kgs 8:54; Ezra 10:6; 2Chr 1:13,
(b) of taking, etc., from before a person, Gen 23:4 to bury my dead from before me, vGen 23:8; Exod 36:3; Deut 17:18 ׳וכתב לו מִשְׁנֵה התורה הזאת מל הכהנים from (the copy) before the priests, Deut 28:31 גָּזוּכ מלפניך.
(c) with בקשׁ Esth 4:8 [compare מִןקֳדָם Dan 2:18]; and to express the idea of proceeding from a person, Esth 1:19 [compare Dan 2:15], Eccl 10:5; 1Chr 29:12 הָעשֶׁר והכבוד מלפניך (compare Acts 3:19); Ps 17:2 מלפניך. יֵצֵא משׁפטי.
(d) of cutting off, etc., from before ׳י (compare לִפְנֵי a b, c), Lev 22:3; 1Kgs 8:25 לֹאיִֿכָּרֵת לְךָ אִישׁ, מִלְּפָנִי Jer 31:36; Jer 33:18; Isa 48:19: Ps 51:13 אַלתַּֿשְׁלִיכֵנִי מִלְּפָנְיךָ (compare 8 a); Jer 16:17 לֹא נִסְתְּרוּ מִלְּפָנַי, Jer 18:23; Neh 3:37.
(e) of expelling from before an invader, Exod 23:28; Deut 9:4; Deut 11:23; Deut 31:3 + (but much less common than מִפְּנֵי).
b. (Chiefly late) to express the source or cause, with the force of the לְ weakened, in cases where the earlier language would have used מִפְּנֵי: with verbs of fearing, 1Sam 18:12; Eccl 3:14; Eccl 8:12; Eccl 8:13; 1Chr 16:30 חִילִי מִלְּפָנָיו [|| Ps 96:9 מפניו], Ps 114:7 (twice in verse); Esth 7:6; 2Chr 32:7 ( + מפני); failing, etc., Isa 57:16; Ps 97:5 being humbled, 1Kgs 21:29 ( + מפני), 2Chr 32:12; 2Chr 32:23; 2Chr 34:27 [|| 2Kgs 22:19 מפני], 2Kgs 36:12 crying for help 1Sam 8:18 [compare מפני Exod 3:7], singing 1Chr 16:33 [|| Ps 96:13 לפני], fleeing 1Chr 19:18 [|| 2Sam 10:18 מִפְּנֵי].
c. of time, once, = לִפְנֵי Eccl 1:10. — With the later usages of ׳מל, compare מִן קֳדָם in Biblical Aramaic and ᵑ7 (Dr Sm^{lxx-lxxi, lxxiii}); see also Kö^{ii. 320.}

6. מִפְּנֵי from the face or presence of, from before, Exod 14:19 וַיִּסַּע עמוד הענן מִפְּנֵיהֶם removecl from before them, Isa 30:11; Hos 11:2 so
a. (often with suggestion of causation (see מִן 2 d, e, f), because of, for fear of [so AV RV Judg 9:21; 1Sam 21:11; 1Sam 23:26; (twice in verse); Jer 37:11; Jer 41:9; Jer 50:16]) after verbs of hiding Gen 3:8; Gen 4:14; Isa 2:10 (compare vIsa 2:19 vIsa 2:21); and especially of escaping, Judg 9:21 (Thes 'bene ᵑ9 ob metum A.'), 1Sam 18:11; 1Sam 19:10; 1Sam 23:26, or fleeing, Exod 4:3; Exod 14:25; 1Sam 17:24 + often (see בָּרַךְ and נוּס), and expelling, destroying, etc. Exod 23:30 אֲגָָֽרְשֶׁנּוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ I will expel them from before thee, Exod 34:11; Exod 34:24 אוֺרִישׁ גּוֺיִם מִפָּנֶיךָ (see הוֺרִישׁ), Lev 18:24; Deut 8:20; Amos 2:9; Ps 89:24 + often (as though clearing the way for Israel, for Israel's sake: compare Isa 63:12 בּוֺקֵעַ מַיִס מִפְּנֵיהֶם, Josh 2:10; Josh 4:23). Pregn. Isa 17:9 ׳כַּעֲזוּבַת ֗֗֗ אשׁר עזבו מפני בני ישׂר which they forsook (fleeing) from before, etc.
b. implying causation more distinctly. Ps 9:4 יאבדו מפניך perish from before thee or at the presence, Deut 7:20: very often with verbs of fearing, as גור, יגר, חיל, ירא, ערץ, פחד, קוץ Exod 9:30; Num 22:3 (twice in verse); Deut 1:17; Jer 5:22 etc. (mostly when the object inspiring fear is a person: when it is a thing, מִן alone is preferred; but see Deut 5:5; Deut 9:19); of being alarmed or dismayed Gen 45:3; Josh 2:9; Jer 1:17; Job 23:15, etc.; of humbling oneself Exod 10:3; Judg 11:33 +; with other words, to indicate the external ground of an action or effect, as הַס מִפָּנָיו be silent at (i.e. because of) his presence Zeph 1:7; Hab 2:20; Judg 5:5 the mountains flowed ׳מפני י at the presence of ׳י, Isa 63:19; Jer 4:26; Nah 1:5; Ps 68:3 as wax melteth מפני אשׁ; Deut 20:19; Isa 19:1; Isa 26:17 כן היינו מפניך so were we through thy presence (more than לפניך, — implying that their state was due to ׳י); קום מפני to rise up at the presence of Gen 31:35; Lev 19:32. (

N.B. In a, b, frequently rendered before in AV RV, and so confused with לפני; but the מִן retains always its full force in the Hebrew)
c. of the cause, whether nearer or more remote:
(a) Gen 6:13 מָֽלְאָה הָאָרֶץ חָמָס מִפְּנֵיהֶם because of them (i.e. occasioned by them), Gen 27:4 I loathe my life because of the daughters of Heth, Gen 36:7 the land could not support them because of their cattle, Gen 41:31; Gen 47:13; Exod 3:7 their cry by reason of their taskmasters, Exod 8:20 תִּשָּׁחֵת הָאָרֶץ מִפְּנֵי הֶעָרֹב, Exod 9:11; Josh 2:11; Josh 23:3; Judg 2:18; Judg 6:6; 1Kgs 5:17; 1Kgs 8:11 + often; Isa 10:27 (RVm), Jer 15:17; Ps 38:4; Ps 38:6, etc.; Jer 4:4 + מִפְּנֵי רֹעַ מַעַלְלֵיכֶם by reason of the evil of your doings, Jer 7:12; Jer 9:6; Jer 13:17; Jer 14:16; Jer 23:9 + often
(b) stating the reason for which a thing is not done (Latin prae,), 1Kgs 8:11; Job 37:19.
(c) with אֲשֶׁר as a conjunction, twice, because that, Exod 19:18; Jer 44:23. — Num 33:8 see פִּי הַחִירֹת.

7. עַלפְּֿנֵי (compare Phoenician עַל פְּנֵ, עלת פְּנֵ, Lzb³⁵²) has different meanings according to the different senses of the noun and the preposition: —
a. From the sense of face or front:
(a) in front of (more definite and distinct than לפני): Ps 18:43 as dust before the wind (compare לפני Ps 35:5; Ps 83:14 +), Gen 32:22 the present passed on עלפֿניו in front of him, Exod 33:19 אעביר כלטֿוּבי עלפֿניך,2Sam 15:18; 2Sam 15:23 (read עלפֿניו: see Dr), Job 4:15 = in the sight of, Lev 10:3 ועלפֿני כל העם אֶכָּבֵד, Jer 6:7 עַלפָּֿנַי תָּמִיד חֳלִי וּמַכָּה, Jer 13:26 (compare Nah 3:5), Ps 9:20 יִשָּֽׁפְטוּ גוים עלפֿניך before thee: defiantly, Job 1:11 אםלֿא עלֿ פניך יְבָֽרְכֶךָּ will renounce thee to thy face, Job 6:28 ועלפֿניכם אם אֲכַוֵּב, Job 21:31 to die in the presence of any one ( = in his lifetime) Gen 11:28; Num 3:4.
(b) before, to the exclusion of another, i.e. in preference to, Deut 21:16, and perhaps(Ew^{§ 217} l) Exod 20:3 (Deut 5:7) לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים עלפֿני (Thes and others as c).
(c) in addition to, Job 16:14 פֶּרֶץעַלפְּֿנֵיפֶֿרֶץ יִפְרְצֵנִי.
(d) of localities, in front of, mostly (but not always: see GFM^{Ju., p. 351}) = east of, 1Kgs 6:3 the porch in front of, etc., v1Kgs 6:3; 1Kgs 7:6; 1Kgs 8:8; 2Chr 3:17; Ezek 42:8; Gen 16:12 עלפֿני כלאֿחיו ישׁכן (compare Gen 25:18 b), perhaps (Di and others) with collateral idea of defiance; מַמְרֵא ׳עַלפֿ Gen 23:19 (Gen 50:13), Exod 16:14 often in אשׁר עלפֿני ֗֗֗ Gen 25:9 (Gen 49:30), מצרים vGen 49:18 a (Josh 13:3; 1Sam 15:7), Num 21:11; Num 33:7 a, ירחו Deut 32:49 (Deut 34:1), Josh 13:3; Josh 13:25; Josh 15:8 (Josh 18:16), Josh 17:7; Josh 18:14; Josh 19:11; Judg 16:3; 1Sam 24:3 (probably), 1Sam 26:1; 1Sam 26:3; 2Sam 2:24; 1Kgs 11:7 (the Mt. of Olives, east of Jews.; so 2Kgs 23:13; Zech 14:4), Zech 17:3; Zech 17:5. — Gen 1:20 let fowl fly עלפֿני רקיע השׁמים in front of the firmament of heaven, namely as looked up to from below, i.e. between the firmament and the earth. (ε) with verbs implying direction, over towardas, Gen 18:16 וישׁקף עלפֿני סדם, Gen 19:28; Num 21:20 (Num 23:28) נשׁקפה עלפֿני הישׁימן overlooking; to sprinkle against the front of Lev 16:14 in a hostile sense (rare), Nah 2:2 עָלָה מֵפִיץ עַלפָּֿנַיִךְ, Ps 21:13; Ezek 32:10.

b. From the sense of surface, Gen 1:2 עלפֿני תהום upon the face of the deep, Exod 16:14 ׳המדבר עלפֿ: often in the phrases עלפֿני (כל) הארץ Gen 1:29; Gen 7:3 +, and (more frequently) עלפֿני האדמה on the face of the ground Gen 6:1; Gen 7:23 etc.; על פני השׂדה Lev 17:5; Num 19:16; 1Sam 14:25 +; after verbs of motion, 1Sam 11:4 lest we be scattered over the face of all the earth, v1Sam 11:8 v1Sam 11:9; Exod 32:20; Lev 14:7 (Lev 14:53 אל), Isa 18:2; Isa 19:8; Amos 5:8; Ezek 32:4; Job 5:10 +.

8. מֵעַלפְּֿנֵי
a. from before the face of, Gen 23:3 Abraham rose up מֵעַל פְּנֵי מֵתוֺ from before his dead, i.e. from mourning before or beside it; Psalms (פניו) מֵעַל פני from before my (his) face, often in Kings & Jeremiah of the rejection of Israel or the temple, as with שִׁלַּת 1Kgs 9:7 (|| 2Chr 7:20 השׁליך), Jer 15:1, השׁליד 2Kgs 13:23; 2Kgs 24:20 (Jer 52:3), Jer 7:15, נטשׁ Jer 23:39, הסיר 2Kgs 17:18; 2Kgs 17:23; 2Kgs 23:27; 2Kgs 24:3; Jer 32:31.
b. from of the surface of, often in the phrase מֵעַל פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה, with verbs of cutting off, removing, expelling, etc., Psalms; Gen 4:14; Gen 6:7; Gen 7:4; Gen 8:8; Exod 32:12; Deut 6:15; 1Sam 20:15; 1Kgs 9:7; 1Kgs 13:34; Amos 9:8; Jer 28:16; Zeph 1:2; Zeph 1:3.

BDB6683 H3942 H6440

לִפְנָ֑י 1Kgs 6:17, Ew^{§ 164 a} Ke as adjective, anterior, but read, with ᵐ5, לִפְנֵי הַדְּבִיד Th Sta Kit and others

before, face, presence, because, faces, …

pānîm

the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.)

face

face, faces

before and behind, toward, in front of, forward, formerly, from beforetime, before

in front of, before, to the front of, in the presence of, in the face of, at the face or front of, from the presence of, from before, from before the face of

וּ פֶן

וּ

Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)

פֶן

Conjunction lest, that, peradventure, not

Dictionary form: פֵּן · pane

Conjunction

In the KJV here: and that not

lest ×88 lest peradventure ×5 and lest ×4 not ×3 that ×3 beware lest ×2 that not ×2 therewith lest ×2

More options

lest — Direct modernization; clearest warning-clause equivalent.

or else — Colloquial; suits consequence warnings in narrative.

so that … not — Explicit negative-purpose clause; useful in formal prose.

for fear that — Highlights anxiety or precaution behind the warning.

in case — Softer register; fits cautionary or conditional contexts.

BDB6677 H6435

פֶּןֿ₁₃₃ (always with Makkeph

**except Gen 38:23; Gen 44:34; Deut 7:25; Deut 32:27 [not Gi], Isa 27:3; Prov 25:8: Mandelkern^{Conc. under the word}.) conjunction (averting, or deprecating), lest (origin dubious: Thes Kö^{ii. 334} from פָּנָה, properly substantive construct in accusative for the aversion of; but פָנָה is intransitive: Nö^{M. 474} compares the enclitic particle פּוֺן in ᵑ7, then ἄν, 'etwa,' thinking that a particle with the meaning 'es möchte etwa,' spoken in a tone of alarm, might readily acquire a deprecatory force); — lest:

1. with imperfect Gen 3:3 ye shall not eat thereof . . . פֶּןתְּֿמֻתוּן lest ye die, Gen 11:4 let us build a city פֶּןנָֿפוּץ lest we be scattered, Gen 19:15; Gen 19:17; Gen 19:19; Gen 38:23; Gen 45:1l Exod 1:10; Exod 23:29; Exod 23:33 etc., 2Kgs 10:23 (followed by יֵשׁ), Isa 6:10; Isa 27:3; Isa 28:22; Isa 48:5; Isa 48:7; Ps 2:12; Ps 7:3 etc.; often after הִשָׁמֶרלְֿךָ take heed to thyself Gen 24:6; Gen 31:24, and especially in Deuteronomy, as Deut 4:9; Deut 4:23; Deut 6:12; Deut 8:11 and elsewhere; after a verb of fearing Gen 32:12, and once, even, of swearing Judg 15:12 deprecating pathetically, Gen 44:34 how shall I go up, etc.? lest I look upon the evil that will befal my father. Once, unusually, preceding the principal clause, Prov 5:6 אֹרַח חַיִּים פֶּןתְּֿפַלֵּס lest she should make level the path of life, her ways are unstable, etc. (Ew Be Now; see also Toy). Note especially
a. the idiom כִּי אָמַר (אָמַרְתִּי) פֶּןֿ for he (I) said, Lest..., implying always that some precaution has been taken to avert the dreaded contingency, Gen 26:9 for I said, Lest I die on account of her (to obviate which, Isaac had called Rebecca his sister), Gen 31:31; Gen 38:11; Gen 42:4; Exod 13:17; Num 16:34; 1Sam 13:19; 1Sam 27:11 (לֵאמֹר), Ps 38:17 with כי אמר implied Gen 26:7 compare, with an aposiop., Gen 3:22 and now, lest he put forth his hand, etc. (implying that measures are taken to prevent this, see vGen 3:23): compare Tob 8:9.
b. פֶּןֿ at the beginning of a sentence, with a dissuasive force, (Beware) lest: + Isa 36:18 פֶּןיַֿסִּית אֶתְכֶם חזקיהו (beware) lest Hezekiah deceive you, Deut 29:17 (twice in verse) (followed by יֵשׁ), Jer 51:46; Job 32:13; Job 36:18.

