Genesis 28:18

וַ יַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם

וַ

Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)

יַּשְׁכֵּ֨ם

Root word early, betimes, morning, rise, rose

Dictionary form: שָׁכַם · shaw-KAHM

וַ

Vav-consecutive (wayyiqtol) The וַ prefix — vav with patach plus a doubling dagesh in the next letter — flips this verb into story-telling past: translate "and (he) ___ed", not "will ___".

Verb — Hiphil, Sequential Imperfect (Wayyiqtol), third person masculine singular causative — "he made (someone) do" story-telling past — try "and he ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: and rose up early

rose up early ×6 and rose up early ×5 rose early ×5 rising early ×4 and they rose up early ×3 and when they arose early ×3 early ×3 rise up early ×3

More options

rise early — Most direct modern rendering; broadly applicable in narrative.

get up early — Colloquial and natural in contemporary prose.

start early — Emphasizes prompt action; useful when literal rising is less focal.

be up at dawn — Evokes the time of day; vivid in descriptive or poetic contexts.

set out early — Good when early rising leads immediately to travel or action.

wake early — Focuses on waking rather than getting up; slightly more interior.

BDB8674 H7925 H7901

[שָׁכַם] verb Hiph`il denominative start, rise, early (properly load backs of beasts for day's journey); — Perfect 3 masculine singular consecutive וְהִשְׁכִּים 2Sam 15:2; Job 1:5, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיַּשְׁכֵּם Gen 19:27 +, 2 masculine singular תְּשְׁכִּים Judg 9:33, etc.; Imperative הַשְׁכֵּם Exod 8:16 +; Infinitive absolute הַשְׁכֵּם Jer 7:25 +, כֵּים- Jer 44:4; Prov 27:14, erroneous אַשְׁכֵּים Jer 25:3 (Ges^{«GKC:53»§ 53} K); Participle מַשְׁכִּים Hos 6:4 +, etc., — rise early, make an early start, of journey (Hexateuch only J E); לְדַרְכְּכֶם Judg 19:9 (+ מָחָר), compare Song 7:13 + verb of going Gen 19:2 (J), standing 2Sam 15:2 (compare Dr), encamping Judg 7:1, etc.; + infinitive 1Sam 15:12 (compare Dr), 1Sam 29:11; 2Kgs 6:15 (לָקוּם), מַשְׁכִּימֵי קוּם Ps 127:3 (opposed to מְאַחֲרֵי שֶׁבֶת); usually with בַּבֹּקֶר Gen 19:27 (J; אֶלהַֿמָּקוֺם), 1Sam 29:10 (twice in verse) + 27 t., + (hyperbole) שֵׁכָר ׳מַשְׁכִּימֵי בַבּ יִרְדֹּ֑פוּ Isa 5:11 (|| מְאַחֲרֵי בֵנֶּשֶׁף); with מִמָּחֳרָת Exod 32:6 (E), Judg 6:28 + 3 t.; with בַּעֲלוֺת הַשַּׁחַר Josh 6:15 (J), 1Sam 19:26 וַיְמַהֲרוּ וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ וַיֵּצְאוּ Josh 8:14 (J) they made a quick and early start; and went out; Infinitive absolute (Ges^{«GKC:113s»§ 113s}) as adverb וְהַעֲרֵב ׳הַשׁ 1Sam 17:16 at early morning and at evening; especially of ׳י, in Jeremiah: ׳הַשׁ וְדַבֵּר = speaking early and often Jer 7:13; Jer 35:14 and (of Jeremiah) Jer 25:3, compare Jer 11:7; Jer 32:33 often וְשָׁלוֺחַ ׳הַשׁ = sending early and often Jer 7:25; Jer 24:4; Jer 26:5; Jer 29:19; Jer 35:14; Jer 44:4, also 2Chr 36:15 so verb finite הִשְׁכִּימוּ הִשְׁחִיתוּ, Zeph 3:7 = with eagerness they corrupted (Ges^{«GKC:120g»§ 120g}); participle הֹלֵךְ ׳כַּטַּל מַשְׁ Hos 6:4 like the dew departing early, Hos 13:3 (Ges^ib.). — 1Sam 9:26 read וַיִּשְׁכַּב, see שׁכב

early, betimes, morning, rise, rose

šākam

literally, to load up (on the back of man or beast), i.e., to start early in the morning

to rise or start early

(Hiphil)

to rise early, make an early start

יַֽעֲקֹ֜ב

Root word a name — transliterate it ("Jacob")

Dictionary form: יַעֲקֹב · ya-uh-KOBE

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: jacob

jacob ×161 of jacob ×87 and jacob ×16 jacobs ×12 unto jacob ×9 o jacob ×7 and to jacob ×6 in jacob ×6

More options

Jacob — Standard modern rendering for the patriarch's name.

Jacob's — Possessive form; use for genitive constructions.

Israel — Poetic/prophetic parallel; when Jacob represents the nation.

O Jacob — Vocative address; retain in direct speech or lament.

BDB6317 H3290

יַּעֲקב₃₄₄, יַעֲקוֺב₅ proper name, masculine and of a people Jacob, Ιακωβ, son of Isaac and Rebekah, father of tribes of Israel (explanation from עָקֵב heel Gen 25:26; Hos 12:4 i.e. supplanter; compare with עָקַב overreach Gen 27:36 one closely following according to Lag^{BN 127}; connection with Palestinian city (?) called in Egyptian Y±kb'ara (i.e. יַעֲקֹבאֵֿל) is obscure; compare Mey^{ZAW vi.1 ff.} WMM^{As.u.Eur.162 ff.} Jen^{ZA x}(1895-6), 347 ff.; see also Babylonian proper name, masculine Ya±‡ubilu, Pinches in Hom^{AHT 61, 96, 112}; hence OT יַעֲקֹב perhaps originally יעקבקל or the like. compare Palmyrene proper name בלעקב, עתעקב); — יַעֲקוֺב Jer 30:18 + 3 t. Jeremiah Lev 26:42 יַעֲקֹב 215 t. Hexateuch (chiefly J E; 180 t. Genesis, once Leviticus, etc.), 34 t. Psalms, 42 t. Isaiah (27 t. 40-66), etc.; —

1. as proper name, masculine Gen 25:26 + 205 t. (+ אַבְרָהָם, יִצְחָק19 t.); also ׳בֵּית יַע of people (see בַּיִת 5 d (γ)), ׳בְּנֵי יַע (see בֵּן 1 j (β)), ׳זֶרַע יַע (see זֶרַע 4 f), ׳עֵין יַע (see עַיִן ), etc.

2. as proper name, of a people (c. 100 t.; poetry and prophets) Num 24:5; Num 24:19; Deut 32:9; Ps 44:5; Isa 10:21; Isa 17:4; Jer 10:25; Jer 30:7 +; || יִשְׂרָאֵל Num 23:7; Deut 33:10; Isa 14:1; Ps 14:7 + approximately 35 t.; specifically of Northern Israel Amos 7:2; Amos 7:5; Hos 12:13 (+ Hos 10:11; Hos 12:3 probably, see Now), Mic 1:5 (twice in verse); Isa 9:7 of Judah Mic 3:1; Mic 3:8; Obad 1:10; Isa 65:9; Mal 2:12 + al. post-exilic; ׳גְּאוֺן יַע see גָּאוֺן; ׳אֵל יַע Ps 146:5, ׳אֱלוֺהַּ יַע Ps 114:7 ; ׳אֱלֹהֵי יַע 2Sam 23:1; Isa 2:3 = Mic 4:2 + 9 t. Psalms + Ps 24:6 (׳יַע ׳א for ᵑ0 ׳יַע alone), so ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 Ew Ol Hup Bae We Che and others; read ׳יַע ׳א also probably 2Sam 23:2 (for ׳יִשׂ ׳א, || ׳צוּר יִשׂ) ᵑ9 HPS; ׳קְדוֺשׁ יַע Isa 29:23 (|| ׳יִשׂ ׳א); ׳מֶלֶךְ יַע Isa 41:21 (|| יהוה). — On יַעֲקֹב see especially Dr^{'Jacob' in} Hastings^{Dict. Bib. ii. 526 ff}.

jacob, jacobs

yaʿăqōb

heel holder, supplanter

Jaakob, the Israelitish patriarch

son of Isaac, grandson of Abraham, and father of the 12 patriarchs of the tribes of Israel

בַּ בֹּ֗קֶר

בַּ

Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with + "the" (the article is absorbed into the prefix)

בֹּ֗קֶר

Root word morning, morrow, day, early, every

Dictionary form: בֹּקֶר · boh-KER

בַּ

Hidden "the" בַּ = the preposition + the article הַ squeezed together: the "a" vowel under the prefix is the swallowed "the". Translate "in the ___".

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: in the morning

in the morning ×75 the morning ×35 morning ×15 every morning ×9 and in the morning ×7 and the morning ×5 of the morning ×5 it every morning ×3

More options

morning — Most neutral, widely applicable rendering.

dawn — Emphasizes the very start of daylight.

daybreak — Highlights the transitional moment; vivid and literary.

next day — Use when בֹּקֶר marks the following day.

early — Adverbial sense; stress on promptness or earliness.

sunrise — Poetic or vivid contexts; foregrounds the sun's appearance.

BDB1293 H1242

בֹּ֫קֶר₂₁₄ noun masculine^{Exod 10:13} morning (Late Hebrew id.; from split, penetrate, as the dawn the darkness, light through cloud-rifts, etc.) — ׳ב Gen 1:5 + (always absolute); plural בְּקָרִים Job 7:18 + 4 t.; —