2. with Perfect, the result feared being conceived as having possibly already taken place; 2Sam 20:6 pursue after him, פֶּןמָֿצָא לוֺ ֗֗֗ וְהִצִּיל lest he have found him fenced cities, etc. (but the tense of והציל makes יִמְצָא probably, Dr^sm Bu Kö^{iii. 486}), 2Kgs 2:16 ׳וַיַּשְׁלִכֵהוּ וגו ׳פֶּןנְֿשָׂאוֺ רוּחַ י.

lest, that, peradventure, not

pēn

properly, removal; used only (in the construction) adverb as conjunction, lest

(conj) lest, not, beware lest

תִּדְרֹ֨שׁ

Root word seek, inquire, sought, inquired, require, …

Dictionary form: דָּרַשׁ · daw-RAHSH

Verb — Qal, Imperfect (Yiqtol), second person masculine singular simple action — "he did" not-yet-complete action — try "he will ___" or "he ___s" the built-in subject is "you"

In the KJV here: thou inquire

seek ×13 to seek ×13 to inquire ×10 inquire ×4 sought ×4 will i require ×4 and seek ×3 and inquire ×2

More options

seek — Most versatile; suits active pursuit of God or wisdom.

inquire — Prefer when consulting an oracle, priest, or prophet.

search — Emphasizes thorough, investigative effort.

require — Best for contexts of divine accountability or demand.

consult — Fits formal religious or official inquiry settings.

care for — Use when the sense is concern or attentiveness toward someone.

BDB2008 H1875

דַּרְיוֺשׁ Ezra 10:16 see דרשׁ.

BDB2024 H1875

דָּרַשׁ₁₆₂ verb resort to, seek (compare Arabic rub over, efface (a site), tread (wheat), figurative read repeatedly, study; beat (a path), discuss, Pa`el practise in; Late Hebrew search out (a meaning), expound) —

Qal Perfect 1Chr 10:14 Imperfect יִדְרשׁ Ps 10:4 +, אֶדְרְשָׁה 1Sam 28:7, נִדְרְשָׁה 1Kgs 22:7 +, יִדְרְשׁוּן Isa 55:2 Imperative דְּרָשֿׁ 1Kgs 22:5 +; Infinitive absolute דָּרשׁ Lev 10:16; Deut 23:22 construct דְּרשׁ Deut 22:2 + לִדְרָשֿׁ Ezek 14:7, לְדַרְיוֺשׁ (scribal error for לִדְרוֺשׁ Ew^{§ 239a} Ol^{§ 245 g}) Ezra 10:16 Participle דֹּרֵשׁ Deut 11:12 + 10 t., דּוֺרֵשׁ 1Chr 28:9 + 3 t.; passive דְּרוּשִׁים Ps 111:2, דְּרוּשָׁה Isa 62:12 synonym בקשׁ; —

1. (tread a place,) resort to, frequent, with religious object, with accusative of location Amos 5:5; 2Chr 1:5, לְ local Deut 12:5.

2. seek, consult, inquire of:
a. accusative ׳י, אֱלֹהִים Gen 25:22 (J) Exod 18:15 (E) 1Sam 9:9; 1Kgs 22:8; 2Kgs 3:11; 2Kgs 8:8; 2Kgs 22:13; 2Kgs 22:18; 1Chr 15:13; 1Chr 21:30; 2Chr 18:7; 2Chr 34:21; Ps 24:6; Ps 78:34; Jer 21:2; Jer 37:7; Ezek 20:1; Ezek 20:3 the ark of God 1Chr 13:3 word of Yahweh 1Kgs 22:5 (= 2Chr 18:4) compare 1Kgs 14:5 with בְּ Yahweh 1Chr 10:14; 2Chr 34:26; Ezek 14:7 his word 2Kgs 1:16 with אֶל, אֶלאֵֿל Job 5:8 their God Isa 8:19, Messianic king Isa 11:10 ׳מֵעַלסֵֿפֶר י out of the book of ׳י Isa 34:16 (in gloss, according to Che^{JQ Jan. 1892, 332}); with מֵאוֺתוֺ of a ׳נָבִיא לי 1Kgs 22:7 (= 2Chr 18:6) compare (above) v2Chr 18:8; 2Kgs 3:11 and 1Kgs 14:5 (מֵעִמְּךָ).
b. heathen gods and necromancers, הַדֹּרֵשׁ the inquirer Ezek 14:10 with בְּ, בַּעֲלַת אוֺב 1Sam 28:7, בָּאוֺב 1Chr 10:13, בְּבַעַל זְבוּב 2Kgs 1:2; 2Kgs 1:3; 2Kgs 1:6; 2Kgs 1:16 with אֶל, אֶלהָֿאֹבוֺת Isa 8:19, אֶלהַֿמֵּתִים Deut 18:11, אֶלהָֿאֱלִילִים Isa 19:3.

3. seek deity in prayer and worship:
a. the true God (compare בקשׁ 3) ׳דרשׁ י Deut 4:29; Hos 10:12; Amos 5:4; Amos 5:6; Isa 9:12; Isa 31:1; Isa 55:6; Isa 58:2; Isa 65:10; Isa 29:13; Isa 1:11 (= Ps 105:4) Ps 28:9; 2Chr 12:14; 2Chr 14:3; 2Chr 14:6; 2Chr 15:2; 2Chr 15:12; 2Chr 16:12; 2Chr 22:9; 2Chr 26:5; Ps 9:11; Ps 22:27; Ps 34:5; Ps 34:11; Ps 119:2; Ps 119:10 דרשׁ (ה)אלהים 2Chr 19:3; 2Chr 26:5; 2Chr 30:19; Ps 14:2 (= Ps 53:3) Ps 69:33 ׳אֲדֹנָי ד Ps 77:3 with לְ, only in Chronicler, ליהוה 1Chr 22:19; 2Chr 15:13; 2Chr 20:3; Ezra 6:21 לאלהים 2Chr 17:4; 2Chr 31:21; 2Chr 34:3; Ezra 4:2 Dr^{Intr. 503} finds in Chronicles weakened meaning, revere.
b. seek heathen deities, with accusative Jer 8:2; 2Chr 25:15; 2Chr 25:20 with לְ, Deut 12:30; 2Chr 17:3.

4. a. seek, with idea of demanding, require (בקשׁ is seek, simply), with accusative lost sheep Deut 22:2; Ezek 34:6; Ezek 34:8; Ezek 34:11 goat Lev 10:16 (twice in verse) (P); with אחר, after green fodder Job 39:8.
b. inquire, investigate (a matter), absolute Judg 6:29; Deut 13:15; Deut 17:4; Deut 17:9; Deut 19:18 with accusative כָּללְֿבָבוֺת ׳דּוֺרֵשׁ י all hearts Yahweh searches 1Chr 28:9 לִדְרשׁ הַמּוֺפֵת to inquire into the wonder 2Chr 32:31 with לְ, to inquire about 2Sam 11:3; Job 10:6 followed by עַל person + infinitive 2Chr 24:6 apply to the Levites to bring, etc., compare 2Chr 31:9 (עַל both person and thing).

5. ask for, require, demand, with accusative of thing Ezek 20:40 + מִן person Deut 23:22; Mic 6:8 exact, often with collateral idea of avenging, מֵעִם Deut 18:19, so with מִיַּד Ezek 34:10, דָּרַשׁ דָּם מִיַּד Gen 9:5 (P) Ezek 33:6 accusative only, דֹּרֵשׁ דמים Ps 9:13, רִשְׁעוֺ ׳ד Ps 10:15 absolute vPs 10:4 vPs 10:13; 2Chr 24:22.

6. seek with application, study, follow, practise, absolute by wisdom Eccl 1:13 with accusative מִשְׁפָּט ׳ד study or practise justice Isa 1:17; Isa 16:5 ׳מַעֲשֵׂי י Ps 111:2 טוֺב וְאַלרַֿע Amos 5:14 commands of God Ps 119:45; Ps 119:94; Ps 119:155; 1Chr 28:8 the law Ear 1Chr 7:10 שׁלום ׳ד seek or study the peace, welfare of any one Deut 23:7; Jer 29:7; Ezra 9:12, לשׁלום Jer 38:4, טוב ׳ד Esth 10:3, רעה ׳ד Prov 11:27; Ps 38:13 (compare בקשׁ 2, where this use is more common).

7. seek with care, care for, ארץ אשׁר יהוה אלהיך דֹּרֵשׁ אתהּ land which Yahweh thy God careth for Deut 11:12 אַליִֿדְרְשֵׁהוּ אֱלוֺהַּ let not Eloah care for it Job 3:4 ׳אוֺתָךְ לֹא יִד Jer 30:14 דָּֽרְשָׁה צֶמֶר Prov 31:13 with לְ Jer 30:17 אֵין דּוֺרֵשׁ לְנַפְשִׁי no one careth for me Ps 142:5 but in both these לְ perhaps belongs to אֵין, compare || אֵין לִי מַכִּיר Ps 142:5, also Lam 4:4 etc.; דְּרוּשָׁה cared for (of Jerusalem) Isa 62:12. Niph`al Perfect נִדְרָ֑שׁ Gen 42:22, נִדְרַשְׁתִּי Isa 65:1, נִדְרָ֑שׁוּ 1Chr 26:31 Imperfect אִדָּרֵשׁ Ezek 14:3; Ezek 20:3; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 36:37 Infinitive absolute הַאִדָּרשׁ Ezek 14:3 (for ההדרשׁ); —

1. let oneself be inquired of, consulted, only of God Ezek 14:3 (twice in verse); Ezek 20:3; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 36:37; Isa 65:1.

2. be sought out 1Chr 26:31.

3. be required, of blood (compare Qal 5) Gen 42:22 (E).

Note. — וְדָרְשׁוּ מֵחָרְבוֺתֵיהֶם and beg out of their desolate places Ps 109:10 (Ki and others wed©ršu, see Baer); many MSS. read דָּֽרְשׁוּ, so most interpretations; ᵐ5 Hup Bi Che read גֹּרְשׁוּ be driven from.

seek, inquire, sought, inquired, require, …

dāraš

properly, to tread or frequent; usually to follow (for pursuit or search); by implication, to seek or ask; specifically to worship

to resort to, seek, seek with care, enquire, require

(Qal)

to resort to, frequent (a place), (tread a place)

of God

God

to allow oneself to be enquired of, consulted (only of God)

לֵֽ אלֹהֵי הֶ֜ם

לֵֽ

Prefix — preposition to, for

אלֹהֵי

Root word god, gods, judges, great, goddess, …

הֶ֜ם

Suffix — pronoun their / them

Dictionary form: אֱלֹהִים · eh-loh-HEEM

Noun — Common, masculine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: after their gods

god ×587 thy god ×320 of god ×316 your god ×162 our god ×116 the god ×110 gods ×95 their god ×62

More options

God — Preferred for the God of Israel; singular context.

gods — Use for polytheistic or plural divine beings.

deity — Neutral, academic tone; suits comparative religion contexts.

divine being — Emphasizes nature over identity; good for ambiguous referents.

judge — Use when context is legal or judicial authority.

mighty one — Captures intensifying plural; rare angelic or hero contexts.

BDB2100 H3068 H3069 H1961 H430 H589 H2022 H6635

יהוה_{c. 6823} i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (

1. ᵑ0 יְהוָֺה^C518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה₃₀₅ (Qr אֱלֹהִים), in the combinations אדני יהוה & יהוה אדני (see אֲדֹנֶי), and with preposition בַּיהוָֺה, לַיהוָֺה, מֵיהוָֺה (Qr בַּאדֹנָי, לַאדֹנָי, מֵאדֹנָי), do not give the original form. ᵐ5 and other Vrss follow the Qr. On the basis of Exod 20:7; Lev 24:11 יהוה was regarded as a nomen ineffabile (see Philo^{de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529}), called by the Jews הַשֵּׁם and by the Samaritans שׁימא. The pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare Bö^{§ 88}). The traditional Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the יָֿהוּ, יְהוֺֿ of compound proper name and the contracted form יָהּ all favour יַהְוֶךְ (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Ps 74:6 תַּהֲרוּ Isa 33:11), see Lag^{Sym i.14} Baud^{Studien i.179 ff.}; Dr^{Stud.Bib.i.1 ff.} For Jeve see Sta^{ZAW 1881, 346} De^{ib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii.}

2. on literature of interpretations see Nes^Eg.67 Dr^{l.c. — Many recent scholars explain} יַהְוֶה as Hiph`il of היה (=היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare חַוָּה Gen 3:20) Schr HSch; giver of existence, creator, Kue Tiele; he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),performer of his promises, Lag, Nes^Eg.88 (but Nes^{Eg.91 inclines to Qal as} RS^{Brit. & For. Ev. Rev} see below); or from היה he who causes to fall, rain or lightning RS^{OTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245}, compare We^{Skizzen iii.175}; 'Fäller,' destroying foes, Sta^G.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of הוה (= היה); the one who is: i.e. the absolute and unchangeable one, Ri; the existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable, Di; or the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption, De Oehl; compare also RS^{Brit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876}, he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare Ew^infr), he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Dr^l.c.17)).

**Theories of non-Hebrew or non-Semitic origin, opposed (in their older forms) by Bau^{Rel. i. 181 ff. (see especially 230)}; Dl^{Pa 162 ff.} claimed Babylonian origin for יהו, against this Kue^{national Religions, etc., Note iv (Eng. Trans. 329 ff.)} Jastr^{JBL xiil {1894}, 103 f.} compare Hpt^{BAS i. 170 N}; Dl^{Babel u. Bibel, 46 f., 73 f.} makes same claim for יהוה, against this see especially Hirsch^{ZAW xxiil {1903}, 355 ff.} Zim^{KATS. 465 ff.}; Spiegelb^{ZMG:liii {1899}, 633 ff.} proposes (improbable) Egyptian etymology for יהוה; further discussions see in Kö^{EB NAMES, § 112 and n.3}. 'Jehovah' found in Jacob (? Johannes) Wessel († 1480), according to Schw^{ThLZ, 1905, col. 612}.

I. יהוה is not used by E in Genesis, but is given Exod 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : אֶהְיֶה עִמָּ֑ךְ I shall be with thee (Exod 3:12), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I shall be the one who will be it vExod 3:14a (i.e: with thee vExod 3:12) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה vExod 3:14b (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה He who will be it vExod 3:15 (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12). compare Ew^{BTh ii. 337, 338} RS^{l.c., Proph. 385 ff.} Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc Lag^{Psalt.Hieron.156}); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר = כִּי; AE JDMich We^JD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה sparingly by the side of אלהים and האלהים in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses Exod 6:3 but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that אֵל שַׁדַּי was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, Gen 21:83 by אל עולם, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De Gen 21:33. Elsewhere יהוה is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים and אדני. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and Job 12:9 (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים and האלהים. Daniel uses יהוה only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI¹⁸. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT Gen 2:4b Dl^{Pa 158 ff.} Dr^{Stud. Bib. i. 7 ff}.