1. morning (of point of time, time at which, never during which, English morning = forenoon): —
a. of end of night (opposed to לַיְלָה) Exod 10:13 (J) Lev 6:2 (P) Judg 19:25; Ruth 3:13 (twice in verse); Isa 21:12 compare 1Sam 19:11 (|| מחר, opposed to לילה); opposed to לֵילוֺת Ps 92:3 also (opposed to לוּן) Exod 23:18; Exod 34:25 (both J E) Lev 19:13 (H) Deut 16:4 opposed to צלמות Amos 5:8 compare further Gen 40:6; Gen 41:8 (both E) Exod 12:22; Exod 34:2 (twice in verse) (both J E) 1Sam 3:15 +,
b. implying the coming of dawn, and even daylight Gen 29:25 (E) Gen 44:3 (J) 1Kgs 3:21 (but Klo here for 2nd בַּבֹּקֶר, reads לְבַקֵּר by looking at it see בָּקַר) Job 24:17; Job 38:12 (|| שַׁחַר); ׳לִפְנוֺת הַבּ Exod 14:27 (JE) at the turn of the morning, so Judg 19:26 (|| בַּעֲלוֺת הַשָּׁ֑חַר vJudg 19:25 followed by עַדהָֿאוֺר, as something later, vJudg 19:26); see Ruth 3:14 (|| בטרו֯ם יכיר אישׁ את רעהו before men could recognise each other); compare כּוֺכְבֵי בֹקֶר Job 38:7 stars of morning; but also with אוֺר verb Gen 44:3 (J) הבקר אור; with אור noun, באור הבקר Mic 2:1 & especially עד אור הבקר Judg 16:2 (opposed to לילה) so 1Sam 14:36 also 1Sam 25:22; 1Sam 25:34; 1Sam 25:36; 2Sam 17:22; 2Kgs 7:9 compare 1Sam 29:10 (|| וְאוֺר לָכֶם).
c. of coming of sunrise Judg 9:33; 2Sam 23:4 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 3:22 compare וערב ׳מוֺצָּאֵי ב Ps 65:9 i.e. places of sunrise and sunset (|| קְצוֺת i.e. ends of earth).
d. of beginning of day, וְעַדעַֿתָּה ׳מֵאָז הַבּ Ruth 2:7 (compare vRuth 2:14) see 2Sam 24:15 (but strike out We Dr); time of prayer, & praise Ps 5:4 (twice in verse) (see Hu) Ps 59:17; Ps 88:14; Ps 92:3 || צהרים noon 1Kgs 18:26; Jer 20:16 of three hours of prayer, ערב ובקר וצהרים Ps 55:18 (compare Dan 6:10; Dan 6:13); compare also with עֶרֶב below
e. opposed to עֶרֶב Gen 49:27 (poem in J) Exod 16:7; Exod 16:8; Exod 16:12; Exod 16:13; Lev 6:13; Num 9:21 (all P) Deut 28:67 (twice in verse); 2Sam 11:14; 1Kgs 17:6; Isa 17:14; Zeph 3:3; Ezek 24:18 (twice in verse); Ezek 33:22; Dan 8:26; Ps 30:6; Ps 90:5; Ps 90:6; Eccl 11:6; 1Chr 16:40; 2Chr 2:3; 2Chr 13:11; 2Chr 31:3; opposed to בֵּין הערבים Exod 29:39; Exod 29:41; Num 28:4; Num 28:8 (all P); especially מןהֿבקר עדהֿערב = all day Exod 18:13 & (without article) vExod 18:14 (both E); מבקר לָעֶרֶב Job 4:20 = between morning and evening; also מֵעֶרֶב עַדבֹּֿקֶר = all night, Exod 27:21 (P) Lev 24:3 (H) Num 9:21 & ׳בָּעֶרֶב עַדבּֿ Num 9:15 (both P); note also the formula וַיְהִי ערב ויהי בקר and evening came and then morning Gen 1:5; Gen 1:8; Gen 1:13; Gen 1:19; Gen 1:23; Gen 1:31 (all P), i.e. the day ended with evening, and the night with morning; peculiar is Dan 8:14 of omission of daily sacrifice עַד עֶרֶב בֹּקֶר אַלְפַּיִם וּשְׁלשׁ מֵאוֺת, until 2300 evening-mornings, probably = 2300 half-days (Ew Hi Meinh Bev Dr^{Intr. 464}, compare vDan 8:26 & 3 1/2 times (years) Dan 7:25; Dan 12:11 12:17). feminine often (above & elsewhere) with preposition (+ article except Job 7:18); in the morning, בַּבֹּקֶר Gen 19:27 + 110 t., compare also ׳בִּהְיֹת הַבּ Exod 19:16 in (or at) the morning, ׳לַבּ Amos 4:4 + 7 t.; for (against or by) the morning, ׳לַבּ Exod 34:2 compare Ps 130:6 (compare Che^{critical note}); nearly = until (עַדֿ) Exod 34:25; Deut 16:4; Zeph 3:3 further ׳בַּבּ ׳בַּבּ morning by morning, every morning Exod 16:21; Exod 30:7; Exod 36:3; Lev 6:5 (all P) 2Sam 13:4; 1Chr 23:30; 2Chr 13:11; Isa 28:19; Isa 50:4; Ezek 46:13; Ezek 46:14; Ezek 46:15; Zeph 3:5 also ׳לַבּ ׳לַבּ, same sense, 1Chr 9:27 plural לַבְּקָרִים every morning afresh Ps 73:14; Isa 33:2 compare Lam 3:23 almost = continually Ps 101:8 (compare Jer 21:12); see לִבְקָרִים Job 7:18 (|| לִרְגָעִים every moment); also without preposition or article in the morning Hos 7:6 compare Ps 5:4 (twice in verse); Ps 55:18,
d. above, & below

2. g. figurative of bright joy after night of distress (poetry) Job 11:17 compare Ps 30:6; Ps 46:6 (׳לִפְנוֺת בּ) Ps 49:15; Ps 59:17; Ps 90:14; Ps 143:8.
h. in phrases, ׳הִשְׁכִּים בַּבּ (וַיַּשְׁכֵּם etc.) he rose early in the morning Gen 19:27; Gen 20:8; Gen 21:14; Gen 22:3; Gen 26:31; Gen 28:18; Gen 32:1; Exod 8:16; Exod 9:13; Exod 24:4; Exod 34:4; Num 14:40; Josh 3:1; Josh 6:12; Josh 7:16; Josh 8:10 (all J E) Judg 6:28; Judg 19:5; Judg 19:8; 1Sam 1:19; 1Sam 5:4 compare 1Sam 15:12; 1Sam 17:20; 1Sam 29:10 (twice in verse) compare v1Sam 29:11, 2Kgs 3:22; 2Kgs 19:35 = Isa 37:36; 2Chr 20:20; Job 1:5; Prov 27:14; Isa 5:11 (ויקומו etc.) ויקם ׳בַּבּ Gen 24:54; Num 22:13; Num 22:21 (all J E) Judg 19:27; Judg 20:19; 2Sam 24:11; 1Kgs 3:21 ׳אַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבּ morning watch Exod 14:24; 1Sam 11:11.

2. morrow, next day (compare German Morgen, morgen) without article Exod 16:19; Exod 16:20; Lev 7:15; Lev 22:30 (opposed to הַיּוֺם הַהוּא) Num 16:5 (|| מָחָר vNum 16:7 vNum 16:16) compare Exod 12:10 (twice in verse); Num 9:12 with article Exod 16:23; Exod 16:24; Exod 29:34 ׳לַבּ Exod 34:25; Num 22:41; Zeph 3:3 ׳בַּבּ 1Sam 9:19 (opposed to הַיּוֺם to-day) compare 1Sam 20:35 to-morrow morning ׳הַבּ Judg 6:31 (Stu); ׳בַּבּ Exod 7:15; Josh 7:14; Esth 5:14 definitely מִמָּֽחֳרָת ׳בַּבּ 1Sam 5:4 ׳מֵהַבּ 2Sam 2:27 adverb. use in this sense (without preposition or article) Exod 16:7; Num 16:5.

morning, morrow, day, early, every

bōqer

properly, dawn (as the break of day); generally, morning

morning, break of day

morning

of end of night

וַ יִּקַּ֤ח

וַ

Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)

יִּקַּ֤ח

Root word took, take, taken, away, receive, …

Dictionary form: לָקַח · law-KA

וַ

Vav-consecutive (wayyiqtol) The וַ prefix — vav with patach plus a doubling dagesh in the next letter — flips this verb into story-telling past: translate "and (he) ___ed", not "will ___".

Verb — Qal, Sequential Imperfect (Wayyiqtol), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" story-telling past — try "and he ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: and took

took ×130 take ×108 and took ×72 and take ×34 and he took ×32 shall take ×25 and they took ×21 and thou shalt take ×19

More options

take — Most versatile; fits nearly any context.

receive — Prefer when subject is a passive recipient.

fetch — Use when retrieval or going-to-get is implied.

seize — Forceful or sudden acquisition; strong register.

acquire — Suits commercial or legal contexts (buying, marriage).

bring — When focus is on conveying something to a destination.

BDB4450 H3947

לָקַח verb take (Late Hebrew id., especially buy, and (Niph`al) be taken in marriage; MI^{17; 20} Imperfect ואקח; Phoenician לקח; Assyrian li‡û, la‡û Dl^{HWB 384}; Arabic conceive (of female), IV. impregnate; Ethiopic receive; Zinjirli לקח DHM^{Sendsch. 59}; Aramaic also Inscription of Carpentras³ (Imperative קחי); compare Cook^Gloss Aramaic Inscr); —

Qal Perfect ׳ל Gen 2:22 +, לָקָח֑ Gen 27:36 + (קָח Ezek 17:5 is textual error; omitted by ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Co, compare Ges^{«GKC:19»§ 19}, 3. a); suffix לְקָחַנִי Gen 24:7, לְקָחָם Jer 27:20 (for קָחָם Hos 11:3 read probably אֶקָּחֵם ᵐ5 ᵑ7 Ew St Sta^{§ 384, 4} Now Che Or We); 2 masculine singular לָקַחְתָּ Gen 20:3 +, etc.; Imperfect יִקַּח Exod 21:10 +, וַיִּקַּח (Num 16:1 read וַיָּקָם Bö We Di Dr^{2Sam 18:18}; 1Sam 30:20 read וַיִּקְחוּ We Dr Kit Bu); suffix יִקָּחֵנִי 2Sam 22:27 +; יִקָּחֲךָ Job 15:12 3 feminine singular תִּקַּח Gen 38:23 +; 1 singular אֶקַּח Gen 14:23 +, וָאֶקְחָה Zech 11:13 1 plural נִקַּח Gen 34:6 +, נִקְחָה 1Sam 4:3 +; וַנִּקַּח Deut 3:8; Deut 29:7 Imperative לְקַח Exod 29:1; Prov 20:16 + Ezek 37:16 (Co וְלָקַחְתָּ֫, after ᵐ5); feminine singular לִקְחִי 1Kgs 17:11 usually קַח Gen 6:21 +, קְחָה Gen 15:9, suffix 3 masculine singular, קָחֶנּוּ 1Sam 16:11 + 2 t.; suffix 3 feminine singular קָחֶנָּה Jer 36:14 suffix 3 masculine plural קָחֶםנָֿא Gen 48:9 (compare Kö^{i. 330} Ges^{«GKC:61»§ 61}, 2); feminine singular קְחִי Isa 23:16 +3 t.; masculine plural קְחוּ Gen 42:33 +, suffix 3 masculine singular קָחֻהוּ 1Kgs 20:33 Infinitive absolute לָקוֺחַ Jer 32:14 + 2 t., לָקֹחַ Deut 31:26 construct קַחַת Jer 5:3 +; קְחַתֿ 2Kgs 12:9 (Kö^{i. 318}); usually with preposition לָקַ֫חַת Gen 4:11 +, מִקַּ֫חַת 1Kgs 22:3 +, etc.; suffix קַחְתִּי Ezek 24:25, קַחְתֵּךְ Gen 30:15 +, etc.; Participle active לֹקֵחַ Gen 27:46 +, etc.; passive plural לְקֻחִים Prov 24:11 —

1. take, take in the hand, followed by accusative of thing, Exod 7:15 (J), Exod 17:5 (E), Num 25:7 (P), 2Kgs 4:29 (all with בְּיַד) 2Sam 18:14 (with בְּכַף), compare Gen 8:9 (J), Exod 4:17; Exod 12:22 (JE), Deut 15:17 + often; Gen 40:11 (E; of plucking grapes. 2Sam 4:6 read סֹקְלָהfor לֹקְחֵי, see חִטָּה, p. 334 above, and סקל). This easily passes into

2. take and carry along with oneself, כֶּסֶף קְחוּ בְיֶדְכֶם Gen 43:12 (J), Josh 9:11 (JE), 1Kgs 14:3; 2Kgs 5:5; 2Kgs 8:8; 2Kgs 8:9; 2Kgs 9:1 all Prov 7:20 (all with בְּיַד); Gen 43:15; Josh 9:4 (both J E), +.

3. a. take from, or out of, followed by active of thing or person, + מִן local: Gen 2:22 (rib from man), Gen 3:22 (man from ground; both J); Deut 19:12; 1Sam 17:49; 1Kgs 17:19 +; וַיִּקַּ ח אֶתהַֿחֶרֶב מֵעַל יֶרֶךְ יִמִינוֺ Judg 3:21 (i.e. drew it); with ב instrumental בְּמֶלְקָחַיִם מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ ׳ל Isa 6:6 followed by מִן partitive 2Sam 12:4.
b. take, carry away: Ezek 3:14 sprit lifited me up and carried me away; figurativeof passion carrying one away Job 15:12.
c. take away from, so as to deprive of, followed by accusative Gen 42:36 (E); followed by accusative+ מִן, Gen 44:29 (מֵעִם; J), 1Kgs 11:34; Ps 51:13 לֹקֵחַ אֶתֿ ׳י אֲדֹנֶיךָ מֵעַל ראֹשֶׁ֑ךָ 2Kgs 2:3 ׳י is about to take away thy lord from over thy head, so v2Kgs 2:5 compare absolute אֵינֶנּוּ אֹתוֺ אלהים ׳כִּילֿ Gen 5:24 (P); more often without מִן, Gen 27:36 (twice in verse); Gen 30:15 (twice in verse); Gen 31:1 (all J), Judg 11:13; Judg 11:15; Judg 15:6; Judg 18:24; 1Sam 12:3 (twice in verse); 2Sam 12:4; 1Kgs 11:34; Job 12:20 absolute Job 1:21 אֶתֶּןלְֿךָ מֶלֶךְ בְּאַפִּי וְאֶקַּח בְּעֶבְרָתִי Hos 13:11 of the sword, taking away its victims Ezek 33:4; Ezek 33:6 figurative of taking away understanding Hos 4:11.
d. especially take away life 1Kgs 19:10; 1Kgs 19:14; Ps 31:14; Prov 1:19; Jonah 4:3.

4. take to or for a person:
a. for oneself, followed by accusative + לְ, = appropriate to oneself Deut 7:25; Num 8:16 (P), Deut 22:7; 2Kgs 12:6 with לְ as dativus commodi [dative of benefit], Zech 11:7 אֶתשְֿׁנֵי יְלָדַי לוֺ לַעֲבָדִים ׳ל 2Kgs 4:1 to take my two sons for himself for slaves; so (without לְ reflexive), תִּקָּחֶנּוּ לְעֶבֶד עוֺלָם Job 40:28 wilt thou take him as slave for ever?
b. = procure, get, followed by accusative + לְ, קְחוּ לָכֶם תֶּבֶןExod 5:11 (J) get you straw; לֹקֵחַ לוֺ קָלוֺן Prov 9:7 getteth to himself shame; so often, especially קַח לְךָ, etc., Gen 6:21; Gen 12:19; Gen 16:21; Gen 45:19 +; without לְ, Neh 5:2 let us procure corn, and eat and live; of acquiring a field Prov 31:16.
c. take possession of, followed by accusative, of land Deut 29:7; Josh 11:16; Josh 11:23 (all D), 2Chr 16:5 compare פְּקֻדָּתוֺ יִקַּח אַחֵר Ps 109:8 his office let another take; figurative הַלַּיְלָה הַהוּא יִקָּחֵהוּ אֹפֶל Job 3:6 that night — let darkness take possession of it!
d. = select, choose, ׳י ׳וְאֶתְכֶם לDeut 4:20, compare vDeut 4:34 ( + לוֺ), 1Kgs 11:37 of men Deut 1:15; Josh 3:12 (J E; + לָכֶם); + מִן Deut 1:23; Josh 4:2 (JE).
e. especially take in marriage: (I) for another, especially a son, with לְ, וְלָקַחְתָּ֫ אִשָּׁה לִבְנִי, Gen 24:4 and thou shalt take a wifefor my son, so vGen 24:7 vGen 24:38 vGen 24:40 vGen 24:48 (all J), Gen 21:21 (E), Jer 29:6b; (2) more often for oneself, usually with לְ reflexive (sometimes + לְאִשָּׁה), Gen 4:19; Gen 6:2; Gen 11:29; Gen 12:19 (all J), + often; without לְ Gen 20:2; Gen 20:3 (E), etc. feminine = receive, accept, especially a bribe, gift, ransom, etc., 1Sam 8:3; 1Sam 12:4 (both followed by מִן), Amos 5:12; 2Kgs 5:15; 2Kgs 5:16; 2Kgs 5:20; 2Kgs 5:23; 2Kgs 5:26 (twice in verse); Ps 15:5 interest-money Ezek 18:13; Ezek 18:17; Ezek 22:12 inheritance Josh 13:8; Josh 18:7(both D), Num 34:14 (twice in verse); Num 34:15 (P); of earth, receiving Abel's blood Gen 4:11(J); chastisement Isa 40:2 of perceiving a sound, Job 4:11 mine ear received a whisper of it; receive mentally: וְלָקַח בְּעָלָיו Exod 22:10 (E) i.e. shall accept the oath as satisfactory; בָּרֵךְ לָקַחְתִּי Num 23:20 (JE), i.e. I have received (commandment by revelation) to bless; receive instruction Prov 24:32; Jer 2:30 +; entanglements of temptation Prov 22:25.
g. take, as preliminary to further action: Gen 31:34(E), she took them and put them; Judg 3:25 take key and open; Josh 2:4 she took the two men and hid them; 1Kgs 18:4 Obadiah took 100 prophets and hid them; 1Kgs 19:21 Elisha took the yoke of oxen and slew them, compare 2Sam 17:19; 2Sam 18:18 sometimes wholly redundant, קְחוּ וַעֲשׂוּ עֲגָלָה חֲדָשָׁה 1Sam 6:7 take and prepare a new cart, etc.; somewhat different is הַלֹּקְחִים לְשׁוֺנָם וַיִּנְאֲמוּ נְאֻם Jer 23:31, i.e. they take (= make use of) their own tongues, and talk oracles.

5. take up, upon =put upon, followed by ׃עַל וַתִּקַּת תָּמָר אֵפֶר עַלרֿאֹשָׁהּ 2Sam 13:19 and Tamar put ashes upon her head; וַיִּקָּחֶהָ עַלהַֿחֲמוֺר Judg 19:28 compare יִפְרשֹׁ כְּנָפָיו יִקָּחֵהוּ Deut 32:11 he spreadeth his wings, he taketh him up.

6. = fetch: קְחִינָֿא לִי מְעַטמַֿיִם 1Kgs 17:10 fetch me, pray, a little water, compare v1Kgs 17:11 v1Kgs 17:11, 2Kgs 2:20; 2Kgs 4:41 וְקַחלִֿי מִשָּׁם שְׁנֵי גְּדָיֵי עִוִּים Gen 27:9 and fetch me thence two kids, compare vGen 27:13 (J); + בְּיָדִי 1Sam 21:9 an offering Lev 12:8 (P; || הֵבִיא vLev 12:6); with human object often nearly = summon, לָקֹב אֹיְבַי לְקַחְתִּיךָ Num 33:11 (JE) to curse mine enemies did I summon thee, Judg 11:5; 1Sam 16:11 שְׁלַח וְקַח אֹתוֺ אֵלַי 1Sam 20:31 send and bring him unto me; 2Kgs 3:15; 2Kgs 6:13 +; of ׳י, summoning his people from exile, מִשָּׁם יְקָּחֶ֑ךָ Deut 30:4.

7. take=lead, conduct (with or without contact): וַיִּקַּח אֶתשְֿׁנֵי בָנָיו עִמּוֺ Gen 48:1 גַּם בְּקַרְכֶם קְחוּ Exod 12:32 (both E); וְאֶתעַֿמּוֺ לָקַח עִמּוֺ Exod 14:6 (J) and his people he took with him; compare vExod 14:7 (J), Josh 8:1 (JE), Judg 4:6 אֶקָּֽחֲךָ אֶלמָֿקוֺם אַחֵר Num 23:27 I will take thee unto another place, compare vNum 23:14 vNum 23:28 (all J E); ׳י subject, וָאֶקַּח אֶתאֲֿבִיכֶם Josh 24:3 (E) and I took your father Abraham from beyond the river; לַמָּוֶת הַצֵּל לְקֻחִים rescue those led to death.

8. take = capture, seize: לָקַחְתִּי בְחָזְקָה 1Sam 2:16 I will take by force, that is, flesh; of spoils, ׳בֶּצַע כֶּסֶף לֹא ל Judg 5:19 gain of silver they took not; of capture of ark 1Sam 5:1 bronze 2Sam 8:3, etc.; territory Gen 48:22 (E), Deut 3:14 cities Num 21:25 (JE),.Deut 3:14; Josh 11:19 (D), 1Sam 7:14; 2Sam 8:1 of capture of hippopotamus Job 40:24 of seductions of woman, וְאַלתִּֿקָּֽחֲךָ בְּעַפְעַפֶּיהָ Prov 6:25 and let her not capture thee with her eyelids.

9. take = carry off:
a. as booty Gen 14:11; 1Sam 27:9; 1Sam 30:16; 1Sam 30:18; 1Sam 30:19; 1Sam 30:20; 1Kgs 14:26 (twice in verse).
b. as prisoners Gen 14:12; 2Kgs 18:32 = Isa 36:17; 2Kgs 23:34 = 2Chr 36:4.

10. inphrase take vengeance: וְנִקְחָה נִקְמָתֵנוּ מִמֶּנּוּ Jer 20:10 and we will take our vengeance upon him; absolute נָקָם אֶקַּח Isa 47:3 vengeance will I take.Niph`al Perfect נִלְקַח 1Sam 4:22 נִלְקָ֑ח 1Sam 4:11; Ezek 33:6 3 feminine singular נִלְקָ֑חָה 1Sam 4:17 Imperfect 3 feminine singular וַתִּלָּקַח Esth 2:8; Esth 2:16 1 singular אֶלָּקַח 2Kgs 2:9 Infinitive construct הִלָּקַח 1Sam 4:19; 1Sam 4:21, suffix הִלָּֽקְחוֺ 1Sam 21:7 —

1. be captured, of ark 1Sam 4:11; 1Sam 4:17; 1Sam 4:19; 1Sam 4:21; 1Sam 4:22.

2. be taken away, removed, of shewbread 1Sam 21:7 of removal by death Ezek 33:6 of translation of Elijah 2Kgs 2:9 (with מֵעִם person)

3. be taken, brought unto (אֶלֿ), only Esth 2:8; Esth 2:16. Pu`al Perfect לֻקַּח Gen 3:23 +, 3 feminine singular לְֻקָֿחָהֿ Gen 2:23, 2 masculine singular לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ Gen 3:19, etc.; —

1. be taken from, out of ( מִן of source) Gen 2:23; Gen 3:19; Gen 3:23 (all J); compare וְלֻקַּח מֵהֶם קְלָלָה Jer 29:22 and there shall be taken from them ( derived from their case) a curse-formula.

2. = be stolen from, Judg 17:2 ( ל person)

3. be taken captive, Jer 48:46, compare Isa 52:5.

4. be taken away, removed ( = Niph`al 2 ), of Elijah's translation 2Kgs 2:10 (with מֵאֵת person), of death Isa 53:8 (with מִן, probably instrumental) Hoph`al Imperfect יֻקַּח Gen 18:4 +, etc.; —

1. be taken, brought unto Gen 12:15 (J; followed by בֵּית to the house of), Gen 18:4 (absolute)

2. be taken out of Job 28:2 (מִן of source ), from, of Ezek 15:3 (מִן partitive)

3. be taken away from Isa 49:24 (מִן person); absolute vIsa 49:25. Hithpa`el Participle feminine singular אֵשׁ מִתְלַקַּ֫חַת literally fire taking hold of itself, of lightning Exod 9:24 (JE), Ezek 1:4, exact significance dubious; in close succession, incessant Di Sm, infolding itself, i.e. a mass of fire, Thes Rob-Ges A VB SS, > of quivering flashes Buhl, of forked or zigzag lightning Da.

took, take, taken, away, receive, …

lāqaḥ

to take (in the widest variety of applications)

to take, get, fetch, lay hold of, seize, receive, acquire, buy, bring, marry, take a wife, snatch, take away

(Qal)

to take, take in the hand

to be captured

to be taken from or out of

to be taken unto, be brought unto

to take hold of oneself

אֶת

Particle points to the object of the verb — leave untranslated

Dictionary form: אֵת · ate

Particle — Direct Object Marker

and ×240 of ×109 him ×107 them ×73 with ×72 from ×64 you ×61 me ×54

More options

[direct object marker — untranslated] — Most common use; marks definite direct object, no English equivalent.

with — Use when אֵת expresses accompaniment or association.

from — Use when context implies source or separation.

along with — Emphasizes inclusion or togetherness in a list.

together with — Slightly more formal; stresses joint participation.

among — Use when indicating presence within a group.