II. 1. יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D;
a. with אֱלֹהֶיךָ in the Ten Words Exod 20:2-12 (5 t.) = Deut 5:6-16 in the law of worship of J E, Exod 23:19; Exod 34:24; Exod 34:26 in D 234 t.; Josh 1:9; Josh 1:17; Josh 9:9; Josh 9:24 (D²); elsewhere Gen 27:20; Exod 15:26 (JE), Judg 6:26 Samuel & Kings 20 t.; 1Chr 11:2; 1Chr 22:11; 1Chr 22:12; 2Chr 9:8 (twice in verse); 2Chr 16:7; Isa 7:11; Isa 37:4 (twice in verse); Isa 41:13; Isa 43:3; Isa 51:15; Isa 55:5; Jer 40:2 + (3t.); Hos 12:10; Hos 13:4; Hos 14:2; Amos 9:15; Ps 81:11.
b. with אֱלֹהֵיכֶם in D 46 t.; D² 28 t.; H 15 t.; P 15 t.; elsewhere Exod 23:25 (E); Exod 8:24; Exod 10:8; Exod 10:16; Exod 10:17 (JE); Judg 6:10; 1Sam 12:12; 1Sam 12:14; 2Kgs 17:39; 2Kgs 23:21; 1Chr 22:18 + (10 t. Chronicles) Ps 76:12; Jer 13:16 + (5 t.) Ezek 20:5; Ezek 20:7; Ezek 20:19; Ezek 20:20; Joel 2:13 + (6 t.) Zech 6:15.
c. with אֱלֹהֵינוּ in D 23 t.; in D² 5 t.; Exod 8:6 (JE) Exod 3:18; Exod 5:3; Exod 8:22; Exod 8:23; Exod 10:25; Exod 10:26 (E) Judg 11:24; 1Sam 7:8; 1Kgs 8:57; 1Kgs 8:59; 1Kgs 8:61; 1Kgs 8:65; 2Kgs 18:22; 2Kgs 19:10 = Isa 36:7; Isa 37:20; 1Chr 13:2 + (15 t. Chronicles) Mic 4:5; Mic 7:17; Isa 26:13; Jer 3:22 + (17 t.) Ps 20:8; Ps 90:17 (?;Baer אֲדנָֹי); Ps 94:23; Ps 99:5; Ps 99:8; Ps 99:9 (twice in verse); Ps 105:7; Ps 106:47; Ps 113:5; Ps 122:9; Ps 123:2; Dan 9:10; Dan 9:13; Dan 9:14.
d. with אֱלֹהֵיהֶם Exod 10:7 (J) Exod 29:46 (twice in verse); Lev 26:44 (P) Judg 3:7; Judg 8:34; 1Sam 12:9; 1Kgs 9:9; 2Kgs 17:7; 2Kgs 17:9; 2Kgs 17:14; 2Kgs 17:16; 2Kgs 17:19; 2Kgs 18:12; 2Chr 31:6; 2Chr 33:17; 2Chr 34:33; Neh 9:3 (twice in verse); Neh 9:4; Jer 3:21; Jer 22:9; Jer 30:9; Jer 43:1 (twice in verse); Jer 50:4; Ezek 28:26; Ezek 34:30; Ezek 39:22; Ezek 39:28; Hos 1:7; Hos 3:5; Hos 7:10; Zeph 2:7; Hag 1:12 (twice in verse); Zech 9:16; Zech 10:6.
e. with אֱלֹהָיו Num 23:21 (E) Exod 32:11 (J) Lev 4:22 (P) Deut 17:19; Deut 18:7; 1Sam 30:6; 1Kgs 5:17; 1Kgs 11:4; 1Kgs 15:3; 1Kgs 15:4; 1Kgs 2:11; 1Kgs 16:2; 1Kgs 2:1 + 13 t. Chronicles; Mic 5:3; Jer 7:28; Ps 33:12; Ps 144:15; Ps 146:5; Jonah 2:2. feminine with אֱלֹהַי Num 22:18 (JE) Deut 4:5; Deut 18:16; Deut 26:14; Josh 14:8; Josh 14:9; 2Sam 24:24; 1Kgs 3:7; 1Kgs 5:18; 1Kgs 5:19; 1Kgs 8:28; 1Kgs 17:20; 1Kgs 17:21; 1Chr 21:17; 1Chr 22:7; 2Chr 2:3; 2Chr 6:19; 2Chr 9:5; Ps 7:2; Ps 7:4; Ps 13:4; Ps 18:29; Ps 30:3; Ps 30:13; Ps 35:24; Ps 40:6; Ps 104:1; Ps 109:26; Isa 25:1; Jer 31:18; Dan 9:4; Dan 9:20; Jonah 2:7; Hab 1:12; Zech 11:4; Zech 13:9; Zech 14:5.
g. with אֱלֹהַיִךְ Isa 60:9; Jer 2:17; Jer 2:19; Jer 3:13; Mic 7:10; Zeph 3:17.
h. with אלהים, probably always due to later editors, or to a Qr which has crept into the text Gen 2:4b — Gen 3:23 (J, 20 t. either אלהים inserted by R^P as Di De; or יהוה inserted by J in an older source); Exod 9:30 (J, but not in ᵐ5 ⅏; Samaritan אדני יהוה; possibly ᵑ0 from earlier Qr, & ⅏ from later Qr); 2Sam 7:22; 2Sam 7:25 (ᵐ5 אדני יהוה and 1Chr 17:20-23 only יהוה); 1Chr 17:16; 1Chr 17:17 (but 2Sam 7:18; 2Sam 7:19 אדני יהוה) 1Chr 28:20; 1Chr 29:1; 2Chr 1:9; 2Chr 6:41 (twice in verse); 2Chr 6:42; 2Chr 26:18 (but in the original Ps 132:8 stood יהוה (so ℌ), or else no divine name); Ps 72:18 (the late doxology) Ps 84:12 (but it makes the line too long); Jonah 4:6. For the combinations with other divine names see those names.

2. the phrase אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy: —
a. after אמר either alone Exod 6:2; Exod 6:29 (P) or before relative and other clauses: Gen 28:13 (J) Gen 15:7 (R) Exod 6:6 (P) with אלהיכם Judg 6:10; Ezek 20:5.
b. after ידע כי (α) Exod 7:17; Exod 8:18; Exod 10:2 (J); Exod 7:5; Exod 14:4; Exod 14:18 (P); 1Kgs 20:13; 1Kgs 20:28; Jer 24:7; Ezek 6:7 + 48 t. Ezekiel; (β) with אלהיכם Exod 6:7; Exod 16:12; Deut 29:5 (P) Exod 20:20; Joel 4:17 (γ) with אלהיהם Exod 29:46 (P) Ezek 28:26; Ezek 34:30; Ezek 39:22; Ezek 39:28 (δ) before relative and other clauses Isa 45:3; Isa 49:23; Isa 49:26; Isa 60:16; Ezek 7:9; Ezek 17:24; Ezek 21:10; Ezek 22:22; Ezek 35:12; Ezek 36:36 (ε) with various forms of קדשׁ Exod 31:13 (P) Ezek 20:12; Ezek 37:28; Ezek 39:7 (ζ) with דברתי Ezek 5:13; Ezek 17:21, compare ׳יֵדְעוּ אשׁר אני י Ezek 20:26.
c. after כִּי in various combinations Lev 11:44; Lev 11:45; Num 35:34 (P), Lev 20:7; Lev 20:26; Lev 21:8; Lev 21:15; Lev 21:23; Lev 22:16; Lev 24:22; Lev 25:17; Lev 26:1; Lev 26:44 (all H); Exod 15:26 (R) Isa 41:13; Isa 43:3; Isa 61:8; Jer 9:23; Ezek 12:25; Ezek 21:4; Zech 10:6; Mal 3:6.
d. emphatic Exod 6:8; Exod 12:12; Lev 26:2; Lev 26:45; Num 3:13; Num 3:41; Num 3:45 (all P); Lev 18:5; Lev 18:6; Lev 18:21; Lev 19:12; Lev 19:14; Lev 19:16; Lev 19:18; Lev 19:28; Lev 19:30; Lev 19:32; Lev 19:37; Lev 21:12; Lev 22:2; Lev 22:3; Lev 22:8; Lev 22:30; Lev 22:31; Lev 22:33 (all H) Isa 43:15 with אלהיהם Exod 29:46 with אלהיךָ Isa 48:17 with אלהיכם Lev 23:43; Lev 25:38; Lev 25:55; Num 10:10; Num 15:41 (twice in verse) (P) Lev 18:2; Lev 18:4; Lev 18:30; Lev 19:2; Lev 19:3; Lev 19:4; Lev 19:10; Lev 19:25; Lev 19:31; Lev 19:34; Lev 19:36; Lev 20:24; Lev 23:22; Lev 26:13 (all H) Ezek 20:7; Ezek 20:19; Joel 2:27 with מְקַדֵּשׁ Lev 20:8; Lev 22:9; Lev 22:32 (H), with דברתי Num 14:35 (P) Ezek 5:15 + (11 t. Ezekiel); with clauses Isa 27:3; Isa 41:4; Isa 41:17; Isa 42:6; Isa 42:8; Isa 45:5; Isa 45:6; Isa 45:7; Isa 45:8; Isa 45:18; Isa 45:19; Isa 45:21; Isa 60:22; Jer 17:10; Jer 32:27; Ezek 14:4; Ezek 14:7; Ezek 14:9; Ezek 34:24 אָנֹכִי יהוה is used in the Ten Words Exod 20:2; Exod 20:5 = Deut 5:6; Deut 5:9 cited Ps 81:11; Hos 12:10; Hos 13:4 elsewhere only Exod 4:11 (J) Isa 43:11; Isa 44:24; Isa 51:15.

3. יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh יהוה יראה Gen 22:14 (J); יהוה נסי Exod 17:15 (E) יהוה שׁלים Judg 6:24 יהוה צדקנו Jer 33:16 (compare Jer 23:6 where it is applied to the Messiah); יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה Ezek 48:35. — On combinations such as ׳הַר י, צְבָאוֺת ׳י etc., see הַר, צָבָא, etc.

Note. — Bonk^{ZAW 1891, 126 ff.} seems to shew that as prefix, in compare proper name, יְהוֺ is the oldest and the latest form and that יוֺ is intermediate, belonging to the earlier post-exilic period until the time of Chronicles; occasional copyists' mistakes being taken into the account.

BDB2170 H1984 H430 H3050

II. [הָלַל] verb be boastful, Pi`el praise (Arabic shout, both in joy & (if conjecture of Nö RS be right, see citation below) in terror; especially II. in formula of worship; Syriac Pa`el cecinit, laudavit; compare Late Hebrew הִלּוּל praise, הַלֵּל id., Hallel (Psalm 113-118); Aramaic הִילּוּלָא marriage-song, &c.; on Assyrian alâlu, shout for joy, rejoice see Lyon^{Sargontexte 66 (Cylinder. 1. 36)} also Winckler^{Sargontexte 134, 1. 194; 156. 1. 149} KB^{44. 1. 36; 80. 1. 194}; all variations of cry aloud, compare Nö^{ZMG 1887, 723} RS^{Semitic 411}; perhaps originally break through, or out (in a cry), compare We^{Skizzen iii. 107 ff., especially 109}; compare also (according to Prät^{BAS i. 369 f.}) Ethiopic implore (compare Amharic, Tigrinya), & swear) —

Qal Imperfect 2 masculine plural תָּהֹ֑לּוּ Ps 75:5 Participle הוֺלֲלִים Ps 5:6 + 2 t.; — be boastful אַלתָּֿהֹ֑לּוּ Ps 75:5 (|| אַלֿ (תָּרִימוּקָ֑רֶן); Participle boastful ones, boasters Ps 5:6 (|| פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן); Ps 73:3; Ps 75:5 (both || רְשָׁעִים). Pi`el Perfect הִלֵּל Ps 10:3, 1 singular suffix הִלַּלְתִּיךָ Ps 119:164 3 masculine plural וְהִלֲלן consecutive Isa 62:9, suffix הִלֲלוּךָ Isa 64:10. etc.; Imperfect יְהַלֶּלֿ Ps 63:6; Ps 102:19 suffix יְהַלֶּלְךָ Prov 27:2, יְהַלֲלֶ֑ךָּ Isa 38:18, וַיְהַלֲלָהּ Prov 31:38: 1 singular אֲהַלֵּל Ps 56:5 + 2 t., cohortative אֲהַלֲלָה Ps 69:31 + 2 t., etc.; Imperative feminine singular הַלֲלִי Ps 146:1; Ps 147:12 masculine plural הַלְלוּ Ps 104:35 + 30 t. Psalm + Jer 20:13; Jer 31:7 suffix הַלֲלוּ֫הוּ Ps 22:24 + 15 t. Psalms; Infinitive absolute הַלֵּל 1Chr 16:36 construct הַלֵּל 2Sam 14:25 + 16 t. Chronicles; Participle plural מְהַלֲלִים 1Chr 23:5 + 4 t. Chronicles; —

1. praise man or woman, accusative וַיְהַלֲלוּ אֹתָהּ אֶלפַּֿרְעֹה Gen 12:15 (J) and they praised her to Pharaoh, compare Prov 27:2; Prov 31:28; Prov 31:31; Song 6:9 וְהַמְהַלֲלִים אֶתהַֿמֶּלָךְ 2Chr 23:12 and those praising (shouting acclamations to) the king; see also לְהַלֵּל מְאֹד 2Sam 14:25 (of Absalom's beauty); in bas sense עֹזְבֵי תוֺרָה יְהַלֲלוּ רָשָׁע Prov 28:4 deserters of law praise a wicked man.

2. usually praise אֱלֹהִים, ׳י etc.;
a. followed by accusative of heathen god Judg 16:24.
b. object ׳(אֱלֹהִים) י; Ps 119:164 (עַל on account of), subject heaven, earth, seas, etc., Ps 69:35 תְּחִי נַפְשִׁי ותְהַלֲלֶךָּ Ps 119:175 in summons to all creatures to praise Ps 148:5; Ps 148:13; Isa 38:18 לֹא שְׁאוֺל תּוֺדֶךָּ מָוֶת יְהַלֲלֶ֑ךָּ (compare Ps 115:17); often of Public worship in sanctuary, Isa 62:9 (thanks giving in sanctuary after harvest), compare Isa 64:10; Ps 22:23 (|| אֲסַפְּרָה שִׁמְךָ), vPs 22:27; Ps 35:18; Ps 109:30 (both || אוֺדְךָ) Ps 107:32 (|| יְרוֺמֲמוּהוּ) Ps 84:5, see also Ps 146:2 (|| ׳אֲזַמְּרָה לֵא) Ps 149:3 (with בְּ instrumental; || יְזַמְּרוּ לוֺ); also object ׳שֵׁם י (in some cases of public worship) Ps 74:21; Ps 148:5; Joel 2:26 (thanksgiving after harvest); שֵׁםאֱֿלֹהִים בְּשִׁיר Ps 69:31 (|| וִאֲגַדְּלֶנּוּ בְתוֺדָה), Ps 145:2 (|| אֲבָֽרֲכֶ֑ךָּ); further, Ps 56:5 בֵּאלֹהִים אֲהַלֵּל דְּבָרוֺ, also vPs 56:11 + vPs 56:11b ׳ביהוה וגו, but compare Hup Che on 11:b as editorial addition; object not expressed אֶתעַֿמְּךָ ׳הַשְׁמִיעוּ הַלֲלוּ וְאִמְרוּ הוֺשַׁע י Jer 31:7, וְשִׂפְתֵי רְנָנוֺת יְהַלֶּלפִּֿי Ps 63:6.
c. use of Imperative deserves special notice: הַלֲלוּהוּ Ps 22:24 (|| כַּבְּדוּהוּ; of temple-worship compare vPs 22:23 vPs 22:25); also in summons to angles, sun, moon, etc. (all created things) to praise ׳י Ps 148:2 (twice in verse); Ps 148:3 (twice in verse); Ps 148:4; Ps 150:1 of temple-worship Ps 150:2 (בְּ on account of) vPs 150:2 (כְּ), vPs 150:3 vPs 150:3 vPs 150:4 vPs 150:4 vPs 150:5 vPs 150:5 (all with בְּ instrumental); further Jer 20:13 (|| ׳שִׁירוּ לי), ׳הַלֲלוּ אֶתיֿ Ps 117:1 (addressed to nations, || שַׁבְּחוּהוּ), Ps 148:7 (created things), חַלֲלִי אֱלֹהַיִךְ צִיּוֺן Ps 147:12 (|| שַׁבְּחִי יְרוּשָׁלַםִ ׳אֶתיֿ).
d. note especially: praise ye yah! הַלֲלויָֿהּ Ps 135:3, liturgical (|| זַמְּרוּ לִשְׁמוֺ); elsewhere always one word see Baer^{Psalm p.115}, & always at beginning or end of Psalm (chiefly late), apparently liturgical; הַלֲלוּיָהֿ֑ Ps 104:35 (|| ׳בָּֽרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶתיֿ), elsewhere ׃הַלֲלוּיָהּ (I) at beginning Ps 106:1; Ps 111:1 (both || הודה) Ps 112:1; Ps 113:1 (|| הַלֲלוּ & ׳אֶתשֵֿׁם י ׳ה), Ps 135:1 (|| id.), Ps 146:1 (|| ׳הַלֲלִי נַפְשִׁי אֶתיֿ), Ps 147:1 (followed by זַמְּרָה in clause with כִּי), Ps 148:1 (|| ׳הַלֲלוּ אֶתיֿ, הַלֲלוּהוּ), Ps 149:1 (|| ׳שִׁירוּ לי), Ps 150:1 (|| הַלֲלוּאֵֿל, הַלֲלוּהוּ); (2) at end Ps 104:35 (above), Ps 105:45; Ps 106:48; Ps 113:9; Ps 115:18 (|| נְבָרֵךְ יָהּ), Ps 116:19; Ps 117:2; Ps 135:21 (|| ׳בָּרוּךְ י) Ps 146:10; Ps 147:20; Ps 148:14; Ps 149:9; Ps 150:6 (|| כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ); add to these (not liturgical) יְהַלֶּליָֿהּ Ps 102:19, כֹּל נְשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ Ps 150:6, לֹא הַמֵּתִים יְהַלֲלויָֿהּ Ps 115:17.
e. also followed by ליהוה, in Chronicles, of technical Levitical function (compare Lag^{Or.ii.16 ff.}, who limits this technical הלל to priests, using חֲצֹצְרוֺת, for a signal to the people; see e.g. Neh 12:24 compare vNeh 12:27), 1Chr 16:4 (with instrumental music, compare בִּכְלֵי כְבָלִים וּבְכִנֹּרוֺת & בַּמְצִלְתַּיִ ם, all v1Chr 16:5, and Neh 12:27) 1Chr 23:30; 1Chr 25:3 (all || הוֺדוֺת); exercised (apparently) by both priests and Levites Ezra 3:11 (|| הֹדוֺת) compare vEzra 3:11 by Levites 2Chr 20:19 (בְּקֹל גָּדוֺל), 2Chr 29:30 (בְּדִבְרֵי דָוִיד) in which the people also joined 1Chr 16:36 also 2Chr 5:13 (בַּחֲצֹצְרוֺת וּבִמְצִלְתַּיִם וּבִכְלֵי הַשִּׁיר compare also v2Chr 5:12 || הֹדוֺת, v2Chr 5:13 apparently of Levites & priests), בַּכֵּלִים ׳מְהַלֲלִים לי 1Chr 23:5 (Levites) compare 2Chr 30:21 (Levites & priests ׳בִּכְלֵי עֹז לי); followed by לְשֵׁם תִּפְאַרְתֶּ֑ךָ 1Chr 29:13 (|| מוֺדִים; David speaks in name of people); followed by לְהַדְרַתקֹֿ֑דֶשׁ 2Chr 20:11 (before the army; || ׳מְשֹׁרֲרִים לי; probably of Levites, compare v2Chr 20:19). feminine followed by accusative ׳י Ezra 3:10 (priests & Levites: עַליְֿדֵי דָּוִיד), Neh 5:13 (people).
g. other forms, with like technical sense, but absolute: לְהַלֵּל לְהוֺדוֺת בְּמִצְוַת דָּוִיד Neh 12:24 (Levites) compare 1Chr 23:5; 2Chr 8:14; 2Chr 29:30 (עַדלְֿשִׂמְחָה) 2Chr 31:2 (apparently priests & Levites; ׳בְּשַׁעֲדֵי מַחֲנוֺת י; || לְשָׁרֵת וּלְהֹוֺדוֺת); see also מוֺדִיעִים לְהַלֵּל 2Chr 23:13 (|| מְשׁוֺרֲרִים בִּכְלֵי הַשִּׁיר בְּהַלֵּל דָּוִיד בְּיָדָם ). 2Chr 7:6 (|| הֹדוֺת ליהוּה)

3. apparently boast, male one's boast compare Qal 2 (followed by בְּ in, of), בֵּאלֹהִים Ps 44:9 (|| שִׁמְךָ לְעוֺלָם נוֺדֶה); so according to most, in bad sense, רָשָׁע עַלתַּֿאֲוַת נַפְשׁוֺ ׳ה Ps 10:3 a wicked man boasteth of the desire of his soul, but Che praiseth (׳י) for (i.e. in a mercenary spirit). Pu`al Perfect 3 plural הוּלָּ֑לוּ Ps 78:63 Imperfect יְהֻלַּלֿ Prov 12:8 Participle מְהֻלָּל 2Sam 22:4 + 6 t.; feminine הַהֻלָּ֑לָה Ezek 26:17 (compare Ol^{§ 250 c} Sta^{§ 220, 617 b}; ᵑ0, however, accents as Perfect, regarding הַ as = relative, see sta:§ 176 c Ges^{«GKC:52»§ 52}. 2, R. 6); — be praised,

1. human subject be praised, commended Prov 12:18 (opposed to יִהְיֶה לָבוּז); of maidens, praised, celebrated (in song) Ps 78:63 participle (see above) of city, renowned Ezek 26:17.

2. of ׳י only participle = gerundive, to be praised, worthy of praise 2Sam 22:4 = Ps 18:4 מְאֹד ׳וּמְה ׳גָּדוֺל י Ps 48:2; Ps 96:4 = 1Chr 16:25; Ps 145:3 so ׳שֵׁם י ׳מְה Ps 113:3. Hithpa. Imperfect יִתְהַלֵּל 1Kgs 20:11 + 5 t.; יִתְהַלָּ֑ל Prov 20:14 3 feminine singular תִּתְּהַלֵּל Ps 34:3, תִּתְּהַלָּ֑ל Prov 31:30 2 masculine singular תִּתְהַלֵּל Ps 52:3; Prov 27:1 תִּתְהַלָּ֑ל Isa 41:16 2 feminine singular תִּתְהַלֲלִי Jer 49:4 3 masculine plural יִתְהַלֲלוּ Ps 64:11; Isa 45:25 יִתְהַלָּ֑לוּ Isa 49:7; Jer 4:2 Imperative masculine plural הִתְהַלֲלוּ 1Chr 16:10; Ps 105:3 Infinitive לְהִתְהַלֵּל Ps 106:5 Participle מִתְהַלֵּל Prov 25:14; Jer 9:23 plural מִתְהַלֲלִים Ps 97:7 — glory, boast, make one's boast: —

1. of self-confident boasting, absolute 1Kgs 20:11 compare Prov 20:14 followed by בְּ of ground of boast Jer 9:22 (3 t. in verse); Jer 49:4; Ps 49:7; Ps 52:3; Prov 25:14, אַלתִּֿתְהַלֵּל בְּיוֺם מָחָר Prov 27:1 of glorying in idols הַמִּתְהַלֲלִים בָּאֱלִלִים Ps 97:7.

2. of glorying, making one's boast in (בְּ, on the ground of) ׳תִּתְהַלֵּל ׃י ׳בי נַפְשִׁי Ps 34:3, compare Isa 45:25; Jer 4:2 (|| וְהִתְבָּֽרְכוּ בוֺ); followed by בִּקְדוֺשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל Isa 41:16 see also Ps 105:3 = 1Chr 16:10 followed by ) בְּשֵׁם קָדְשׁוֺ || ׳(יִשְׂמַה לֵב מְבַקְשֵׁי י, compare further Jer 9:23 less often absolute Jer 9:23; Ps 63:12; Ps 64:11; followed by עִםנַֿחֲלָתֶ֑ךָ together with thine heritage (|| לִשְׂמֹהַ בְּשִׂמְהַת גּוֶֺ י֑ךָ).

3. once, late = passive be praised, commended, of God-fearing woman Prov 31:30. Po`el Imperfect יְהוֺלֵל Isa 44:25 + 2 t.; — make into a fool, make fool of, object שֹׁפְטִים Job 12:17 (subject ׳י; || מוֺלִיךְ יוֺעֲצִים שׁוֺלָ֑ל); object קֹסְמִים Isa 44:25 (subject ׳י || מֵפֵר אֹתוֺת בַּדִּים; object הָכָם Eccl 7:7 (subject הָעשֶׁק; || וִיאַבֵּד אֶתלֵֿב מַתָּנָה). Po`al Participle לִשְׂהוֺק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֺלָ֑ל Eccl 2:2 of laughter I said, It is mad (folly); מְהוֺלָלַי Ps 102:9 those mad against me (|| אוֺיְבָ֑י). Hithpo`el Imperfect וַיִּתְהֹלֵל 1Sam 21:14 3 masculine plural יִתְהֹלֲלוּ Jer 51:7, יִתְהוֺלֲלוּ Nah 2:5, יִתְהֹלֶ֑לוּ Jer 50:38 Imperative masculine plural הִתְהֹלֲלוּ Jer 49:9, הִתְהֹלָ֑לוּ Jer 25:16 — act madly, or like a madman, וַיִּתְהֹלֵל בְּיָדָם 1Sam 21:14 (of David) and he acted like a madman in their hands; of idolatrous worship by Chaldeans ׳וּבָאֵימִים יִתְה Jer 50:38 of nations, as drunken men, figurative of terror at Yahweh's judgements, Jer 25:16 (|| הִתְגֹּעֲשׁוּ) Jer 51:7 also of madly driving & jolting chariots Nah 2:5; Jer 46:9.

BDB430 H430

אֱלֹהִים₂₅₇₀ noun masculine plural (feminine 1Kgs 11:33 on number of occurrences of אֵל, אֱלוֺהַּ, אֱלֹהִים compare also Nes^{l. c},)

1. plural in number.
a. rulers, judges, either as divine representatives at sacred places or as reflecting divine majesty and power: האלהים Exod 21:6 (Onk ᵑ6, but τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ᵐ5) Exod 22:7; Exod 22:8 אלהים Exod 22:8; Exod 22:27 (ᵑ7 Ra AE Ew RVm; but gods, ᵐ5 Josephus Philo AV; God, Di RV; all Covt. code of E) compare 1Sam 2:25 see Dr.; Judg 5:8 (Ew, but gods ᵐ5; God ᵑ6 BarHebr.; יהוה ᵑ9 Be) Ps 82:1; Ps 82:6 (De Ew Pe; but angels Bl Hup) Ps 138:1 (ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Rab Ki De; but angels ᵐ5 Calv; God, Ew; gods, Hup Pe Che).
b. divine ones, superhuman beings including God and angels Ps 8:6 (De Che Br; but angels ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Ew; God, RV and most moderns) Gen 1:27 (if with Philo ᵑ7 Jerome De Che we interpret נעשה as God's consultation with angels; compare Job 38:7).
c. angels Psalm Job 97:7 (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Calv; but gods, Hup De Pe Che); compare בני (ה)אלהים = (the) sons of God, or sons of gods = angels Job 1:6; Job 2:1; Job 38:7; Gen 6:2; Gen 6:4 (J; so ᵐ5 Books of Enoch & Jubilees Philo Jude vJude 1:6; 2Pet 2:4 Jos^{Ant. «JOSEPHUS:Antiquities 1:3»i. 3}. 1, most ancient fathers and modern critics; against usage are sons of princes, mighty men, Onk and Rab.; sons of God, the pious, Theod Chrys Jerome Augustine Luther Calv Hengst; ᵐ5^L read οἱ υιὁὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ), compare בני אלים.
d. gods האלהים Exod 18:11; Exod 22:19 (E) 1Sam 4:8; 2Chr 2:4; Ps 86:8 אלהי האלהים the God of gods, supreme God Deut 10:17; Ps 136:2 אלהים Exod 32:1; Exod 32:23 (JE) Judg 9:13 אלהים אחרים other gods Exod 20:3; Exod 23:13; Josh 24:2; Josh 24:16 (E) Deut 31:18; Deut 31:20 (JE) Deut 5:7 + (17 t. in D, not P) Judg 2:12; Judg 2:17; Judg 2:19; Judg 10:13; 1Sam 8:8; 1Sam 26:19; 1Kgs 9:6; 1Kgs 9:9 (= 2Chr 7:19; 2Chr 7:22) 2Chr 11:4; 2Chr 11:10; 2Chr 14:9; 2Kgs 5:17; 2Kgs 17:35; 2Kgs 17:37; 2Kgs 17:38; 2Kgs 22:17 (= 2Chr 34:25) 2Chr 28:25; Jer 1:16 + (18 t. Jeremiah) Hos 3:1 אלהי (ה)נכר foreign gods Gen 35:2; Gen 35:4; Josh 24:20; Josh 24:23 (E) Deut 31:16 (JE) Judg 10:16; 1Sam 7:3; 2Chr 33:15; Jer 5:19 נחור ׳א Gen 31:53 (E); מצרים ׳א Exod 12:12 (P) Jer 43:12; Jer 43:13 האמרי ׳א Josh 24:15 (E) Judg 6:10 ארם ׳א etc. Judg 10:6 אלהים מעשה ידי Deut 4:28 הגוים ׳א gods of the nations 2Kgs 18:33; 2Kgs 19:12; Deut 29:17; 2Chr 32:17; 2Chr 32:19; Isa 36:18; Isa 37:12 העמים ׳א Deut 6:14; Deut 13:8; Judg 2:12; Ps 96:5; 1Chr 5:25; 1Chr 16:26; 2Chr 32:13; 2Chr 32:14 כסף ׳א Exod 20:23 (E); זהב ׳א Exod 20:23 (E) Exod 32:31 (JE); מַסֵּכָה ׳א Exod 34:17 (J) Lev 19:4 (H).

2. Plural intensive.
a. god or goddess, always with suffix 1Sam 5:7 (Dagon), Judg 11:24 (Chemosh), 1Kgs 18:24 (Baal), Judg 9:27; Dan 1:2 (twice in verse); or construct לעשתרת מואב ׳צדנים לכמוש א ׳א to Ashtoreth goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh god of Moab, etc. 1Kgs 11:33 הארץ ׳א god of the land 2Kgs 17:26 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 17:27, and so the Syrians suppose that Yahweh is a mountain-god and not a god of valleys 1Kgs 20:28.
b. godlike one Exod 4:16 (J; Moses in relation to Aaron), Exod 7:1 (P; in relation to Pharaoh), 1Sam 28:13 (the shade of Samuel), Ps 45:7 (the Messianic king, O God, ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Jerome, most scholars ancient and modern, but thy throne is God's = God's throne AE Ki Thea Ew Hup, compare 1Chr 28:5).
c. works of God, or things specially belonging to him (see אֵל 5) הר אלהים Ps 68:16; Ezek 28:14; Ezek 28:16 אש אלהים Job 1:16 גן (ה)אלהים Ezek 28:13; Ezek 31:8; Ezek 31:9.
d. God (see 3 & 4).