BDB853 H853

I. אֵת, with makk. אֶתֿ, with suffix אֹתִי; אֹתְךָ, אֹתְכָה Num 22:33, אֹתָ֑ךְ, אֹתָ֑כָה Exod 29:35, feminine אֹתָךְ; אֹתוֺ etc.; 2 plural אֶתְכֶם, once אוֺתְכֶם Josh 23:15 3 masculine plural regularly אֹתָם, rarely אֶתְהֶם Gen 32:1; Exod 18:20; Num 21:3; Ezek 34:12; 1Chr 6:50, once אוֺתְהֶם Ezek 23:45 3 feminine plural, on the contrary, regularly אֶתְהֶן (13 t.), once אֹתָן Ezek 16:54 (also אוֺתְהֶן Ezek 23:47, אֹתָ֖נָה Exod 35:26, אוֺתָ֖נָה Ezek 34:21); forms with cholem also often written plene: — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite id., Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd^{p. 213 f.}); Aramaic יָת frequently in ᵑ7; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. per se, reapse, sibi ipsi, PS^{1640 f.}, Samaritan ; Arabic , only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W^{AG i. § 189.} [Ethiopic uses k£y¹ similarly, Di^{§ 150 a}; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been 'iwyath, originally a substantive with following genitive, Ol^{p. 432}; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוֺת sign from √ אוה is uncertain: Ol W^{AG i. § 188} Lag^{M i. 226 affirm}, Nö^{ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is} אוֺת; the forms with ¢, e being abbreviated. In post Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוֺתוֺ הַיּוֺם = Bibl. בַּיּוֺם הַהוּא, בְּאוֺתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוֺתוֺ הָאִישׁ = Bibl. הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כֹּל), or by a genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names:
a. with transitive verbs, Gen 1:1; Gen 1:16; Gen 1:29; Gen 1:30; Gen 2:11; Gen 4:1; Gen 4:2; Gen 9:3 (אֶתֿכֹּל׃) etc. Similarly אֶתמִֿי whom (in particular), Josh 24:15; 1Sam 12:3; 1Sam 28:11; Isa 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶתמָֿה); also with זֶה Gen 29:33; Gen 44:29; 1Sam 21:16; 1Kgs 22:27 +, זֹאת Gen 29:27; 2Sam 13:27 +, אֵלֶּה Gen 46:18; Lev 11:18; Isa 49:21 +. So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry את is commonly dispensed with. By the use of את with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Gen 7:1; Gen 24:14; Gen 37:4; Lev 10:17; Lev 11:33; Num 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deut 4:14; Deut 6:13; Deut 6:23; Deut 13:5; Judg 14:3 אוֺתָהּ קַח לִי take for me her, 1Sam 14:35; 1Sam 15:1; 1Sam 18:17; 1Sam 21:10 אִםאֹֿתָהּ תִּקַּחלְֿךָ קָ֔ח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1Kgs 1:35; 1Kgs 14:9; Isa 43:22; Isa 57:11; Jer 9:2. So הַאוֺתִי Jer 5:22; Jer 7:19. It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jer 7:19; Ezek 34:2. Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew^{§ 277 d 2} Ges^{«GKC:117»§ 117}, 1, R. 2), as Exod 21:28; Num 21:9; Lev 20:14; 1Sam 24:6 (but see Dr) 2Sam 4:11; 2Sam 18:18; 2Sam 23:21 or which, though definite, is without the article, Gen 21:30; 2Sam 15:16; Lev 26:5; 1Sam 9:3 (so Num 16:15) Isa 33:19; Isa 41:7; Ezek 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.)
b. with a passive verb (Ges^{«GKC:121»§ 121}. 1 Ew^{§ 295 b}) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Gen 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֺךְ אֶתעֿירָד, Gen 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֺד אֶתשִֿׁמְךָ אַברָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Gen 21:5 (E), Gen 27:42; 2Sam 21:11; 1Kgs 18:13; Hos 10:6 etc., to Jer 35:18; Jer 38:4; Jer 50:20; Ezek 16:4; Ezek 16:5; Esth 2:13 (compare Dr^{JPh xi. 227 f.}): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew^{§ 281 b}), as Exod 1:7 +.
c. with neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατὰ σύνεσιν (rare), Josh 22:17; 2Sam 11:25; Neh 9:32 (compare 1Sam 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Hag 2:17 אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֵלַיָֽ.
d. poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force, Hab 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isa 13:19; Jer 50:40 מַהְפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W^{AG i. § 196, 43}]; and Num 10:2; Ezek 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׂאוֺת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew^{§ 239 a}).

2. את marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb:
a. with verbs of motion (very rare) Num 13:17; Deut 1:19; Deut 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judg 19:18; Ezek 21:25 (Ew^{§ 281 d, n., 282 a 1}).
b. denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exod 13:7; Lev 25:22; Deut 9:25.
c. expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Gen 17:11; Gen 17:14; 1Kgs 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατὰ σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition Thus (α) Exod 1:14; Num 3:26; Num 3:46; Num 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezek 35:10) Num 18:21b Deut 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deut 14:13; Josh 17:11; Judg 20:44; Judg 20:46 (contr. vJudg 20:25 vJudg 20:35) 1Sam 17:34 (see Dr) 1Sam 26:16; 2Sam 21:22; 2Kgs 6:5; Isa 53:8 (probably), Isa 57:12; Jer 23:33 (but read rather with ᵐ5 ᵑ9 אַתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jer 27:8; Jer 36:22; Jer 38:16 Kt, Jer 45:4 b Ezek 16:22; Ezek 17:21; Ezek 20:16; Ezek 29:4 b Ezek 43:7 (ᵐ5 Co prefix הֲרָאִיתָ) Ezek 44:3; Zech 8:17; Eccl 4:3; Dan 9:13; Neh 9:19; Neh 9:34; 1Chr 2:9; 2Chr 31:17. In 1Sam 30:23; Hag 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood. (β) Jer 38:9; Ezek 14:22 b Ezek 37:19 b Zech 12:10 סָבִיב אֵת 1Kgs 6:5; Ezek 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings ᵐ5 omits the clause: so Sta^{ZAW 1883, 135}). — In 1Kgs 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); v1Kgs 11:25 is corrupt (read with ᵐ5 זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדָד); Ezek 47:17; Ezek 47:18; Ezek 47:19 read similarly for ואת, זֹאת: see vEzek 47:20. — For some particulars as to the use of את, see A. M. Wilson^{Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff.} (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, את with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie^{ZAW 1881, 258 f.}), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

BDB9600 H853 H3487

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli^{Had. 28} with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתה (Lzb²⁶³ Cooke¹⁷⁰; compare RÉS⁴⁶⁸); ᵑ7 Samaritan יָת; Syriac (rare)); — Dan 3:12 דִּי מַנִּיתָ יָָֽתְהוֺן whom thou hast appointed.

with, from, of, and, by, …

ʾēt

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

הָ אֶ֙בֶן֙

הָ

Prefix — article the

אֶ֙בֶן֙

Root word stones, stone, weights, weight, stony, …

Dictionary form: אֶבֶן · eh-BEN

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: the stone

stones ×65 stone ×30 the stones ×18 of stone ×16 a stone ×14 of stones ×12 the stone ×11 and stone ×9

More options

stone — Most versatile; works for material, object, or single unit.

rock — Prefer for large, immovable, or naturally occurring stones.

boulder — Use when size or mass is emphasized in context.

weight — Use when context is commerce or measurement (scales).

gemstone — Use when context is precious or decorative stones.

slingstone — Use specifically in battle or weapon-related contexts.

BDB58 H68 H72

אֶ֫בֶן₂₇₄ noun feminine^{Gen 29:2} (masculine^{1Sam 17:40} ?) stone (Assyrian abnu, = the sharp, projecting ? see Dl^{W, Pr 107}; Phoenician אבן; Aramaic אֶבֶן, ; Ethiopic Sabean [ ם]אבנ DHM^{ZMG 1883, 341}) — ׳א absolute Gen 28:22 +; אָ֑בֶן Gen 11:3 +; construct Gen 49:24 +; suffix אַבְנוֺ 2Kgs 3:25 אֲבָנִים Gen 31:46 +, etc.; — a stone (large or small).

1. in natural state, used as pillow Gen 28:11; Gen 28:18 (E); seat Exod 17:12 (E); cover of well Gen 29:2; Gen 29:3 (twice in verse); Gen 29:8; Gen 29:10 (J); causing one to stumble Isa 8:14 marring good ground 2Kgs 3:19; 2Kgs 3:25 hand-missle Exod 21:18 (JE) Num 35:17; Num 35:23 (P) 2Sam 16:6; 2Sam 16:13, especially in judicial stoning, with verb רָגַם Lev 20:2; Lev 20:27; Lev 24:23; Num 14:10; Num 15:35; Num 15:36; Josh 7:25 a (all P), so also Deut 21:21; 2Chr 24:21; Ezek 16:40; Ezek 23:47 compare 1Kgs 12:18 = 2Chr 10:18 with verb סָקַל Deut 13:11; Deut 17:5; Deut 22:21; Deut 22:24; Deut 1:13 also Josh 7:25b (J E or D); sling-stones Judg 20:16; 1Sam 17:40; 1Sam 17:49 (twice in verse); 1Sam 17:50; 2Chr 26:14 hurled by engines 2Chr 26:15 set up for inscribing law Deut 27:2; Deut 27:4; Deut 27:8; Josh 8:32 (all D); as memorial Josh 4:3; Josh 4:5; Josh 4:6; Josh 4:7; Josh 4:8; Josh 4:9; Josh 4:20; Josh 4:21 (J E D) 1Sam 7:12 as sacred pillar (מַצֵּבָה) Gen 28:18; Gen 35:14 (anointed with oil), Gen 28:22 (= בֵּיתאֵל) compare ׳(רֹעֶה) א יִשְׂרָאֵל Gen 49:24 (see Di); as witness Gen 31:45 compare Josh 24:26; Josh 24:27 (all J E); plural gathered into heap (גַּל) over dead, Josh 7:26 (see Di) Josh 8:29 compare Josh 10:18; Josh 10:27 (JE) 2Sam 18:17 גַּל on which meal was eaten, in a compact Gen 31:46 (twice in verse) (JE); built into altar Exod 20:25; Deut 27:5; Deut 27:6 (J E D) Josh 8:31; 1Kgs 18:31; 1Kgs 18:32; 1Kgs 18:38 compare 2Kgs 23:15 ᵐ5 Klo (for הבמה); of figured stone (forbidden) מַשְׂכִּית ׳א Lev 26:1 (H) ;גדולה ׳א where ark rested 1Sam 6:14; 1Sam 6:15 also v1Sam 6:18 (ᵑ0 אבל q. v.); (see for other note-worthy stones

9. below

2. stone, as material, of tablets Exod 24:12; Exod 31:18; Exod 34:1 (plural) vExod 34:4 vExod 34:4 (JE) Deut 4:13; Deut 5:19; Deut 9:9; Deut 9:10; Deut 9:11; Deut 10:1; Deut 10:3 of vessels, hence probably Exod 7:19 (P; ׳א = vessels of stone || עצים) see Di; idols (|| עץ) Deut 4:28; Deut 28:36; Deut 28:64; Deut 29:16; 2Kgs 19:18 = Isa 37:19 also Jer 3:9; Ezek 20:32 pavement 2Kgs 16:17 edifice 1Kgs 6:7 compare Gen 11:3 also 2Sam 5:11; 2Kgs 12:13; 1Chr 22:15 often plural of (worked) stones Lev 14:40; Lev 14:42 (twice in verse); Lev 14:43; Lev 14:45 (P; in wall of house) 2Kgs 22:6 +, compare of city-wall Neh 3:35 of (ruined) city 1Kgs 15:22; Neh 3:34 tomb Isa 14:19 אֲבָנִים יְקָרוֺת (costly building-stones) 1Kgs 5:31; 1Kgs 7:9; 1Kgs 7:10; 1Kgs 7:11 (see also below 3); אַבְנֵיֿ שַׁיִשׁ = marble (see ᵐ5) 1Chr 29:2 אַבְנֵי גָזִית = hewn stones 1Kgs 5:31; 1Chr 22:2; Ezek 40:42 (for altar-tables), — compare גָּזִית; מַחְצֵב ׳א 2Kgs 12:13; 2Kgs 22:6; 2Kgs 2:11 foundation-stone, corner-stone Isa 28:16; Jer 51:26; Job 38:6; Ps 118:22 cap-stone, completing the building, הָרִאשֹׁנָה ׳הָא Zech 4:7 (but see רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה Ps 118:22 as above), Zech 3:9 upon one stone seven eyes, probably refers to this cap- or head-stone; the eyes are symbol of God's watchfulness; perhaps explaining cup-stones found in Orient, see Guthe^{ZPV 1890, 129}; stone-cutters ׳חָרָשֵׁי א 2Sam 5:11; 1Chr 22:15 ׳חֹצְבֵי הָא 2Kgs 12:13 compare 1Chr 22:2.

3. precious stones, generally with modifying word יְקָרָה ׳א collective 2Sam 12:30; 1Kgs 10:2 + often (see 2); הַשֹּׁהַם ׳א Gen 2:12 (J) compare Exod 25:7; Exod 28:9; Exod 35:9; Exod 35:27; Exod 39:6 (P) 1Chr 29:2 מִלֻּאִים ׳א Exod 25:7; Exod 35:9; Exod 35:27 compare 1Chr 29:2 סַפִּיר ׳א Ezek 1:26; Ezek 10:1 אַבְנֵי אֶקְדָּח Isa 54:12 חֵפֶץ ׳א ib.; אַבְנֵי פוּח וְרִקְמָה 1Chr 29:2 חֵן ׳א Prov 17:8 on אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ (stones of fire) Ezek 28:14; Ezek 28:16 as precious stones = Assyrian aban išâti (?) see Dl^{Pa 118 & W 40}; but Sm and others thunderbolts; also without distinctive modifier Exod 25:7; Exod 35:9 ׳חָרַשׁ א engraver in stone Exod 28:11 compare Exod 31:5; Exod 35:33 (P).

4. stones containing metal, = ore, Deut 8:9 (see Di) Job 28:2 compare vJob 28:3.

5. a weight, originally stone (see Prov 27:3 compare English weight stone = 14 lb) אַבְנֵיכִֿיס Prov 16:11 (compare Assyrian Dl^{W 38}); הַמֶּלֶח ׳א 2Sam 14:26 (i.e. accusative to royal standard; compare COT^{Gen 23:16}); ׳וָא ׳א Deut 25:13; Prov 20:10; Prov 20:23 (i.e. different weights, for dishonest use); כִּיס אַבְנֵי מִרְמָה Mic 6:11 just weights אַבְנֵיצֶֿדֶק Lev 19:36 שְׁלֵמָה ׳א Prov 11:1 hence also heavy mass of metal (lead) Zech 5:8.

6. plummet Isa 34:11 (stones of devastation, or emptiness, compare on sense 2Kgs 21:13; Amos 7:7; Amos 7:8); also made of metal הַבְּדִּיל ׳הא Zech 4:10 (conversely plummet from plumbum).

7. objects like stones; particle hail, explicitly, אַבְנֵי הַבָּרָד Josh 10:11 compare Isa 30:30 אֶלְגָּבִישׁ ׳א Ezek 13:11; Ezek 13:18; Ezek 38:22 but also אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֺת Josh 10:11 (E) (compare Assyrian Dl^{W 38}); lime-stones אַבְנֵיגִֿר Isa 27:9.

8. in simile (mostly poetry) of sinking in water Exod 15:5 = Neh 9:11 motionlessness Exod 15:16 strength Job 6:12 firmness Job 41:16 solidity (of ice) Job 38:30 in prose, of commonness 1Kgs 10:27; 2Chr 1:15 also metaphor of one in fear 1Sam 25:37 (i.e. petrified with terror, compare Exod 15:16 above); ׳לֵב הָא = perverse, hard heart Ezek 11:19; Ezek 36:26 אַבְנֵינֵֿזֶר Zech 9:16 (of ransomed Israel) — ׳א personified Hab 2:11 compare vHab 2:19 compare Ezek 13:11 (see 7 above)

9. In topographic terms (nearly = proper name); אֶבֶן בֹּהַן Josh 15:6; Josh 18:17 הָעֶזֶר ׳א 1Sam 5:1 compare 1Sam 7:12, also 1Sam 4:1 (We Dr); ׳הָא הָאָ֑זֶל 1Sam 20:19, read הָאַרְגָּב הַלָּאז see ᵐ5 here & v1Sam 20:41 (We Dr Klo); הַזֹּחֶלֶת ׳א 1Kgs 1:9 (where We^{Skizzen III, 171} compare Arabic Zuhal = Saturn).

BDB7736 H68 H5045

אַרְגָּב noun masculine heap, mound (probably); — so read 1Sam 20:19 (for אבן), v1Sam 20:41 (for ננב), ᵐ5 (αρ σαβ, ερσαβ), Th We Klo Dr Kit Bu HPS.

BDB9268 H68 H69

אֶ֫בֶן noun feminine^{Dan 2:34} stone (Biblical Hebrew id.); — absolute׳א Dan 2:34 +; emphatic אַבְנָא vDan 2:35 —

1. a (the) stone Dan 2:34; Dan 2:35; Dan 2:45; Dan 6:18.

2. stone, material of idols Dan 5:4; Dan 5:23 of buildings Ezra 5:8; Ezra 6:4.

stones, stone, weights, weight, stony, …

ʾeben

a stone

stone (large or small)

common stone (in natural state)

of tablets

sinking in water, motionlessness

petrified with terror

אֲשֶׁר

Particle who, which, that

Dictionary form: אֲשֶׁר · uh-SHER

Particle — Relative

In the KJV here: that

which ×1561 that ×1524 as ×311 whom ×202 who ×88 where ×84 whither ×70 whose ×69

More options

that — Most versatile; works as relative pronoun or conjunction.

which — Prefer for non-personal antecedents and formal register.

who — Use when antecedent is a person or personal being.

where — Use when introducing a place or locative clause.

when — Use when introducing a temporal clause.

because — Use when אֲשֶׁר introduces a causal clause.

BDB3871 H834

כַּאֲשֶׁר conjunction according as, as, when (compare for the combined Aramaic כְּדִי, כַּד) —

1. according to that which, according as, as:
a. Gen 34:12 I will give כאשׁר תאמרו אלי according as ye shall (or may) say unto me, Gen 44:1; Exod 8:23; Num 22:8; 1Sam 2:16; Gen 34:22 if we are circumcised כאשׁר הם נמולים; Gen 41:21 כאשׁר בתחלה as at the beginning, so ׳כ בראשׁונה Josh 8:5; Josh 8:6; 2Sam 7:10; Exod 5:13 ׃כאשׁר בהיות התבן Gen 7:9 they came in two by two כאשׁר צוה אלהִים, as God commanded Noah; so, or similarly, very often, especially in P, vGen 7:16; Gen 8:21; Gen 12:4; Gen 17:23; Gen 21:1 (twice in verse); Exod 16:24; Exod 39:1; Exod 39:5; Exod 39:7; Num 3:16; Num 3:42 etc.; ׳כאשׁר דבר י Deut 1:21; Deut 2:1; Deut 6:3; Deut 6:19 + often Deuteronomy.
b. answered, for increased emphasis, by כֵּן (compare כְּ 2 d), Gen 50:12 ויעשׂו כן כאשׁר צִוָּם, Exod 7:10; Exod 7:20; Gen 18:5 (J) כן חעשׂח כאשׁר דברת, Exod 10:10 (iron.), Amos 5:14 (do.); in opposed to order, Judg 1:7 כאשׁר עשׂיתי, כן שׁלם לי, Exod 7:6 כן עשׂו ׳כאשׁר צוה י, compare Exod 12:28; Exod 12:50; Exod 39:43; Num 5:4; Num 17:26; Num 36:10 (all P); with imperfect (frequently) Num 2:17 (P) כאשׁר יחנו כן יסעו; of degree = the more. . . the more, Exod 1:12 וכאשׁר יענּו אתו כן ירבה וכן יפרץ, compare Exod 17:11 (JE) ׳והיה כאשׁר יריםו֗֗֗גבר ישׁר according as he held up, etc., Israel prevailed; in an oath or solemn promise, Num 14:28 אם לא כאשׁר דברתם כן אעשׂה, Deut 28:63 (Jer 31:28), 1Kgs 1:30; Isa 10:11; Isa 14:24; Isa 52:14f. (see כֵּן 2 b).
c. answered by וַ (Dr^{§ 127} γ) Exod 16:34; Num 1:19.
d. often in similes (followed by imperfect of habit) Exod 33:11 כאשׁר ידבר אישׁ אל רעהו, Num 11:12; Deut 1:44; Isa 9:2; Isa 66:20 +, answered by כֵּן Isa 31:4; Isa 55:10; Isa 66:22; Amos 3:12 +; a second verb is, in such cases, in the perfect with וְ consecutive (Dr^{§ 115}) Deut 22:26; Isa 29:8 כאשׁר יחלםו֗֗֗הקיץ, Isa 65:8; Amos 5:19.
e. הָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר (compare הָיָה כְּ) to be as if, Job 10:19 כאשׁר לא הייתי אהיה, Zech 10:6 והיו כאשׁר לא זנחתים.

2. with a casual force, in so far as, since (German demgemäss dass), Gen 26:29 if thou doest us no harm כאשׁר לא נגענוך according as, in so far as, we have not touched thee; Num 27:14 כאשׁר מריתם פי inasmuch as ye have defied my mouth, Judg 6:27; 1Sam 28:18 (answered by על כן), 2Kgs 17:26; Mic 3:4.

3. with a temporal force, when, Gen 18:33 and Y. went away כאשׁר כלה when he had finished, etc., Gen 32:3; Gen 32:32; 1Sam 8:6; 2Sam 12:21 +; answered by וַּ (Dr^{§ 127} β), 1Sam 6:6; 1Sam 12:8 ויהי כאשׁר֗֗ and it came to pass, when . . . Gen 12:11; Gen 20:13; Gen 24:22; Gen 24:52; Exod 32:19 + often; Gen 43:14 כאשׁר שׁכלתי שׁכלתי when I am bereaved, I am bereaved ! an expression of resignation, so Esth 4:16 כאשׁר אבדתי אבדתי. Josh 2:7 אחרי כאשׁר is a 'conflate' reading, omit either אחרי or כ. Of future time, Gen 27:40; Gen 40:14 כאשׁר ייטב לך, Hos 7:12; Eccl 4:17; Eccl 5:3, and without a verb Isa 23:5 כאשׁר שׁמע למצרים. — Mic 3:3 כאשׁר is simply as that which, Job 29:25 as one who.