3. הָאֱלֹהִים the (true) God, הוא האלהים ׳י Yahweh is (the) God Deut 4:35; Deut 4:39; Deut 7:9; 1Kgs 8:60; 1Kgs 18:39 (twice in verse); 2Chr 33:13 הוא האלהים Isa 45:18 האלהים ׳י Josh 22:34 (P ?) 1Kgs 18:21; 1Kgs 18:24; 2Chr 32:16 אתה הוא האלהים 2Sam 7:28; 1Kgs 18:37; 2Kgs 19:15; 1Chr 17:26; Isa 37:16; Neh 9:7 האלהים as subject or object is used in E 33 t., Chronicles 38 t., Eccl 31 t., Jonah 5 t., elsewhere Gen 5:22; Gen 5:24; Gen 6:9; Gen 6:11 (sources of P) Gen 17:18 (P) Josh 22:34 (P ?) Gen 44:16 (J) Deut 4:35; Deut 4:39; Deut 7:9; Judg 6:36; Judg 6:39; Judg 7:14; Judg 10:14; Judg 16:28; Judg 21:2; 1Sam 10:3; 1Sam 10:7; 1Sam 14:36; 2Sam 2:27; 2Sam 6:7; 2Sam 7:28; 2Sam 12:16; 1Kgs 8:60; 1Kgs 18:21; 1Kgs 18:24 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 18:37; 1Kgs 18:39 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 19:15 (Ephr) Job 2:10; Jer 11:12; Isa 37:16; Isa 45:18; Ps 108:14; Dan 1:9; Dan 1:17 הקדוש ׳הא ׳י 1Sam 6:20 הגדול ׳הא ׳י Neh 8:6 אשר ׳בירושלם הא Ezra 1:3 אדני האלהים Dan 9:3 in many phrases, as איש האלהים the man of God, acting under divine authority and influence: =
(a) angel Judg 13:6; Judg 13:8,
(b) prophet (the term coming into use in the Northern kingdom in the age of Elijah 1Sam 9:9-10, compare אִישׁ הָרוּחַ Hos 9:7): of Moses Deut 33:1; Josh 14:6 (E) 1Chr 23:14; 2Chr 30:16; Ezra 3:2; Ps 90:1 of Samuel 1Sam 9:6-10 of David 2Chr 8:14; Neh 12:24; Neh 12:36 Shemaiah 1Kgs 12:22 (= 2Chr 11:2); Elijah, Elisha, and others of their time 1Kgs 13:1-31; 1Kgs 17:18-24; 1Kgs 20:28; 2Kgs 1:9-13; 2Kgs 4:7-42; 2Kgs 5:8-20; 2Kgs 6:6-15; 2Kgs 7:2-9; 2Kgs 8:2-11; 2Kgs 13:19; 2Kgs 23:16-17 (Ephr) 2Chr 25:7; 2Chr 25:9 unnamed prophet 1Sam 2:27 Hanan Jer 35:4 a later title of prophet was עֶבֶד האלהים the servant of God, used of Moses 1Chr 6:34; 2Chr 24:9; Neh 10:30; Dan 9:11. בית האלהים the house of God, Judg 18:31, especially late, Chronicles (52 t.) Eccl 4:17; Dan 1:2 ׳בית י ׳הא 1Chr 22:1 ארון (ברית) האלהים the ark (of the covenant) of God Judg 20:27; 1Sam 4:1-5:12; 1Sam 14; 2Sam 6:1-7:29; 2Sam 15 (23 t.); 1Chr 13; 1Chr 15; 1Chr 16; 2Chr 1:4 (13 t.); מטה האלהים the rod of God Exod 4:20; Exod 17:9 (E); הר האלהים the mount of God (Horeb) Exod 3:1; Exod 4:27; Exod 18:5; Exod 24:13 (E) 1Kgs 19:8 (Ephr); מלאך האלהים the (theophanic) angel of God Gen 31:11; Exod 14:19 (E) Judg 6:20; Judg 13:6; Judg 13:9; 2Sam 14:17; 2Sam 14:20; 2Sam 19:28 in other combinations Exod 18:16; Num 23:27 (E) Judg 20:2; 1Sam 4:8; 1Sam 5:11; 1Sam 10:5; 2Sam 16:23; 1Kgs 12:22; 1Chr 21:7 + (14 t.) Ps 87:3; Eccl 9:1.

4. אֱלֹהִים = God אֱלֹהִים אֱמֶת ׳י = Yahweh is God in truth Jer 10:10.
a. אלהים (as subject object direct or indirect) is used by P (50 t. in story of creation and deluge, elsewhere 28 t.), by E (91 t.), J chiefly in poetic sources Gen 3:1; Gen 3:3; Gen 3:5 (twice in verse); Gen 9:27; Gen 39:9; Deut 32:17; Deut 32:39, by D (11 t.) Judges (21 t.) Samuel (50 t.) Kings (29 t.) Chronicles (45 t.); in Psalm 42-86 (180 t. often by editorial change for an original יהוה), elsewhere Ps 3:3; Ps 5:11; Ps 7:11; Ps 7:12; Ps 9:18; Ps 10:4; Ps 10:13; Ps 14:1; Ps 14:2; Ps 14:5; Ps 25:22; Ps 36:2; Ps 36:8; Ps 77:14; Ps 100:3; Ps 108:2; Ps 108:6; Ps 108:8; Ps 108:12 (twice in verse); Ps 149:9; Job 5:8; Job 20:29; Job 28:23; Job 32:2; Job 34:9 (& in Prologue 6 t.) Prov 2:5; Prov 3:4; Prov 25:2 Ecclesiastes (7 t.) Hosea (5 t.); Amos 4:11 (כמהפכת אלתים את סדם as God overthrew Sodom = Jer 50:40 = Isa 13:19) Zech 8:23; Zech 12:8; Mic 3:7 (but אליהם ᵐ5 ᵑ6) Isa 35:4 Isa² (9 t.); Jer 10:10 Ezekiel (13 t.); Malachi (5 t.); Jonah (4 t.); the phrase לאלהים ׳היה ל Gen 28:21 (E^R) Gen 17:7; Gen 17:8; Exod 6:7; Exod 29:45; Lev 11:45; Lev 22:33; Lev 25:38; Lev 26:12; Lev 26:45; Num 15:41 (P); Deut 26:17; Deut 29:13; 2Sam 7:24 (= 1Chr 17:22); Zech 8:8 Jeremiah (6 t.); Ezekiel (6 t.); אלהים צדיק righteous God Ps 7:10 קדשים ׳א holy God Josh 24:19 (E); חיים ׳א living God Deut 5:23; 1Sam 17:26; 1Sam 17:36; Jer 10:10; Jer 23:36 חי ׳א 2Kgs 19:4; 2Kgs 19:16 (= Isa 37:4; Isa 37:17). For the phrases ׳יהוה א, צבאות ׳א ׳י, צבאות ׳א, ׳י ׳אל א, ׳יה א, ׳צבאות א ׳י, אלתי ׳י, צבאות, ׳אדני א see יהוה, יה, צבאות & אדני.
b. construct אֱלֹהֵי
(a) with persons אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם = God of Abraham, a phrase of J, Gen 26:24; Gen 28:13; Gen 31:53, elsewhere Ps 47:10; 1Kgs 18:36; 1Chr 29:18; 2Chr 30:6 אדני אברהם ׳א Gen 24:12; Gen 24:27; Gen 24:42; Gen 24:48 (J); אלהי אב father's God (various suffix & names), a phrase of E, Gen 31:5; Gen 31:29; Gen 31:42; Gen 46:3; Gen 50:17; Exod 3:6; Exod 3:13; Exod 3:15; Exod 3:16; Exod 15:2; Exod 18:4; Josh 18:3, elsewhere Gen 32:10; Gen 43:23 (J) Exod 4:5 (J ?) Deuteronomy (8 t.); Judg 2:12; 2Kgs 21:22 Chronicles (31 t.); Dan 11:37 אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel's God, phrase of E, Gen 33:20; Exod 5:1; Exod 24:10; Exod 32:27; Josh 8:30; Josh 14:14; Josh 22:16; Josh 24:2; Josh 24:23, elsewhere Exod 34:23; Josh 7:13; Josh 7:19; Josh 7:20 (JE) Num 16:9; Josh 9:18; Josh 9:19; Josh 22:24; Josh 10:40; Josh 10:42; Josh 13:14; Josh 13:33 (R see Di Josh 7:13) Judg 4:6; Judg 5:3; Judg 5:5; Judg 6:8; Judg 11:21; Judg 11:23; Judg 21:3; 1Sam 1:17 + (20 t.) Kings (26 t.) Chronicles (45 t.); Ps 41:14; Ps 106:48 (doxology) Ps 59:6; Ps 69:7; Isa 17:6; Isa 21:10; Isa 21:17; Isa 29:23 Isa³, Isa 24:15; Isa 37:16; Isa 37:21 Isa², Isa 41:17 + (6 t.); Jer 35:17 + (48 t.); Ezek 8:4 + (7 t.); Zeph 2:9; Mal 2:16; Ruth 2:12 מערכות ישראל ׳א God of the battle array of Israel 1Sam 17:45 ׳א יַעֲקֹב 2Sam 23:1 (poetry) Ps 20:2; Ps 46:8; Ps 46:12; Ps 75:10; Ps 76:7; Ps 81:2; Ps 81:5; Ps 84:9; Ps 94:7; Isa 2:3 (= Mic 4:2); העבריים ׳א God of the Hebrews Exod 3:18; Exod 5:3; Exod 7:16; Exod 9:1; Exod 9:13 (JE); it is used with other proper names, Nahor Gen 31:53 (E), Shem Gen 9:26 (J), David 2Kgs 20:5; 2Chr 21:12; 2Chr 34:3; Isa 38:5, Hezekiah 2Chr 32:17, Elijah 2Kgs 2:14 ארני המלך ׳א the God of my lord the king 1Kgs 1:36. (β) with nouns of attributes or relationships, קֶרֶם ׳א ancient God Deut 33:27 עולם ׳א everlasting God Isa 40:28 אֱמֶת ׳א true God 2Chr 15:3 אָמֵן ׳א Isa 65:16 (see אָמֵן); משפט ׳א Isa 30:18; Mal 2:17 מרום ׳א Mic 6:6 כָל בָשָׂר ׳א God of all flesh Jer 32:27 compare ׳א הרוחות לכל בשר Num 16:22; Num 27:16 (P); השמים ׳א God of heaven Gen 24:7 (J^R) 2Chr 36:23; Ezra 1:2; Neh 1:4; Neh 1:5; Neh 2:4; Neh 2:20 compare כל הארץ ׳א Isa 54:5 ׳השמים וא ׳א ׳י הארץ Gen 24:3 (J^R); מִקָּרֹב ׳א a God at hand opposed to מֵרָחֹק ׳א Jer 23:23, ישועתי ׳א, יִשְׁעִי ׳א God of my salvation Ps 18:47 (= 2Sam 22:47) Ps 24:5; Ps 25:5; Ps 27:9; Ps 65:6; Ps 79:9; Ps 85:5; Isa 17:10; Mic 7:7; Hab 3:18; 1Chr 16:35 ישועתי ׳א Ps 88:2 תשועתי ׳א Ps 51:16 צִדְקִי ׳א God of righteousness Ps 4:2 חַסְדִּי ׳א Ps 59:11; Ps 59:18 צוּרִי ׳א God who is my rock 2Sam 22:3 (compare Ps 18:3); מָעוּזִּי֯ ׳א God who is my stronghold Ps 43:2 תְהִלָּתִי ׳א God who is my praise Ps 109:1.
c. with suffix in P (22 t. including phrase ויראת מאלהיך) Lev 19:14; Lev 19:32; Lev 25:17; Lev 25:36; Lev 25:43 (H) Exod 8:21; Josh 24:27 (E) Deut 32:37 (poetry) Josh 9:23 (JE) Deut 10:21; Deut 31:17; Judg 10:10; Judg 16:23; Judg 16:24; 1Sam 10:19; 2Sam 10:12; 2Sam 22:32 + (4 t. poetry) 1Kgs 12:28; 1Kgs 20:23; 2Kgs 19:10 Chronicles (83 t.); Psalms (62 t.); Prov 2:17; Prov 30:9; Ruth 1:15; Ruth 1:16 (twice in verse); Isa 1:10; Isa 7:13; Isa 8:19; Isa 8:21 Isa² (29 t.); Jer 5:4; Jer 5:5; Jer 23:36; Jer 51:5; Ezek 34:31 Daniel (5 t.); Hosea (12 t.); Amos 2:8; Amos 4:12; Joel 1:13 (twice in verse); Joel 1:16; Joel 2:17; Mic 6:8; Mic 7:7; Jonah 1:5; Jonah 1:6; Zeph 3:2; Nah 1:14; Zech 9:7; Zech 12:5 אלהים with suffix is also used with יהוה several hundred times (see יהוה).

god, gods, judges, great, goddess, …

ʾĕlōhîm

gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative

(plural)

rulers, judges

god, goddess

לֵ אמֹ֨ר

לֵ

Prefix — preposition to, for

אמֹ֨ר

Root word said, saying, saith, say, spake, …

Dictionary form: אָמַר · aw-MAHR

Verb — Qal, Infinitive Construct, construct state simple action — "he did" try "to ___" or "___ing"

In the KJV here: saying

said ×947 saying ×718 and said ×688 saith ×527 and he said ×343 then said ×139 say ×122 and say ×119

More options

say — Most versatile; fits nearly any context or register.

declare — Emphasizes formal or authoritative pronouncement.

tell — Prefer when communication to an audience is stressed.

speak — Highlights the act of oral expression itself.

command — Use when the utterance carries directive force.

think — Fits internal or reflective speech contexts.

BDB557 H559

אָמַר₅₂₈₇ verb utter, say (MI, Phoenician אמר, Aramaic אֲמַר, Ethiopic I. 2 shew, declare, Arabic command; perhaps √ אמר originally = be or make prominent, hence Hithpa`el below, אָמִיר; Sabean אמר lofty, epithet of king JHMordtm^{ZMG 1876, 37}; compare Dl^{Pr 28} who thinks original meaning hell, sichtbar sein, whence Assyrian amâru, see, & shew, declare, say) — Qal Perfect ׳א Gen 3:1 +, etc.; Imperfect יאֹמַר Gen 31:8 +; וַיּאֹ֫מֶר Gen 1:3 +; וַיּאֹמַ֑ר Gen 14:19 +; in Job always וַיּאֹ֑מַר Job 3:2 +; 3 feminine singular תּאֹמַר Gen 21:12 +; תּאֹמֵר֑ Prov 1:21 1 singular אֹמַר Gen 22:2 +; אוֺמְרָה Ps 42:10 וָאֹמַר Gen 20:13 +; וָאוֺמַר Neh 2:7; Neh 2:17; Neh 2:20 3 masculine plural יאֹמְדוּ Exod 4:1 + etc.; suffix יֹמְרוּךָ Ps 139:20 2 masculine plural תֹּמְדוּ 2Sam 19:14 ( compare Kö^{i. p. 385}); Imperative (אֱמָרֿ) אֱמֹר Gen 45:17 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָמוֺר Exod 21:5 +; construct אֱמֹר Ezek 25:8 +; (הַ)אֲמֹר Job 34:18 but read הָאֹמֵר ᵐ5 ᵑ9 Di, or better הֶאָמֹר Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative compare Ew :§ 328 d; suffix אָמְרִי Josh 6:10 +; אֲמָרְכֶם Jer 23:38 אֱמָרְכֶם Mal 1:7 +; לֵאמֹר Gen 1:22 +, etc.; Participle active אֹמֵר Gen 32:10 +, etc.; passive הֶאָמוּר Mic 2:7, but this grammatically indefensible, read הֶאָמוֺר, Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative, see Dr^{Expositor, April, 1887, 263}.