BDB6202 H3282 H834 H3588

יַעַן₉₆ properly substantive, purpose, intention, but always used as preposition or conjunction, on account of, because (for יַעֲנֶה, of the form יִצְהָר etc., Sta^{§ 259} Kö^{ii. 403}; compare mean, intend): —

1. as preposition, rarely with a substantive, Ezek 5:9 יַעַן תּוֺעֲבוֺתֵיכֶם, Hag 1:9 יַעַן מָה, vHag 1:9 יַעַן בֵּיתִי; with a participle Ezek 36:13 יען אמרים because of men saying to you (but read probablyאָמְרָם, Co Toy Berthol); frequently with infinitive with, 1Kgs 21:20 יַעַן הִתְמַכֶּרְךָ on account of thy having sold thyself, Amos 5:11; Isa 30:12; Isa 37:29 (= 2Kgs 19:28) יַעֵן הִתְרַגֶּזְךָ אֵלַי, Jer 5:14; Jer 7:13; Jer 23:38; Jer 48:7, and often. (c. 18 t.) in Ezek., as Jer 5:7 (read יַעַן הַמְרֹתְכֶם), Jer 13:8; Jer 13:22; Jer 25:3; Jer 25:6; Jer 25:8; Jer 25:12.

2. As conjunction:
a. יַעַן אֲשֶׁר (32 t.), usually with perfect, as Gen 22:16 יען אשׁר עשׂית זאת because that thou hast done this, Deut 1:36 (Josh 14:14), Judg 2:20; 1Sam 30:22; 1Kgs 3:11; 1Kgs 8:18; Jer 19:4; Jer 25:8; Jer 29:23 (not Isaiah) +; with imperfect (in frequent. sense) Ezek 44:12.
b. יַען כִּי, Num 11:20 ׳יַעַן כִּי מְאַסְתֶּם אֶתיֿ, 1Kgs 13:21; 1Kgs 21:29; Isa 3:16; Isa 7:5; Isa 8:6; Isa 29:13.
c. יַעַן alone (23 t.), with perfect Num 20:12 יַעַן לֹא הֶאֱמַנְתֶּם בִּי, 1Sam 15:23; 1Kgs 14:13; 1Kgs 20:42; 2Kgs 22:19; Hos 8:1; Isa 61:1; Isa 65:12; Isa 66:4 with imperfect (frequently) Ezek 34:21 of the future Ezek 12:12 because he shall not see, etc., (but ᵐ5 Co Kau Berthol לְמַעַן אשׁר לא יֵרָאֶה לָעַיִן): usually the verb follows immediately, but Ezek. sometimes puts the object first for emphasis, Ezek 5:11 יַעַן אֶתמִֿקְדָּשִׁי טִמֵּאתָ, Ezek 20:16; Ezek 20:24; Ezek 36:6, compare Ezek 34:21.

3. יַעַן וּבְיַעַן, q.d. because and by the cause (that), followed by perhaps, Lev 26:43 (H) יען וביען בְּמִשְׁפָּטַי מָאָ֔סוּ, Ezek 13:10 יַעַן בְּיַעַז followed by infinitive, Ezek 36:3. (In all, reckoning יען (ו)ביען once each, 93 t., of which 20 are in 1-2 Kings, 11 in Jeremiah, 38 in Ezekiel; and only 9 in Genesis—2Samuel.)

BDB6204 H4616 H834 H4617

[מַ֫עַן] substantive purpose, intent, only with לְ, in לְמַ֫עַן₂₇₁ preposition and conjunction for the sake of, on account of, to the intent or in order that (abbreviated from מַעֲנֶה: compare מַ֫עַל; Kö^{ii. 116}); — with suffix לְמַעֲנִי, לְמַעַנְךָ, and לְמַעַנְכֶם; —

1. preposition: —
a. Gen 18:24 wilt thou ... not spare the place למען חמשׁים הציקים for the sake of the 50 righteous? Deut 30:6 חַיֶּיךָ ׳ל for thy life's sake, 1Kgs 8:41 the foreigner who comer from afar שְׁמֶ֑ךָ ׳ל, Isa 43:14 לְמַעַנְכֶם שִׁלַּחְתִּי בָבֶ֫לָה, Isa 45:4; Isa 62:1 ציון ׳ל, Isa 63:17 עבדיך ׳ל, Isa 65:8; Ezek 36:22 (twice in verse); Job 18:4; Ps 122:8; Ps 122:9 (׳עַבְדִּי ד) לְמַעַן דָּוִד, i.e. for the sake of David's memory, and the promises given to him, 1Kgs 11:12; 1Kgs 11:13; 1Kgs 11:32; 1Kgs 11:34; 1Kgs 15:4; 2Kgs 8:19; 2Kgs 19:34 (= Isa 37:35), Isa 20:6 (all D²); לְמַעֲנִי (of ׳י) for my own sake, i.e. to vindicate my name, 2Kgs 19:34 (= Isa 37:35), 2Kgs 20:6; Isa 43:25; Isa 48:11 לְמַעֲנִי לְמַעֲנִי אֶעֲשֶׁה, so לְמַעַנְךָ Dan 9:19, אֲדֹנָי ׳ל vDan 9:17 ׳י is said (or entreated) to act (שִׁמְךָ, שְׁמִי) לְמַעַן שְׁמוֺ i.e. to maintain his reputation, or character, Ps 23:3; Ps 25:11; Ps 31:4; Ps 79:9; Ps 106:8; Ps 143:11; Jer 14:7; Jer 14:21; Ezek 20:9; Ezek 20:14; Ezek 20:22; Ezek 20:44; Isa 48:9 simile חַסְדְּךָ ׳ל (i.e. to maintain it consistently) Ps 6:5; Ps 44:27, טוּבְךָ ׳ל Ps 25:7, צִדְקוֺ ׳ל Isa 42:21.

b. In view of, on account of (but not expressing causation distinctly, like מִן 2 f, or מִפְּנֵי), Deut 3:26 בי לְמַעַנְכֶם ׳ויתעבר י on your account, 1Kgs 11:39 זֹאת ׳ל in view of this, שׁוֺרֲרַי ׳ל on account of my watchful foes, Ps 5:9; Ps 27:11, צורריך ׳ל Ps 8:3, simil. Ps 69:19; Ps 48:12 (Ps 97:8) משׁפטיך ׳ישמח הר ציון ֗֗֗ ל in view of thy judgments.

c. Sq. infinitive Gen 18:19 ׳לְמַעַן הָבִיא י for the purpose of J.'s bringing = to the intent that J. might bring, Gen 37:22 הַצִּיל ׳ל in order to rescue, Gen 50:20; Exod 1:11; Exod 9:16; Exod 10:1, etc., Deut 2:30; Deut 6:28, etc., 2Kgs 10:19; Jer 7:10; Jer 7:18; Jer 11:5; Jer 50:34 (on הִרגיע, see עַד 2 a b), Ezek 14:5; Ezek 21:5; Ezek 22:6 etc., Ezek 36:5, + often (Kö^{iii.595 f.}). Once, pleonastic, לְמַעַן לָמוּג לֵב Ezek 21:20 (compare כַּעֲבוּר לְ 1Chr 19:3 but read probably הִמּוֺג).

2. conjunction (followed by imperfect): —
a. לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר Gen 18:19 I have known him אשׁר יְצַוֶּה ׳ל to the end that he might command, etc., Deut 27:3; Josh 3:4; 2Sam 13:5; Jer 42:6 more often
b. without אשׁר, as Gen 12:13 לְמַעַן יִיטַב לִי, Gen 27:25; Exod 4:5 יאמינו ׳ל, Exod 8:6; Exod 8:18; Exod 9:29; Exod 10:2; Isa 5:19; Isa 23:16; Ps 9:15; Ps 30:13; Ps 48:14 + often (Kö^iii.571).

c. Sq. לֹא (a) אשׁר לֹא ׳ל Num 17:5; Deut 20:18; Ezek 31:14; Ezek 36:30; Ezek 46:18 (b) לֹא ׳ל Ezek 14:11; Ezek 19:9; Ezek 25:10; Ezek 26:20; Zech 12:7; Ps 119:11; Ps 119:80; Ps 125:3 (Kö^{iii.574. Less common than} לְבִלְתִּי or מִן with infinitive, or פֶּןֿ).

Note

1. — לְמַעַן is always in order that, never merely so that ἐκβατικῶς); but sometimes, in rhetorical passages, the issue of a line of action, though really undesigned, is represented by it ironically as if it were designed: Deut 29:18 (see Dr) ׳סְפוֺת וגו ׳וְהִתְבָּרֵךְ כִּלְבָבוֺ ֗֗֗ ל and he congratulate himself ... in order to sweep away the moistened with the dry (i.e. to destroy all together), Isa 30:1; Isa 44:9 יֵבוֺשׁוּ ׳בל יראו ובל ידעו ל in orer that they may be put to shame, Jer 7:18 הַכְעִיסֵנִי ׳ל, vJer 7:19 בּשֶׁת פְנֵיהֶם ׳ל, Jer 27:10; Jer 27:15; Jer 32:29; Hos 8:4 their silver, etc., they have made into idols יִכָרֵת ׳ל in order that it may be cut off (of course, not the real purpose of the idolatry), Amos 2:7; Mic 6:16: compare Ps 51:6 (see Comn.) in order that thou mightest be just when thou judgest (that is, by manifesting thy justice in judgement on my sin). compare Qor 28:7 (Fl^{Kl. Schr. i. 397 f.}).