1. Say (subject God Gen 3:1 + or man Gen 32:5, serpent Gen 3:1, ass Num 22:28, horse יאֹמַר הֶאָח Job 39:25 etc.; inanimate things, personified Job 28:14 compare vJob 28:22 etc.; so in allegory or fable Judg 9:8; 2Kgs 14:9 etc.; especially in narration, וַיּאֹמֶר etc., Gen 4:6 + very often): mostly followed by thing said, either substantive Jer 14:17 (c. clause app.) Deut 27:16f.; Judg 12:6 pronoun Gen 44:16; 2Kgs 20:14 +; or (usually) clause Gen 1:3; Gen 3:1; Gen 37:20 + often (oratio recta [direct speech]); with adverb thus, so Gen 32:5; Num 20:14; 1Kgs 20:3; 1Kgs 20:5 + often; especially ׳כֹּה אָמַר י Exod 5:1; Exod 7:17; Exod 8:1; Exod 8:20; 1Chr 17:4 + often; the person addressed usually introduced by אֶל Gen 3:1; Gen 15:7; Gen 22:7; Lev 21:1; 2Sam 3:7; 1Kgs 12:5; 1Kgs 12:23, or לְ Gen 3:13; Gen 4:15; 1Sam 20:2; 2Sam 2:21; 1Kgs 14:2 + often; rarer combinations are, בְּאָזְנֵי ׳א Isa 49:20 (compare Isa 5:9 & see דבר); לִפְנֵי ׳א Ezek 28:9 לְעֵינֵי ׳א Deut 31:7; Josh 10:12; Jer 28:11 בְּ ׳א Joel 2:17; Ps 126:2, where בְּ local; in all cases usually followed by direct object of words said, Exod 19:25 being very singular; Gen 4:8 the object-clause has probably fallen out, compare Vrss Di; = mention, name, designate Gen 22:2; Gen 22:3; Gen 43:27; Gen 43:29; Exod 32:13; Num 14:40; 1Sam 10:16; 1Sam 16:3; 2Sam 6:22; Neh 6:19 compare Ps 139:20 יֹמְרוּךָ לִמְזִמָּה speak of thee for falsehood (but many, as Hup Pe Dy Che, read יַמְרוּךָ); = tell, declare, proclaim, (followed by direct object only) Ps 40:11; Ezek 13:7 in reply to question = answer Exod 12:27; Josh 4:7; 1Kgs 9:9; Jer 5:19; Jer 22:9. The object spoken of may be referred to by אֶל 2Kgs 19:32; Jer 22:18; Jer 27:19, or לְ Gen 20:13 אִמְרִי לִֹי say of me, etc. Deut 33:9; Judg 9:54; Isa 5:20; Ps 3:3; Ps 71:10, very rarely by a simple accusative Isa 3:10 (where read probably for אִמְרוּ, אַשְׁרֵי), except after אֲשֶׁר where the words used follow (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d) Gen 3:17; Num 10:29; Num 14:31; Deut 28:68; Judg 7:4; 1Sam 9:17; 1Sam 9:23b 1Kgs 8:29; Lam 4:20 compare Num 21:16; 2Kgs 17:12; 2Kgs 21:4, & (two extreme cases) Isa 8:12; Lam 2:15 (see Dr^{Sm i. 24, 5}); ֶהאָמוּר Mic 2:7 read infinitive absolute with ה interrogative הֶאָמוֺר (see above) shall one say ? shall it be said ? After another verb of saying, introducing thing said: Deut 21:7; Deut 25:9; Deut 27:15; Song 2:10 +, even after אמר Gen 22:7; Lev 21:1; Jer 34:2; Esth 7:5 +; especially infinitive לֵאמֹר, after דבר Gen 8:15, צוה Gen 2:16, ענה Gen 44:16, ברך Gen 1:22, נשׁבע Gen 24:7, נדר Gen 28:20, etc.; after אמר 2Sam 3:18; 1Kgs 12:23; Ruth 4:4; 1Chr 21:18 +; after שׁלח 2Chr 35:21, שׁוּב Gen 32:7 compare also Gen 28:6; Gen 9:5; Gen 13:8; Gen 17:4; Deut 13:7; Judg 8:15; 1Sam 23:2; 1Kgs 13:3; Jer 32:3; Jer 37:9 +; also when subject of לֵאמֹר differs from that of pre-ceding clause Gen 31:1; Gen 38:13; Gen 38:24 etc.; after שׁמע Isa 37:9 = 2Kgs 19:9.

2. Say in the heart (= think) בלבב ׳א Deut 8:17 compare 1Kgs 12:26; Ps 10:6; Ps 10:11; Ps 10:13; Ps 14:1; Ps 35:25; Isa 14:13; Isa 47:8; Isa 47:10; Isa 49:21; Eccl 2:1; Eccl 2:15; Eccl 3:17; Eccl 3:18 לִלְבָבָם ׳א Hos 7:2 אֶללִֿבּוֺ ׳א Gen 8:21 said unto his heart (to himself), subject ׳י, compare 1Sam 27:1 אָֽמְרָה נַפֲשִׁי Lam 3:24 thence ׳א alone Gen 20:11; Gen 26:9; Num 24:11; Ruth 4:4; 1Sam 20:26; 2Sam 5:6; 2Sam 12:22; 2Kgs 5:11 followed by clause with כִּי Judg 15:2 in particular = desire מַהתּֿאֹמַר נַפְשְׁךָ 1Sam 20:4 compare Esth 2:13 followed by infinitive = purpose, Exod 2:14 thinkest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian ? Josh 22:33; 1Sam 30:6; 1Kgs 5:19; 2Chr 28:10; 2Chr 28:13 expect 2Sam 21:16 he expected to slay David 2Chr 13:8; 2Chr 32:1.

3. Promise (followed by infinitive) 1Chr 27:23; 2Chr 21:7; Esth 4:7 (id. + ל of person) 2Kgs 8:19; Neh 9:15 (followed by accusative of direct object + ל of person + infinitive of purpose) Neh 9:23.

4. Command (especially late) followed by אֶלֿ of per-son addressed, Num 15:38; 1Chr 21:18 followed by ל Josh 11:9; 2Sam 16:11; 2Kgs 4:24; Job 9:7; Ps 106:34 (see below אֲשֶׁר 8 e); followed by infinitive 1Sam 24:11; 1Chr 21:17; 2Chr 1:18; 2Chr 29:27; 2Chr 29:30; 2Chr 31:11; 2Chr 35:21; Esth 1:17; Esth 4:13; Esth 4:15; Esth 6:1; Esth 9:14 followed by infinitive + ל of pers, 2Chr 14:3; 2Chr 29:21; 2Chr 31:4; followed by accusative direct object 2Chr 29:24 the king commanded the burnt-offering and the sin-offering, compare 1Kgs 5:20; Esth 2:15 followed by clause with אשׁר = that Neh 13:19 id. + ל of person vNeh 13:22 followed by clause with כִּי Job 36:10 absolute 1Sam 16:16 (read however probably יאמרו for יאמר, compare Dr); also Ps 105:31; Ps 105:34; Ps 107:25; 1Chr 14:12; 2Chr 24:8; Neh 13:9; Neh 13:19 (all followed by verb consecutive); command by letter עִםהַֿסֵּפֶר ׳א Esth 9:25 (followed by imperfect); appoint, assign לוֺ ׳לֶחֶם א 1Kgs 11:18 = threaten followed by infinitive Deut 9:25; Ps 106:23. Niph`al Perfect נֶאֱמַר Dan 8:26 Imperfect יֵאָמֵר Gen 22:14 +; יֵאָ֫מֶר לוֺ Isa 4:3 יֵאָמַ֑ר Gen 10:9 +; וַיֵּאָמַ֑ר Josh 2:2 be said, told Gen 10:9; Gen 22:14; Ps 87:5; Jer 4:11; Jer 16:14 (all absolute, indefinite subject, of current saying); so said in a book Num 21:14 be related, told, of vision Dan 8:26 said, told to (followed by ל indirect object) Josh 2:2; Hos 2:1 (twice in verse); Zeph 3:16 either so, or told concerning Num 23:23; Ezek 13:12 (אֶלֿ); יֵאָמֵר לָכֶם = ye shall be called (it shall be said to you) Isa 61:6 (|| תִּקָּרְאוּ), compare Isa 4:3; Isa 19:18; Isa 32:5 (|| יִקָּרֵא ל) Isa 62:4 (twice in verse); hence be called, of Tophet לֹאיֵֿאָמֵר עוֺד הַתֹּפֶת Jer 7:32 subject שֵׁם Gen 32:29; Job 34:31 כִּי אֶלאֵֿל הֶאָמַר, Rabb (compare AV) treat הֵאָמַר as Niph`al Infinitive for לְהֵאָמֵר, but against grammar; the form as it stands is Qal Perfect, אֶלאֵֿל being prefixed to the interrogative for emphasis (compare Jer 22:15; Jer 23:26; Neh 13:27), see Dr^{§ 9} Di and others; Hoffm., however, reads הֵאָמֵר infinitive absolute = imperative 'so must one speak (it be spoken) to God.' Hiph`il Perfect avow, avouch Deut 26:17 הֶאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֺם לִהְיוֺת לְךָ לֵאלֹהִים ׳אֶתיֿ; vDeut 26:18 ׳וי הֶאֱמִירְךָ היום להיות לוֺ לְעַם (literally cause to declare, i.e. through agency of Moses; on this & other interpretations see Di). Hithpa`el Imperfect יִתְאַמְּרוּ Ps 94:4 subject כָּלפֹּֿעֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן act proudly, boast (|| יַבִּיעוּ יְדַבְּרוּ עָתָק probably also 2 masculine plural תִּתְיַמָּ֑רוּ Isa 61:6 (in good sense, followed by בְּ of thing gloried in) ᵑ6 ᵑ9 ᵑ7 & compare ᵐ5; Ges^Comm. so De Che Kö^{i. 457 f.} (from [ימר] exchange Thes Hi Kn Ew Di; but see ימר, מור).

BDB9309 H560 H559

אֲמַר₇₁ verb say, tell, command (Biblical Hebrew אָמַר); —

Pe Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳א Dan 2:12 +, אֲמַ֑ר Dan 7:1 3 feminine singular אֲמֶ֫רֶר Dan 5:10 (K^{§ 38, 1 a}); 1 singular אַמְרֵת Dan 4:5 1 plural אֲאַ֫רְנָא Dan 5:4; Dan 5:9, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יֵאמַר (K^{§ 41}) Dan 2:7 +; 2 masculine plural תֵּאמְרוּן Jer 10:11, etc.; Imperative masculine singular אֱמַר Jer 2:4 +; masculine plural אֱמַרוּ Jer 2:9 Infinitive לְמֵאמַר vJer 2:9, לְמֵמַ֑ר Ezra 5:11 (K^{§ 41 a}); Participle אְמַר Dan 2:5 + often, plural אָֽמְרִין Dan 3:4; Ezra 5:3 +; —

1. say (often in phrase answer and say): followed by oratio recta [direct speech] (only), Dan 2:7; Dan 2:10 + 13 t. Daniel; Ezra 5:11 + ל person Dan 2:5; Dan 3:14 + 14 t. Daniel [plural with indefinite subject for passive Dan 4:28], Ezra 5:15 + קְָדָס person Dan 2:9; Dan 5:17; Dan 6:13; Dan 6:14 + כֵּן Dan 4:11; Dan 7:23, כֵּן with ל person Ezra 5:8; Dan 2:24; Dan 2:25; Dan 6:7, compare Dan 7:5 + כְּנֵמָא with ל person Ezra 5:4; Ezra 5:9 + כִּדְנָךְ with ל person Jer 10:11 followed by accusative of thing + עַל person against whom Dan 3:29.

2. relate, tell: followed by accusative of thing Dan 4:6; Dan 4:15; Dan 7:1, + ל person Dan 2:4; Dan 2:9; Dan 2:7; Dan 7:16 (accusative of thing omitted), + קְָדָם person Dan 2:36; Dan 4:4; Dan 4:5.

3. command: followed by infinitive Dan 2:12; Dan 2:46 + 6 t. Daniel; followed by finite verb Dan 5:29; Dan 6:17; Dan 6:23 followed by ל person + or. rect. Dan 3:4 [pl. with indefinite subject, for passive, K^{§ 76 e}, so Dan 4:23].

said, saying, saith, say, spake, …

ʾāmar

to say (used with great latitude)

to say, speak, utter

(Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend

אֵיכָ֨ה

Particle turns the sentence into a question

Dictionary form: אֵיךְ · ake

Particle — Interrogative

In the KJV here: how

how ×58 and how ×4 him how ×4 me how ×2 where ×2 but how ×1 i how ×1 in them how ×1

More options

how — Most natural default; fits nearly all contexts.

in what way — Emphasizes manner or method; slightly more formal.

where — Use when context implies location rather than manner.

why — Suits rhetorical or lament contexts, e.g. 'how/why has this happened'.

what — Use when the question targets identity or nature of something.

BDB362 H349

אֵיךְ₅₉ (Aramaic אֵיךְ, [pronounced âch]) adverb 1. interrogative How? Gen 26:9; 2Sam 1:5; 2Sam 1:14; 1Kgs 12:6; Isa 20:6 and elsewhere; often with imperfect (especially in 1 person) in an expostulation Gen 39:9; Gen 44:8; Gen 44:34; Josh 9:7; 2Sam 2:22; 2Sam 12:18; Ps 137:4; Isa 48:11 for howshould it be profaned ? איך תאמר(וׅ how canst or dost thou (do you) say . . . ? Judg 16:15; Isa 19:11; Jer 2:23 (compare Jer 8:8 אֵיכָה) Jer 48:14; Ps 11:1 in an indirect sentence 2Kgs 17:28; Jer 36:17; Ruth 3:18.

2. as an exclamation How! whether of lamentation 2Sam 1:19; Jer 2:21; Jer 9:18; Mic 2:4 or of satisfaction Isa 14:4; Isa 14:12; Jer 48:39; Jer 51:41; Obad 1:5 and elsewhere; with intensive force = how gladly! Jer 3:19, how terribly! Jer 9:6 (but others render here 'for how [else] should I do'? etc.)

**Hos 11:8 according to Hi Ke We Marti and others.

BDB363 H349 H351

אֵיכָה (from אַי and כָּה = כֹּה; compare Assyrian ekiam) adverb 1. interrogative In what manner? τίνι τρόπῳ; (rather more definite than אֵיח = πῶς); Deut 1:12; Deut 7:17; Deut 12:30; Deut 18:21; Deut 32:30; Judg 20:3 (indirect sentence) 2Kgs 6:15; Jer 8:8; Ps 73:11.

2. exclamation How! (slightly more emphatic than אֵיח) Isa 1:21; Jer 48:17; Lam 1:1; Lam 2:1; Lam 4:1; Lam 4:2.

3. Where? (properly north-Israel; compare Aramaic אֵיכָא, where ? compare Dr^{Intr. 178, 421}) only 2Kgs 6:13 Kt Song 1:7 (twice in verse), — each time in an indirect sentence.

BDB365 H349

אֵיכָ֫כָה (Canticles) ֵאיכָכָ֫ה (Esther) (from אַי & כָּ֫כָה thus) How? only Song 5:3 (twice in verse); Esth 8:6 (twice in verse).

how, where, what

ʾêk

how? or how!; also where

(interrog adv) how?

יַֽעַבְד֜וּ

Root word serve, served, do, work, worshippers, …

Dictionary form: עָבַד · aw-BAHD

Verb — Qal, Imperfect (Yiqtol), third person masculine plural simple action — "he did" not-yet-complete action — try "he will ___" or "he ___s" the built-in subject is "they"

In the KJV here: serve

and serve ×24 serve ×22 and served ×21 to serve ×18 served ×11 shall serve ×8 to do ×8 that they may serve me ×5

More options

serve — Core rendering; best for worship, duty, or obedience contexts.

work — Prefer when labor or task-performance is the focus.

worship — Ideal when the object is a deity or idol.

till — Use specifically for cultivating or farming the ground.

labor — Emphasizes effort or toil; good for slavery or hard-work contexts.

obey — Captures submission to authority in relational or covenant settings.

BDB5734 H5647

עָבַד₂₉₀ verb work, serve (Old Aramaic עבד do make, especially Nabataean, Palmyrene (often), Lzb^{331 f.} Cook⁸⁶, so ᵑ7 עֲבַד, Syriac (very often); but also Old Aramaic Phoenician עבד slave, vassal (and in many proper names), ᵑ7 עַבְדָּא, Syriac id.; Assyrian abdu, id. (rare); Late Hebrew עָבַד serve, performs acts of worship (with accusative of congnate meaning with verb), and derivatives; Arabic worship, obey (God); compare We^{Skizzen iii. 165}; Heid. 141, II. enslave; slave, worshiper; Sabean עבד id. DHM^{Südar. Alt. p. 18}; Gerber^{Verb. Denom. 14 ff.} thinks be slave, serve (Qal) and enslave (Hiph`il) are denominative, compare also Nö^{ZMG xl (1886), 741}); —

Qal₂₇₂ Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳ע Ezek 29:18 +; suffix עֲבָדוֺ Mal 3:18 +; 3 masculine plural עָֽבְדוּ Deut 7:4 עָבָ֑דוּ Num 4:26, + 64 t. Perfect; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַעֲבֹד Gen 25:23 +; suffix יַעַבְדֵ֫נִי Exod 4:23 יַעַבְדֶ֫נּוּ Ps 22:31; 2Kgs 10:18 3 masculine plural יַעַבְדוּ Deut 12:30 +; יַעֲבֹ֑דוּ Gen 15:14 (Dr^{§ 103}) Job 36:11 2 masculine plural תַּעַבְדוּן Exod 3:12, תַּעֲבֹד֑וּן Josh 24:15, + 99 t. Imperfect; (תָּעָבְדֵם, נָָֽעָבְדֵם see Hoph`al); Imperative עֲבֹד 1Sam 26:19 suffix עָבְדֵהוּ 1Chr 28:9 עִבְדוּ Exod 5:18 + 15 t.; עֲבֹ֑דוּ Ezek 20:39 suffix עִבְדֻהוּ 1Sam 7:3 Infinitive construct עֲבֹד Mal 3:14 +; עֲבָדֿ Jer 34:9; Jer 34:10 suffix עָבְדוֺ Jer 27:6 +, etc.; Participle עֹבֵד Gen 4:2 +; plural עֹבְדִים Num 18:21 +; construct עֹבְדֵי Ps 97:7 +; suffix עֹבְדָיו 2Kgs 10:19 עֹבְדֵיהֶם Zech 2:13 —

1. labour, work, do work: absolute Exod 20:9 = Exod 34:21 = Deut 5:13 (4th word); Exod 5:18 (E) Eccl 5:11 with accusative of thing, till the ground Gen 2:5; Gen 3:23; Gen 4:2; Gen 4:12 (J), 2Sam 9:10; Isa 30:24; Jer 27:11; Zech 13:5; Prov 12:11; Prov 28:19 object omitted Deut 15:19; Ezek 48:19 vineyard Deut 28:39 garden Gen 2:16 (J); עֹבְרֵי פִשְׁתִּים Isa 19:9 workers in flax; עֹבְדֵ(יׅ הָעִיר Ezek 48:18; Ezek 48:19 labourers of the city; עֲבֹדָתוֺ ׳ע Isa 28:21 work his work (only here of God, || עשׂה מַעֲשֵׂהוּ); עבדה על ׳ע Ezek 29:18 serve a military service against.

2. work for another, serve him by labour: absolute Exod 21:2 (E); with accusative pers Gen 29:15; Gen 31:6; Exod 21:6 (E) Deut 15:12; Deut 15:18; Mal 3:17; Jer 34:14, king his people 1Kgs 12:7 subject animals Jer 27:6; Job 39:9 with accusative of person and thing Gen 30:26 (twice in verse); Gen 30:29 (J); with לְ person 2Sam 16:19 עִם Gen 29:25; Gen 29:30 (E) Lev 25:40 (P); עִמָּדִי Gen 29:27 (E); לִפְנֵי 2Sam 16:19 (twice in verse); with בְּ of price Gen 29:18; Gen 29:20; Gen 29:25; Gen 31:41 (E) Hos 12:13; Ezek 29:20 with בְּ personwork by means of another, use him as slave, Exod 1:14; Lev 25:39; Lev 25:46 (P) Jer 22:13; Jer 25:14; Jer 27:7; Jer 30:8; Jer 34:9; Jer 34:10.

3. serve as subjects: usually with accusative, their own chiefs or kings Judg 9:28 (twice in verse); Judg 9:38; 1Sam 11:1; 1Kgs 5:1 +; other kings, by tribute Ps 18:44 = 2Sam 22:44; Jer 27:7; Jer 28:14; 2Kgs 25:24 +, other nations 2Sam 10:19; Jer 40:9; Zech 2:13 +, kings other kings 2Kgs 18:7 +, with לְ, 1Sam 4:9 (twice in verse); מַס עֹבֵד Gen 49:15 (J) Josh 16:10; 1Kgs 9:21 (see מַס); with בְּ person, work with, i.e. use as subjects, impose tribute upon, Jer 25:14; Jer 27:7; Jer 30:8; Ezek 34:27.

4. serve God:
a. with accusative ׳י, Exod 3:12; Exod 4:23; Exod 7:16; Exod 7:26 (JE), Ps 22:31; Job 21:15; Mal 3:14 +; with accusative of person and thing Exod 10:26 (E); accusative of person omitted, Jer 2:20 (read אֶעֱבוֺד Kt), עבד זבח ומנחה Isa 19:21 serve with peace-offering and grain-offering; עבד עֲבֹדָה Exod 13:5 (of מַצֹּת).
b. other gods, with accusative ׳א Deut 7:16; Deut 12:2; Deut 12:30 ; אלהים אחרים Deut 7:4; Deut 8:19; Deut 11:16; Deut 13:7; Deut 13:14; Deut 17:3; Deut 28:14; Deut 28:36; Deut 28:64; Deut 29:25; Deut 30:17; Deut 31:20; Josh 23:16; Josh 24:2; Josh 24:16; Judg 2:10; Judg 10:13; 1Sam 8:8; 1Sam 26:19; 1Kgs 9:6; 1Kgs 9:9; 2Kgs 17:35; 2Chr 7:19; 2Chr 7:22; Jer 11:10; Jer 13:10; Jer 16:11; Jer 16:13; Jer 22:9; Jer 25:6; Jer 35:15 (all D and Jeremiah); אֱלֹהֵי הַגּוֺיִם Deut 29:17 זָרִים Jer 5:19 כל צבא השׁמים Deut 4:19; 2Kgs 21:3; 2Chr 33:3; Jer 8:2 הבעל(יםׅ Judg 2:11; Judg 3:7; Judg 10:6; Judg 10:10; Judg 1:10; Judg 1:31; Judg 22:54; 2Kgs 10:18 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 10:19 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 10:21; 2Kgs 10:22; 2Kgs 10:23 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 17:16 אלהי נֵכָר Josh 24:20; Jer 5:19 (הַ)גִּלּוּלִים 2Kgs 17:12; 2Kgs 21:21 (twice in verse); Ezek 20:39 האשׁרים 2Chr 24:18 עצבים Ps 106:36 פסיל(יםׅ 2Chr 33:22; 2Kgs 17:41 פסל 2Kgs 97:7 with לְ, לבעל Judg 2:13 לאלהים אחרים Jer 44:3.

5. serve ׳י with Levilical service (all P; compare RS^{Sem i. 69}): with accusative עבד עֲבֹדָה (see עֲבֹדָה) Num 3:7; Num 3:8; Num 4:23; Num 4:30; Num 4:47; Num 7:5; Num 8:11; Num 8:19; Num 8:22; Num 8:26; Num 16:9; Num 18:6; Num 18:21; Num 18:23; Josh 22:27 accusative omitted Num 4:24; Num 4:26; Num 4:37; Num 4:41; Num 8:15 (but ⅏ ᵐ5 עבדה), vNum 8:25; Num 18:7. Niph`al Perfect 3 masculine singular נֶעְבָּ֑ד Eccl 5:8 2 masculine plural נֶעֱבַדְתֶּם Ezek 36:9 Imperfect 3 masculine singular יֵעָבֵד Deut 21:4 3 feminine singular תֵּעָבֵד Ezek 36:34 —

1. be tilled, of land Deut 21:4; Ezek 36:9; Ezek 36:34.

2. Eccl 5:8 מֶלֶךְ לְשָׂדֶה נֶעְבָּ֑ד dubious: a king for (devoted to) the cultivated field (Hi); a king that maketh himself servant to the field (devoted to agriculture), De^{see Commentaries}, especially De. Pual Perfect 3 masculine singular עֻבַּד Deut 21:3; Isa 14:3 passive of Qal, with בְּ impersonal Deut 21:3 of a calf with which it has not been worked; hard service with which it was worked with captives Isa 14:3. Hiph`il Perfect 3 masculine singular הֶעֱבִיד Ezek 29:18 2 masculine singular suffix הֶעֱבַדְתַּ֫נִי Isa 43:24, הֶעֱבַדְתִּיךָ vIsa 43:23, וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ Jer 17:4 Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיַּעֲבֵד 2Chr 34:33 3 masculine plural יַעֲבִדוּ Exod 1:13 Infinitive construct הַעֲבִיד 2Chr 2:17 Participle plural מַעֲבִדִים Exod 6:15 —

1. compel to labour as slaves Exod 1:13; Exod 6:5 (P) 2Chr 2:17, + Gen 47:21 (reading הֶעֱבִיד לַעֲבָדִים), 2Sam 12:31 (reading וְהֶעֱבִיד + בְּ at; on both these see עבר Hiph`il near the end); cause to serve, of army's service against, with accusative + (על)אל Ezek 29:18 cause to labour, weary, with בְּ of means Isa 43:23; Isa 43:24 (perhaps play on meanings 2, 3).

2. make to serve as subjects, with 2 accusative Jer 17:4, + Jer 15:14 (read וְהַעֲבַרְתִּיךָ see עבר Hiph`il near the end).

3. cause to serve God 2Chr 34:33. Hoph`al Imperfect 2 masculine singular suffix תָּֽעָבְדֵם Exod 20:5 = Deut 5:9; Exod 23:24 1 plural suffix נָָֽעָבְדֵם Deut 13:3 (Kö^{i. 259} Sta^{§ 549 g} Thes; < Nes^{Marg. 12 f.} Qal anomalously pointed (compare W^{AG. ed. 2, i, 62 n.} Fl^{Kl. Schr. i. 98}); Ges^{«GKC:60»§ 60} R. 1 Dr Qal falsely pointed as Hoph`al); — be led or enticed to serve other gods Exod 20:5 = Deut 5:9; Exod 23:24; Deut 13:8.

BDB9745 H5648 H5647

ע

עֲבַד verb make, do (ᵑ7, Syriac, Old Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Egyptian Aramaic (S-C^Pap.; compare אַזְדָּא); = Biblical Hebrew עָבַד, q. v., but in meaning || עשׂה); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳ע Dan 3:1 +, 2 masculine singular עֲבַ֑דְתְּ (K^{§ 13, 2}) Dan 4:32 1 singular עַבְדֵֿת Dan 3:15; Dan 6:23, 3 masculine plural עֲבַ֫דוּ Ezra 6:13 +; Imperfect 2 masculine plural תַּעְבְּדוּן (Baer K^{§ 38. 1. b}); תַּעַבְדוּן Gi Str) Ezra 6:8; Ezra 7:18 Infinitive מֶעְבַּד (K^{§ 15, a}) 2)) Ezra 4:22; Ezra 7:18 (מֶעְבַּ֑ד); Participle active עָבֵד Ezra 7:26 +, feminine singular עָֽבְדָא Dan 7:21 masculine plural עָֽבְדִין Ezra 4:15 —

1. make, accusative of thing Dan 3:1; Dan 3:15 and (of creation) Jer 10:11 make a feast Dan 5:1, war Dan 7:21 (עם person). ded. of temple Ezra 6:16.

2. do, accusative of deed, Dan 4:32 (of God), Dan 6:23; Ezra 4:15; Ezra 4:22 do, act, כְּנֵמָא, thus, Ezra 6:13, כ, according to, Dan 7:18 and (of God) Dan 4:32, absolute Dan 6:11 accusative +ב of thing Ezra 7:18 do something with, +עִם person Ezra 6:8 do, perform, accusative of God's law Ezra 7:26, accusative of signs, etc. (subject God) Dan 6:28 and (+עִם person) Dan 3:32. Hithpe`el Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִתְעֲבֵד Ezra 6:11 +, דִ֑֯ Ezra 6:12; Ezra 7:21 2 masculine plural תִּתְעַבְדוּן Dan 2:5 Participle מִתְעֲבֵד Ezra 7:26, בֶדֿ- Ezra 4:19, feminine singular עַבְדָא- Ezra 5:3 —

1. be made into, with noun predicate, Dan 2:5; Dan 3:29; Ezra 6:11.

2. be done, wrought, Ezra 4:19; Ezra 5:8 (subject עֲבִידְתָּא); be performed, executed, of command Ezra 6:12; Ezra 7:21; Ezra 7:23, judgment Ezra 7:26.

serve, served, do, work, worshippers, …

ʿābad

to work (in any sense); by implication, to serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc

to work, serve

(Qal)

to labor, work, do work

to be worked, be tilled (of land)

to compel to labor or work, cause to labor, cause to serve

הַ גּוֹיִ֤ם

הַ

Prefix — article the

גּוֹיִ֤ם

Root word nations, heathen, nation, gentiles, people, …

Dictionary form: גּוֹי · ɡoy

Noun — Common, masculine plural, absolute state plural — usually add "-s"

In the KJV here: nations

nations ×93 the nations ×67 nation ×47 the heathen ×43 of the heathen ×35 among the heathen ×32 of the nations ×29 a nation ×25

More options

nation — Most general; fits political or ethnic groupings broadly.

people — Emphasizes collective identity; good for poetic contexts.

Gentile — Use when contrasting non-Israelites with Israel specifically.

foreign nation — Highlights otherness; useful in prophetic or legal texts.

ethnic group — Modern academic tone; suits sociological or descriptive passages.

pagan — Carries religious outsider nuance; use cautiously, context-dependent.

BDB1551 H1471

גּוֺי₅₆₁ noun masculine^{Gen 12:2} nation, people (Late Hebrew id. Gentiles, Phoenician גו community, , Sabean גו id., DHM^{ZMG 1883, 348}) — ׳ג Gen 12:2 + 121 t.; suffix 1 singular גּוֺיִ Zeph 2:9, גּוֺיֶ֑ךָ Ps 106:5, גּוֺיֵךְ Kt Ezek 36:13; Ezek 36:14; Ezek 36:15 (Qr wrongly גּוֺיַיִךְ compare Co, who strike out vEzek 36:15); plural גּוֺיִם Gen 10:5 + 410 t. + Qr Gen 25:23; Ps 79:10 (Kt גיים) + 6 t. Ezekiel (variant reading emended Co); construct גּוֺיֵי Gen 18:18 + 8 t., גּוֺיֵ 2Chr 32:13; Ezra 6:21 (compare Baer's notes); suffix גּוֺיֵהֶם Gen 10:5; Gen 10:20; Gen 10:31; Gen 10:32 —

1. nation, people Gen 10:5 (twice in verse); Gen 10:20; Gen 10:31; Gen 10:32 (twice in verse) (all P) +; Isa 2:2; Isa 2:4 (twice in verse) = Mic 4:2; Mic 4:3 (twice in verse); Job 12:23 (twice in verse); Job 34:29 ; Prov 14:34 כֹּל גּוֺיֵי הָאָרֶץ Gen 18:18; Gen 22:18; Gen 26:4 (all J); Deut 28:1.
a. specifically of descendants of Abraham, גּוֺי גָּדוֺל Gen 12:2 compare Gen 18:18 (both J), גּוֺיִם Gen 17:6, הֲמוֺן גּוֺיִם Gen 17:4; Gen 17:15 (all P); of Sarah גּוֺיִם Gen 17:16 (P); of Ishmael גּוֺי Gen 21:13, גָּוֺי גָּדוֺל vGen 21:18 (both E), גּוֺי גָּדוֺל Gen 17:20 (P); of Jacob גּוֺי וּקְהַל גּוֺיִם Gen 35:11 (P), גּוֺי גָּדוֺל Gen 46:3 (E); of Ephraim ׳מְלֹא הַגּ Gen 48:19 (J); of Moses גּוֺי גָּדוֺל Exod 32:10 (J) compare Num 14:12 (J) Deut 9:14 of Jacob and Esau as two nations Gen 25:23 (J).
b. definitely of Israel Exod 19:6 (קָדוֺשׁ ׳גּ) Exod 33:13 (both J E), Deut 4:6 (הַגּוֺי הַגָּדוֺל הַזֶּה, said by heathen compare vDeut 4:7 vDeut 4:8) see also vDeut 4:34, Deut 26:5 compare Ps 33:12; Ps 83:5 (said by enemies) Jer 31:36; Jer 33:24; Ezek 37:22 in narrative Josh 3:17; Josh 4:1; Josh 5:8 (JE), vJosh 5:6 (D), Josh 10:13 (in poetry, no article); of Israel and Judah as two nations Ezek 35:10 (said by heathen) Ezek 37:22 of Judah Isa 26:2; Isa 26:15 (twice in verse); compare Isa 58:2; Isa 60:22; Mic 4:7 once my people Zeph 2:9 (|| עַם); thy people Ps 106:5 (i.e. of ׳י), compare also Ezek 36:13; Ezek 36:14 (read Kt); especially of Israel and (or) Judah as sinful, rebellious Deut 32:28; Judg 2:20; Isa 1:4; Isa 10:6; Jer 5:9; Jer 5:29; Jer 7:28; Jer 9:8; Jer 12:17; (strike out ᵐ5 Co) Hag 2:14; Mal 3:9. — Note. This definite reference to Israel and (or) Judah is comparatively rare; in Hexateuch not P (yet see Gen 17:4; Gen 17:5; Gen 17:6; Gen 17:16; Gen 35:11 P); seldom in exile & post-exile prophets; not Chronicles —
c. usually of non-Hebrew peoples Exod 9:24; Exod 34:10 (JE) Lev 25:44 (H) Num 14:15 (J) Deut 15:6 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 5:11; 1Chr 14:17; 1Chr 16:20; Isa 11:10; Isa 11:12 + often; opposed to Israel as ׳עם י 2Sam 7:23; 1Chr 17:21 (twice in verse) etc., see עם, compare also Num 23:9 note especially גְּלִיל הַגּוֺיִם Isa 8:23 circle or district of the nations (see גָּלִיל); also ׳חֲרשֶׁת הַגּ Judg 4:2; Judg 4:13; Judg 4:16 Charosheth of the nations, & מֶלֶךְ גּוֺיִם לְגִלְגָּ֖ל Josh 12:23 king of nations (peoples, tribes) belonging to Gilgal (ᵐ5 Di to the district, i.e 'Galilee'); especially of these peoples as heathen: idolatrous Lev 8:24; Lev 8:28 (P) Lev 20:23 (H) 1Kgs 14:24; 2Kgs 17:8; 2Kgs 17:11; 2Kgs 17:15; 2Kgs 17:26; 2Kgs 17:29 (twice in verse); 2Chr 28:3; 2Chr 32:13 +, Ezra 6:21; Ezek 5:6 +; hostile Gen 15:14 (J) Lev 26:33; Lev 26:38; Lev 26:45 (H) Deut 4:27; Deut 9:4; Deut 9:5; Deut 18:9; 1Chr 16:35; Jer 5:15; Ezek 4:13 + often Jeremiah Ezekiel, etc.; in simile Ezek 20:32; Ezek 25:8 sometimes || עַם Ps 33:10; Ps 33:12; Isa 11:10; Jer 6:18, see also Isa 2:2; Isa 2:4 compare with Mic 4:1; Mic 4:3.