Note 2. — In Josh 4:24 for the anomalous יְרָאתֶם ׳ל, read infinitive יִרְאָתָם ׳ל in order that they might fear (Dr^{§ 14 Obs}.): Neh 6:13 לְמַעַן שָׂכוּר הוּא לְמַעַן אִירָא (si vera 1.) the first ׳ל points forwards, to this intent was he hired, to the intent that I should be afraid. — On Prov 16:4, see מַעֵנֶה above

BDB8356 H834 H7945 H4100

שֶׁ, also ( Gen 6:3 [? see 4 a], Judg 5:7 (twice in verse); Song 1:7; Job 19:29 [?]) שַּׁ , שָׁ in שָׁאַתָּה Judg 6:17, and שְׁ in שְׁהוּא Eccl 2:22, שְׁהֵם Eccl 3:18 (elsewhere before guttural שֶׁ, as שֶׁאֲנִי Song 1:6; Eccl 2:18, שֶׁאֵין Ps 146:3, שֶׁהֵם Song 6:5; Lam 4:9, שֶׁעַל Judg 7:12; Judg 8:26, שֶׁרּאֹשִׁי Song 5:2), relative particle who, which, that, etc. (constantly in Late Hebrew; Aramaic of Nerab, Ldzb^{371, 445}; Assyrian sha; Phoenician אש (regularly), also sometimes ש (Ldzb^{227 f.}): according to Ges Ew^{§ 181 b} Ol^{p. 439} Sta^{§ 176 e, abbreviated} from אֲשֶׁר; more probably (Sperling [see אֲשֶׁר], Kö^{ii. 323 f.}) an original demonstrative particle), synonym with אֲשֶׁר, but in usage limited to late Hebrew, and passages with north Palestinian colouring, namely Judg 5:7 (twice in verse) [אֲשֶׁר vJudg 5:27], Judg 6:17; Judg 7:12; Judg 8:26; 2Kgs 6:11 (see 4 c), Jonah 1:7; Jonah 1:12; Jonah 4:10 [אֲשֶׁר 11 t.], Ps 122:3; Ps 122:4; Ps 123:2; Ps 124:1; Ps 124:2; Ps 124:6; Ps 129:6; Ps 129:7; Ps 133:2; Ps 133:3; Ps 135:2; Ps 135:8; Ps 135:10; Ps 136:23; Ps 137:8; Ps 137:9; Ps 144:15; Ps 146:3; Ps 146:5; Lam 2:15; Lam 2:16; Lam 4:9; Lam 5:18; Ezra 8:20; 1Chr 5:20; 1Chr 27:27 Canticles (uniformly, except in title Song 1:1); Ecclesiastes (68 t.; אֲשֶׁא 89 t.); also (dubious) Gen 6:3; Gen 49:10 (שֶׁלֹּה ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7), Job 19:29 and in the proper name (q. v.) מִישָׁאֵל and מְתוּשָׁאֵל. — In usage, שֶּׁ is in the main parallel with אֲשֶׁר, namely

1. as pronoun who, which, whom, Judg 7:12 כַּהוֺל שֶׁעַל שְׂפַת הַיָּם (compare חוֺל c), Ps 122:3; Ps 124:6 etc.; him whom, that which, etc., Song 1:7; Song 3:1; 1Chr 27:27; Eccl 1:11; Eccl 6:3 וְרַב שֶׁיִּהְיוּ יְמֵי חַיָּיו and much (verb) is that which his days amount to (Hi De and others), vEccl 6:10 הוּא שֶּׁ that which Eccl 1:9 (twice in verse); in the genitive, אַשְׁרֵי שֶּׁ Ps 137:8; Ps 137:9; Ps 146:5. — On מַהשֶּּֿׁ in Eccl = whatever, what, see מָה 1 e b.

2. as a connecting link; = where (compare אֲשֶׁר p. 81, and 4 b β), מְקוֺם שֶּׁ Eccl 1:7; Eccl 11:3 (compare מְקוֺם אֲשֶׁר Gen 39:20 +: Ges^{«GKC:130c»§ 130c}), whither Ps 122:4 (שֶׁשָּׁם ֗֗֗ ), when Song 8:8; Eccl 12:3 בַּיּוֺם שֶּׁ (compare ib. 4 b a).

3.as a conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר 8); —
a. that, after רָאָה Eccl 2:13; Eccl 3:18, יָרַע Eccl 1:17; Eccl 2:14; Eccl 9:5; Job 19:19 (?), דִּבֶּר Eccl 2:15, אָמַר Eccl 8:14, עָשָׂה אוֺת Judg 6:17 as subject of sentence, Eccl 3:13; Eccl 5:15 also in the phrases, (a) what is ... that ? Song 5:9 (usually כִּי; see מָךְ 1 d b), מֶה הָיָה שֶּׁ how comes it that ... ? Eccl 7:10
(b) Song 3:4 כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתּת מֵהֶם hardly (was it) that (German kaum dass) I had passed, etc., Eccl 7:14 עַל דִּדבְרַת שֶׁלּאֹ יִמְצָא to the intent that ..., Eccl 5:15 כָּלעֻֿמַּת שֶׁבֶּא exactly as ..., Eccl 12:9 תֵר שֶׁ besides that, עַד שֶּׁ (עַד ּ Judg 5:7) until that Ps 123:2; Song 2:7; Song 2:17 + (see III. עַד II 1 a a and b; compare Late Hebrew Yoma Song 5:1), while Song 1:12 (ib. 2 d); עָשָׂהשֶּׁ to make or cause that ..., Eccl 3:14 (compare Ezek 36:27).
b. involving a reason (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c), because, since, Song 1:6 (twice in verse); Song 5:2; Eccl 2:18 b. Hence שֵׁלָּמָה Song 1:7 since why ? = lest (see מָה 4 d b).

4. compounds:
a. בְּשֶּׁ , i. q. בַּאֲשֶׁר c (p. 84a) in that, seeing that, Eccl 2:16 also (according to ᵑ0 ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Hu De) Gen 6:3 בְּשַׁגַּם הוּא בָשָׂר because that he also is flesh; but see שָׁגַג.
b. כּשֶּׁ , i. q. כַּאֲשֶׁר p. 455: — (a) according as Eccl 5:14; Eccl 12:7 (b) when (so often in Late Hebrew, as Ab Eccl 1:8 (3 t. in verse); Eccl 1:14) Eccl 9:12; Eccl 10:3.
c. מִשֶּּׁ , i. q. מֵאֲשֶׁר a (p. 84:a), 2Kgs 6:12 מִי מִשֶּׁלָּנוּ who of those that are ours ? (but Klo Kmp^Kau Benz מְגַלֵּנוּ who betrays us ? compare ᵐ5); Eccl 5:4 than that (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Eccl 3:22), + Eccl 2:24 (read מִשֶּׁיּאֹכַל with Ew De, etc.; compare Eccl 3:22).
d. שֶׁל, like אֲשֶׁרלְ (אֲשֶׁר 7 b), a mark of the genitive: thrice, adding slight emphasis to the suffix, Song 1:6 = Song 8:12 כַּרְמִי שֶׁלִּי my vineyard (literally my vineyard, which is mine), Song 3:7 מִטָּתוֺ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה (so often in Late Hebrew, but without any special emphasis, as Aboth Song 1:12 הֲוֵי מתלמידיווּ שׁלאֿהרן be of Aaron's disciples, Song 2:1 שְׂכָרָן שֶׁלמִֿצְוֺת, vSong 2:2; Song 3:2 הֲוֵי מתפלל בשׁלומהּ שׁלמֿלכות; compare in Syriac, as Luke 6:42 my words, Nö^{§ 225}). And with בְּ, בְּשֶׁל literally through that which belongs to or concerns, pleonastic for on account of (a late, unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּרִיל, from בְּ, דִּי, and לְ, as in Onk Gen 12:13 בדילי on my account, Gen 30:27; Gen 39:5 בְּדִיל יוֺסֵף, בְּדִיל מָא on account of what ? Judg 8:1; 2Sam 9:1; 1Kgs 11:12; 1Kgs 11:39, etc.), Jonah 1:7 בְּשֶׁלְּמִי on account of whom ? (|| vJonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי; probably a gloss), vJonah 1:12 בְּשֶׁלִּי an account of me (ᵑ7 בְּדִיל מַן, בְּדִילִי); Eccl 8:17 בְּשֶׁל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲמֹל הָאָדָם לְבַקֵּשׁ on account of (the fact) that (= seeing that) man labours, etc. (unidiomatic translation of Aramaic בְּדִיל דְּ because that, as Gen 6:3 בְּדִיל דְּאִינוּן בִּסְרָא, Gen 39:9 בְּרִיל דְּאַתְּ אִיתְּתֵיהּ [for Hebrew בַּאֲשֶׁר אַתְּ אִשְׁתּוֺ]; Palmyrene בדיל די Ldzb²³³, — in Tariff Gen 1:4 (Cooke^{N. Semitic Inscr. 320}) = ἐπειδή).

[שֹׁא] see [ שׁוֺא].

BDB844 H834

אֲשֶׁר particle of relation (Moabite id.; origin dubious:

1. according to Tsepreghi^{Diss. Lugd. p. 171} Mühlau^{Bö. Lb. ii. 79 n.} Sta^{Morg. Forsch. 1875, 188; Lb. § 167} Hom^{ZMG 1878, 708 ff.} Müll^{§ 153} Sayce^{Hebraica. ii. 51} Lag^{M. i. 255 &} especially Krae^{Hebraica. vi. 298 ff}, originally a substantive 'place' = footstep, mark, (do.), אֲתַר, place, Assyrian ašru, used (see Kraetz.) both as a substantive 'there, where,' and as a relative of place 'where': in Hebrew this development has advanced further, and it has become a relative sign generally. The chief objection to this explanation is that it would isolate Hebrew from the other Semitic languages, in which pronouns are formed regularly from demonstrative roots (compare also Nö^{ZMG 1886, 738}).

2. according to Phi^{St. C. 73} Sperling^{Nota Rel. im Hebr. 1876, 15-22} for אֲשֶׁל, developed from the relative שׁ (q. v.) by (1) the prefixing of either a merely prosthetic א, or, better, a pronominal א (giving rise to אש, the form of the relative in Phoenician), and (2) the addition of the demonstrative root ל [found also in אֵל, אֵלָּה, הַלָּזֶה (q. v.), he who, who (plural)]: the main objection to this explanation is the change of ל to ר, which is hardly rendered probable by the compare of Syriac by side of ᵑ7 הָלְכָּא. 1 seems preferable, the primitive root having acquired different significations in the different Semitic languages, and having been weakened in Hebrew to a mere particle of relation). A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. As a rule אֲשֶׁר is a mere connecting link, and requires to be supplemented (see the grammars) by a pronominal affix, or other word, such as שָׁם, defining the nature of the relation more precisely: e.g. Gen 1:11 אֲשֶׁר זַרֵעוֺבֿוֺ literally as to which, its seed is in it = in which is its seed, Ps 1:4 like the chaff אֲשֶׁרתִּֿדְּפֶנּוּ רוּחַ as to which, the wind drives it = which the wind drives, etc.; & so אֲשֶׁרשָׁ֗֗֗ם = where, אֲשֶׁרמִ֗֗֗שָּׁם = whence, Gen 2:11; Gen 3:23; Gen 20:13 etc. Sometimes also (see below) the relation expressed by it is specifically temporal, local causal, etc. More particularly

1. it includes its pronominal antecedent, whether in the nominative or oblique cases, as Num 22:6 וַאֲשֶׁר תָּאֹר יוּאָר and he whom thou cursest is cursed, Exod 4:12 and I will teach thee אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר that which thou shalt say; and with particles or prepositions, as אֵת אֲשֶׁר (according to the context) him who . . ., those who . . ., that which . . .; לַאֲשֶׁר to him who . . . Gen 43:16, to those who . . . Gen 47:24, to that which Gen 27:8 מֵאֲשֶׁר Judg 16:30; 2Sam 18:18 than those whom; Lev 27:24 לַאֲשֶׁר קָנָהוּ מֵאִתּוֺ to him from whom he bought it, Num 5:7; Isa 24:2 כַּאֲשֶׁר נשֶׁא בוֺ like him against whom there is a creditor.

2. instances of אֲשֶׁר followed by a pronominal affix, or by שָׁם, שָֽׁמָּה, מִשָּׁם, are so common that the examples cited above will be sufficient. Very rarely there occurs the anomalous construction עִם אֲשֶׁר Gen 31:32 for אֲשֶׁר עִמּוֺ (see Gen 44:9), בַּאֲשֶׁר Isa 47:12 for אֲשֶׁר בָּהֶם, לַאֲשֶׁר for אֲשֶׁרלָ֗֗֗הֶם Ezek 23:40: Ps 119:49 see under על אשׁר. It is followed by the pronoun in the nominative, in the following cases: —
(a) immediately, mostly before an adjective or participle, Gen 9:3 all moving things אֲשֶׁר הוּאחַֿי which are living, Lev 11:26; Num 9:13; Num 14:8; Num 14:27; Num 35:31; Deut 20:20; 1Sam 10:19 (see Dr) 2Kgs 25:19 (|| Jer 52:25 היה) Jer 27:9; Ezek 43:19; Hag 1:9; Ruth 4:15; Neh 2:18; Eccl 7:26 before a verb 2Kgs 22:13 (omitted 2Chr 34:21).
(b) in a negative sentence, at the end: Gen 7:2; Gen 17:12; Num 17:5; Deut 17:15 אֲשֶׁר לֹא אָחִיךָ הוּא who is not thy brother, Deut 20:15; Judg 19:12; 1Kgs 8:41 || 1Kgs 9:20 ||.