2. figurative of swarm of locusts Joel 1:6 of all species of beasts Zeph 2:14.

3. גּוֺיִם Gen 14:1; Gen 14:9 probably mutilated proper name see below

BDB1554 H1471

גּוֺיִם proper name, of a people Gen 14:1; Gen 14:9, in phrase תִּדְעָל מֶלֶךְ גּוֺיִם Tid`al king of Goim; probably a Babylonian (Elamitic, etc.) name corrupted; H. Rawlinson proposes Gutî a people northeast of Babylonia COT on Gen 14:1 also KGF^{258 and elsewhere}; compare also Dl^{Pa 233 f}.

גול see גיל.

BDB3195 H2800 H1471

II. חֲר֫שֶׁת proper name, of a location only in combination ׳ח הַגּוֺיִם, „arosheth of the nations (see גּוֺי), Judg 4:2; Judg 4:13; Judg 4:16 perhaps modern el-„arit¾îye, on right bank of lower Kishon, see Thomson^{Land and Book; Central Palestine, 1883, 215 ff.} Bd^{Pal 241} Be Bla Cooke^{Hist. Deb. 3} GASm^{Geog. 393}.

חֲרָשִׁים see חָרָשׁ and גַּיְא; also II. חֶרֶשׁ. above &

nations, heathen, nation, gentiles, people, …

gôy

a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts

(n m) nation, people

nation, people

usually of non-Hebrew people

Breakdown unavailable for this word. Dictionary form: אֵלֶּה · ale-LEH

Noun — Common, plural plural — usually add "-s"

In the KJV here: did these

these ×407 and these ×70 of these ×31 those ×26 are these ×21 now these ×21 these things ×7 in these ×6

More options

these — Most common modern rendering; use for nearby or just-listed items.

those — Use when referencing items more distant in context.

these things — Adds slight emphasis when referencing a list or concepts.

such — Use when אֵלֶּה has a qualitative or categorical sense.

the following — Useful when introducing an enumerated list ahead.

BDB424 H428

אֵ֫לֶּה ( Rabb אֵלּוּ, Aramaic אִלֵּין, & compd. with and in , ) pronoun plural masculine & feminine these, in usage the plural of זֶה.
a. Gen 2:4 & often: in apposition to a substantive with a pronominal suffix (always without the article) Exod 9:14 (read with Hi. אֵלֶּה בְּךָ for אֶללִֿבְּךָ) Exod 10:1 אֹתֹתַי אֵלֶּה these my signs, Exod 11:8; Deut 11:18; 1Kgs 8:59; 1Kgs 10:8; 1Kgs 22:23; 2Kgs 1:13; Jer 31:21; Ezra 2:65; Neh 6:14 in the genitive 2Kgs 6:20; Isa 47:9; Deut 18:12; Ps 15:5 and after כל Gen 14:3 + often Standing alone in a neuter sense, these things (rare in best prose, & not very common in poetry), with עָשָׂה Deut 18:12; Deut 22:5; Deut 25:16; 2Sam 23:17; 2Sam 23:22; Ps 15:5 +; with other verbs Ezra 9:1; Isa 44:21; Isa 47:7; Jer 13:22; Hos 14:10; Ps 42:5; Ps 50:21; Ps 107:43; Job 8:2 with אֶתֿ Num 15:13; Isa 48:14 with כָּלֿ Judg 13:23; Isa 66:2 +; see also some of the cases with prepositions below
d. אלה may point indifferently to what follows, Gen 6:9; Gen 10:1; Gen 25:7; Gen 25:12; Gen 25:13; Ps 42:5 or to what has preceded, Gen 9:19; Gen 10:20; Gen 10:31; Gen 10:32; Gen 25:4; Lev 21:14; Lev 22:22; Ps 15:5 = such as these (τοιαῦτα), Ps 73:12; Job 18:21.
b. repeated, אלהו֗֗֗אלה, these . . . those Deut 27:13; Josh 8:22; Isa 49:12 (3 t.) Ps 20:8 +.
c. with the art. (but only after a substantive determined likewise by the article) הָאֵלֶּה Gen 15:1 + often.

**in Josh 17:9 עָרִים הָאֵלֶּה, read הֶעָרִים, compare Josh 17:12; Josh 19:8; Josh 19:16; Josh 19:31; Josh 19:48, etc.
d. with prepositions: בְּאֵלֶּה Lev 25:54; Lev 26:23; 1Kgs 22:11 (7 t.), בָּאֵלֶּה 1Sam 16:10; 1Sam 17:39 לְאֵלֶּה Lev 11:24 (4 t), לָאֵלֶּה 1Kgs 22:17 (5 t.); מֵאֵלֶּה Gen 9:19 (16 t.); עַד אֵלֶּה Lev 26:18 עַלאֵֿלֶּה on account of these things Isa 57:6; Isa 64:11; Jer 5:9 and elsewhere; כְּאֵלֶּה Job 16:2; Jer 10:16 = Jer 51:19, כָּאֵלֶּה Gen 27:46; Lev 10:19 (things like these, so Isa 66:8; Jer 18:13) Num 28:24 P (compare Ezek 45:25) 2Kgs 25:17 = Jer 52:22, כְּמוֺאֵֿלֶּה Job 12:3.

BDB9303 H459 H1836 H428

אִלֵּין (אִלֵּן Dan 2:44; Dan 6:7) demonstrative pronoun plural these (plural of דְּנָה, q. v.: Palmyrene אלן (Lzb^{264 Eph. i. 343, 345} Cooke²⁶); ᵑ7 אילין; Mandean עלין (Nö^{M 89 f.}); Talmud (with emphatic hâ prefixed, W^CG:109) הָאִלֵּין: see further below Biblical Hebrew אֵלֶּה, and add Egyptian Aramaic אלו Cooke²⁶); — these, only Daniel: Dan 2:40 דִּי מְרָעַע כָּלֿ, נִלֵּין, vDan 2:44 כָּלאִֿלֵּן מַלְכְוָתָא, Dan 6:3 אֲחַדְֵַּרְפְּנַיָּא אִלֵּין (so v.Dan 6:7), Dan 7:17 אִלֵּיץ חֵיוָתָא.

these, those, things, this, them, …

ʾēlle

these or those

these

used before antecedent

אֶת

Particle points to the object of the verb — leave untranslated

Dictionary form: אֵת · ate

Particle — Direct Object Marker

and ×240 of ×109 him ×107 them ×73 with ×72 from ×64 you ×61 me ×54

More options

[direct object marker — untranslated] — Most common use; marks definite direct object, no English equivalent.

with — Use when אֵת expresses accompaniment or association.

from — Use when context implies source or separation.

along with — Emphasizes inclusion or togetherness in a list.

together with — Slightly more formal; stresses joint participation.

among — Use when indicating presence within a group.

BDB853 H853

I. אֵת, with makk. אֶתֿ, with suffix אֹתִי; אֹתְךָ, אֹתְכָה Num 22:33, אֹתָ֑ךְ, אֹתָ֑כָה Exod 29:35, feminine אֹתָךְ; אֹתוֺ etc.; 2 plural אֶתְכֶם, once אוֺתְכֶם Josh 23:15 3 masculine plural regularly אֹתָם, rarely אֶתְהֶם Gen 32:1; Exod 18:20; Num 21:3; Ezek 34:12; 1Chr 6:50, once אוֺתְהֶם Ezek 23:45 3 feminine plural, on the contrary, regularly אֶתְהֶן (13 t.), once אֹתָן Ezek 16:54 (also אוֺתְהֶן Ezek 23:47, אֹתָ֖נָה Exod 35:26, אוֺתָ֖נָה Ezek 34:21); forms with cholem also often written plene: — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite id., Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd^{p. 213 f.}); Aramaic יָת frequently in ᵑ7; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. per se, reapse, sibi ipsi, PS^{1640 f.}, Samaritan ; Arabic , only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W^{AG i. § 189.} [Ethiopic uses k£y¹ similarly, Di^{§ 150 a}; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been 'iwyath, originally a substantive with following genitive, Ol^{p. 432}; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוֺת sign from √ אוה is uncertain: Ol W^{AG i. § 188} Lag^{M i. 226 affirm}, Nö^{ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is} אוֺת; the forms with ¢, e being abbreviated. In post Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוֺתוֺ הַיּוֺם = Bibl. בַּיּוֺם הַהוּא, בְּאוֺתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוֺתוֺ הָאִישׁ = Bibl. הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כֹּל), or by a genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names:
a. with transitive verbs, Gen 1:1; Gen 1:16; Gen 1:29; Gen 1:30; Gen 2:11; Gen 4:1; Gen 4:2; Gen 9:3 (אֶתֿכֹּל׃) etc. Similarly אֶתמִֿי whom (in particular), Josh 24:15; 1Sam 12:3; 1Sam 28:11; Isa 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶתמָֿה); also with זֶה Gen 29:33; Gen 44:29; 1Sam 21:16; 1Kgs 22:27 +, זֹאת Gen 29:27; 2Sam 13:27 +, אֵלֶּה Gen 46:18; Lev 11:18; Isa 49:21 +. So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry את is commonly dispensed with. By the use of את with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Gen 7:1; Gen 24:14; Gen 37:4; Lev 10:17; Lev 11:33; Num 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deut 4:14; Deut 6:13; Deut 6:23; Deut 13:5; Judg 14:3 אוֺתָהּ קַח לִי take for me her, 1Sam 14:35; 1Sam 15:1; 1Sam 18:17; 1Sam 21:10 אִםאֹֿתָהּ תִּקַּחלְֿךָ קָ֔ח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1Kgs 1:35; 1Kgs 14:9; Isa 43:22; Isa 57:11; Jer 9:2. So הַאוֺתִי Jer 5:22; Jer 7:19. It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jer 7:19; Ezek 34:2. Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew^{§ 277 d 2} Ges^{«GKC:117»§ 117}, 1, R. 2), as Exod 21:28; Num 21:9; Lev 20:14; 1Sam 24:6 (but see Dr) 2Sam 4:11; 2Sam 18:18; 2Sam 23:21 or which, though definite, is without the article, Gen 21:30; 2Sam 15:16; Lev 26:5; 1Sam 9:3 (so Num 16:15) Isa 33:19; Isa 41:7; Ezek 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.)
b. with a passive verb (Ges^{«GKC:121»§ 121}. 1 Ew^{§ 295 b}) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Gen 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֺךְ אֶתעֿירָד, Gen 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֺד אֶתשִֿׁמְךָ אַברָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Gen 21:5 (E), Gen 27:42; 2Sam 21:11; 1Kgs 18:13; Hos 10:6 etc., to Jer 35:18; Jer 38:4; Jer 50:20; Ezek 16:4; Ezek 16:5; Esth 2:13 (compare Dr^{JPh xi. 227 f.}): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew^{§ 281 b}), as Exod 1:7 +.
c. with neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατὰ σύνεσιν (rare), Josh 22:17; 2Sam 11:25; Neh 9:32 (compare 1Sam 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Hag 2:17 אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֵלַיָֽ.
d. poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force, Hab 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isa 13:19; Jer 50:40 מַהְפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W^{AG i. § 196, 43}]; and Num 10:2; Ezek 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׂאוֺת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew^{§ 239 a}).

2. את marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb:
a. with verbs of motion (very rare) Num 13:17; Deut 1:19; Deut 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judg 19:18; Ezek 21:25 (Ew^{§ 281 d, n., 282 a 1}).
b. denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exod 13:7; Lev 25:22; Deut 9:25.
c. expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Gen 17:11; Gen 17:14; 1Kgs 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατὰ σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition Thus (α) Exod 1:14; Num 3:26; Num 3:46; Num 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezek 35:10) Num 18:21b Deut 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deut 14:13; Josh 17:11; Judg 20:44; Judg 20:46 (contr. vJudg 20:25 vJudg 20:35) 1Sam 17:34 (see Dr) 1Sam 26:16; 2Sam 21:22; 2Kgs 6:5; Isa 53:8 (probably), Isa 57:12; Jer 23:33 (but read rather with ᵐ5 ᵑ9 אַתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jer 27:8; Jer 36:22; Jer 38:16 Kt, Jer 45:4 b Ezek 16:22; Ezek 17:21; Ezek 20:16; Ezek 29:4 b Ezek 43:7 (ᵐ5 Co prefix הֲרָאִיתָ) Ezek 44:3; Zech 8:17; Eccl 4:3; Dan 9:13; Neh 9:19; Neh 9:34; 1Chr 2:9; 2Chr 31:17. In 1Sam 30:23; Hag 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood. (β) Jer 38:9; Ezek 14:22 b Ezek 37:19 b Zech 12:10 סָבִיב אֵת 1Kgs 6:5; Ezek 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings ᵐ5 omits the clause: so Sta^{ZAW 1883, 135}). — In 1Kgs 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); v1Kgs 11:25 is corrupt (read with ᵐ5 זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדָד); Ezek 47:17; Ezek 47:18; Ezek 47:19 read similarly for ואת, זֹאת: see vEzek 47:20. — For some particulars as to the use of את, see A. M. Wilson^{Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff.} (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, את with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie^{ZAW 1881, 258 f.}), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

BDB9600 H853 H3487

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli^{Had. 28} with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתה (Lzb²⁶³ Cooke¹⁷⁰; compare RÉS⁴⁶⁸); ᵑ7 Samaritan יָת; Syriac (rare)); — Dan 3:12 דִּי מַנִּיתָ יָָֽתְהוֺן whom thou hast appointed.

with, from, of, and, by, …

ʾēt

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

אֱלֹ֣הֵי הֶ֔ם

אֱלֹ֣הֵי

Root word god, gods, judges, great, goddess, …

הֶ֔ם

Suffix — pronoun their / them

Dictionary form: אֱלֹהִים · eh-loh-HEEM

Noun — Common, masculine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: their gods