N.B. Ps 16:3 אֲשֶׁר בָּאָרֶץ הֵ֑מָּה is an unparalleled expression for 'who are in the land'; read ׳אֲשֶׁר בָּאָ֑רֶץ הֵמָּה אַדִּירֵי וג 'the saints that are in the land, they (המה) are the nobles, in whom,' etc.

3. sometimes (though rarely) the defining adjunct is a pronoun of 1 or 2 person as well as of 3 person. In such cases it is strictly to be rendered I who . . ., thou who, etc.; Hos 14:4 אֲשֶׁרבְּֿךָ יְרֻחַם יָתוֺם thou by whom the fatherless is compassionated ! Jer 31:32 I, whose covenant they brake, Jer 32:19; Isa 49:23; Job 37:17f. thou whose garments are warm . . ., canst thou ? etc., Ps 71:19; Ps 71:20; Ps 144:12 we whose sons, etc., Ps 139:15 my frame was not hidden from thee, אֲ֯שֶׁרעֻֿשֵּׂיתִי בַסֵּתֶר I who was wrought in secret (= though I was wrought in secret), Exod 14:13 for ye who have seen the Egyptians to-day, — ye shall not see them again for ever! (compare Ps 41:9).

4. the defining pron. adjunct is dispensed with —
a. when אֲשֶׁר represents the simple subject of a sentence, or the direct object of a verb: so constantly, as Gen 2:1 the work אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה which he made, Gen 3:3 the tree אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֺךְ הַגָּן which is in the midst of the garden, etc.
b. after words denoting time, place, or manner, so that אֲשֶׁר then becomes equivalent to when, where, why:
(a) Gen 6:4 אַחֲרֵי כֵן אֲשֶׁר afterwards, when, etc. (compare 2Chr 35:20) Gen 45:6 there are still 5 years אֲשֶׁר אֵין חָרִישׁ when there shall be no plowing, Josh 14:10; 1Kgs 22:25 after יוֺם or הַיּוֺם Deut 4:10; Judg 4:14; 1Sam 24:5 (see Dr) 2Sam 19:25; Jer 20:14 and elsewhere; similarly Gen 40:13. (β) Gen 35:13 בַּמָּקוֺם אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אִתּוֺ in the place where he spake with him, vGen 35:14; Gen 39:20; Num 13:27; Num 22:26; Deut 1:31 in the desert which thou sawest, where (accents Ke Di), Deut 8:15; 1Kgs 8:9 (unless לוּחוֺת הַבְּרִית has here fallen out: see ᵐ5 & Deut 9:9) Isa 55:11; Isa 64:10; Ps 84:4. So (γ) in אֶל אֲשֶׁר to (the place) which (or whither) Exod 32:34; Ruth 1:16 אֶלכָּֿלאֲֿשֶׁר to every (place) whither Josh 1:16; Prov 17:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר in (the place) where Judg 5:27; Judg 17:8; Judg 17:9; 1Sam 23:13; 2Kgs 8:1; Ruth 1:16; Ruth 1:17; Job 39:30, once only with שָׁם Gen 21:17 בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר wheresoever Josh 1:7; Josh 1:9; Judg 2:15; 1Sam 14:47; 1Sam 18:5; 2Sam 7:7; 2Kgs 18:7 מֵאֲשֶׁר from (the place) where = whencesoever Exod 5:11; Ruth 2:9 עַלאֲֿשֶׁר to (the place) whither (or which) 2Sam 15:20; 1Kgs 18:12 עַלכָּֿלאֲֿשֶׁר Jer 1:7. (δ) זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר ֗֗֗ this is the reason that or why . . . Josh 5:4; 1Kgs 11:27.
c. more extreme instances Lev 14:22; Lev 14:30; Lev 14:31; Num 6:21; Deut 7:19 (wherewith), Deut 28:20; 1Sam 2:32 (wherein), 1Kgs 2:26; Judg 8:15 (about whom), Isa 8:12 (where יאמר would be followed normally by לוֺ), Isa 31:6 turn ye to (him as to) whom they have deeply rebelled, Isa 47:15; Zeph 3:11; Eccl 3:9; 1Kgs 14:19 (= how).
d. it is dispensed with only in appearance after ׅ׳אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (אָמַרְתִּי וג followed by the words used, its place being really taken by a pronoun in the speech which follows, as Gen 3:17 the tree as to which I commanded thee saying, Thou shalt not eat from it, Exod 22:8; Deut 28:68; Judg 7:4 (זֶה) Judg 8:15 (where the noun repeated takes the place of the pronoun, compare Deut 9:2) 1Sam 9:17 (זֶה):23 +; compare 2Sam 11:16; 2Kgs 17:12; 2Kgs 21:4.

5. אֲשֶׁר sometimes in poetry = one who, a man who (men who), ὅστις, οἵτινες, Ps 24:4; Ps 55:20; Ps 95:4; Ps 95:5; Job 4:19; Job 5:5; Job 9:5 (Hi) Job 15:17.

6. אֲשֶׁר occasionally receives its closer definition by a substantive following it, in other words, its logical antecedent is inserted in the relative clause:
(a) in the phrase peculiar to Jeremiah, ׳אֶל יר ׳אֲשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר י that which came (of) the word of ׳י to Jeremiah Jer 14:1; Jer 46:1; Jer 47:1; Jer 49:34 (compare Ew^{§ 334});
(b) Exod 25:9; Num 33:4; 1Sam 25:30; 2Kgs 8:12; 2Kgs 12:6 לְכֹל אֲשֶׁריִֿמָּצֵא שָׁם בָּֽדֶק׃ Ezek 12:25 compare the Ethiopic usage Di^{§ 201};
(c) (antecedant repeated) Gen 49:30 = Gen 50:13, 1Sam 25:30 (׳י repeated), Isa 54:9 (probably) as to which I sware that, etc., Amos 5:1 which I take up over you (as) a dirge.

7. ׳אֲשֶׁר ל that (belongs, belong, belonged) to, is used
a. either alone or preceded by כָּלֿ to express (all) that (belongs) to, as Gen 14:23 מִכָּלאֲֿשֶׁרלְֿךָ of all that is thine, Gen 31:1 מֵאֲשֶׁר לְאָבִינוּ of that which was our father's, Gen 32:24 & sent over אֶתאֲֿשֶׁרלֿוֺ that which he had, + often
b. as a circumlocution of the genitive, as Gen 29:9 עִםהַֿצּאֹן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִיהָ with the sheep that were her father's, Gen 40:5; Gen 47:4; Lev 9:8; Judg 6:11; 1Sam 25:7 הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁרלְֿךָ, 2Sam 14:31 אֶתהַֿחֶלְקָה אֲשֶׁרלִֿי, 2Sam 23:8; 1Kgs 1:8; 1Kgs 1:33 עַל הַפִּרְדָּה אֲשֶׁרלִֿי upon mine own mule, v1Kgs 1:49; 1Kgs 4:2; 2Kgs 11:10; 2Kgs 16:13; Ruth 2:21 and especially in the case of a compound expression depending on a single genitive, as Gen 23:9; Gen 40:5; Gen 41:43 מִרְכֶּבֶת הַמִּשְׁנֶה אֲשֶׁרלֿוֺ the chariot of the second rank which he had, Exod 38:30; Judg 3:20; Judg 6:25; 1Sam 17:40; 1Sam 21:8 אֲבִיר הָרֹעִים אֲשֶׁר לְשָׁאוּל the mightiest of Saul's herdmen, 1Sam 24:5 אֶתכְּֿנַףהַֿמְּעִיל אֲשֶׁרלְֿשָׁאוּל, 2Sam 2:8 Saul's captain of the host, 1Kgs 10:28; 1Kgs 15:20; 1Kgs 22:31; Jer 52:17; Ruth 4:3.
c. with names of places (especially such as do not readily admit the stative construct) Judg 18:28; Judg 19:14 הַגִּבְעָה אֲשֶׁר לְבִנְיָמִין Gibeah (the hill) of Benjamin, Judg 20:4; 1Sam 17:1; 1Kgs 15:27; 1Kgs 16:15; 1Kgs 17:9; 1Kgs 19:3; 2Kgs 14:11. compare שֶׁל (q. v.) which in Rabb, like the Aramaic -דִּיל, , is in habitual use as a mark of the genitive. — N.B. In Aramaic also דּי, , without ל, expresses the genitive relation, as מִלְּתָא דִימַֿלְכָּא, literally the word, that of the king = the word of the king. The few apparent cases of a similar use of אשׁר are, however, too foreign to the general usage of the language to be regarded otherwise than as due to textual error: 1Sam 13:8 read אֲשֶׁר אָמַר (or שָׂם Exod 19:5) שְׁמוּאֵל (ᵐ5 εἶπε); 1Kgs 11:25 supply עָשָׂה (ᵐ5 ἣν ἐποίησεν); 2Kgs 25:10 supply אֵת with (as || Jer 52:14); 2Chr 34:22 read וַאֲשֶׁר אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ (compare ᵐ5) and those whom the king appointed (abbreviated from 2Kgs 22:14); compare Ew^{§ 292 a, b} with note.

8. אֲשֶׁר becomes, like Aramaic דּי, , a conjunction approximating in usage to כִּי: thus
a. = quod, ὅτι, that, subordinating an entire sentence to a verb of knowing, remembering, etc.
(a) with אֵת Deut 9:7 forget not אֵת אֲשֶׁר הִקְצַפְתָּ the fact that (= how) thou provokedst, etc., Deut 29:15; Josh 2:10; 1Sam 24:11; 1Sam 24:19; 2Sam 11:20 know ye not אֵת אֲשֶׁריֹֿרוּ how they shoot from off the wall ? 2Kgs 8:12; Isa 38:3 + often As subject (rare) 1Kgs 14:19; 2Kgs 14:15; 2Kgs 20:20. Of time (peculiarly) 2Sam 14:15 עַתָּה אֲשֶׁר now (is it) that . . . Zech 8:20 (probably) yet (shall it be) that . . . vZech 8:23 compare כִּמְעַט שֶׁ Song 3:4. (β) without אֵת (not very common, כִּי being usually employed): after יָדַע Exod 11:7; Ezek 20:26 (very strange in Ezekiel: see Hi) Job 9:5 (Ew De Di) Eccl 8:12, רָאָה Deut 1:31 (RV) 1Sam 18:15, הִתְוַדָּה to confess Lev 5:5; Lev 26:40 b, הִשְׁבִּיעַ 1Kgs 22:16 (caused to swear that . . .); after a noun Isa 38:7 הָאוֺת אֲשֶׁר the sign that . . . (|| 2Kgs 20:9 כִּי): with growing frequency in late Hebrew, 2Chr 2:7, and especially Nehemiah, Esther: Neh 2:5; Neh 2:10; Neh 7:65 (= Ezra 2:63) Neh 8:14; Neh 8:15; Neh 10:31; Neh 13:1; Neh 13:19; Neh 13:22; Neh 2:10; Neh 3:4; Neh 4:11; Neh 6:2; Neh 8:11; (מֵאֲשֶׁר) Eccl 5:4; Eccl 7:18 (with טוֺב: contrast Ruth 2:22) vRuth 2:22 vRuth 2:29; Ruth 8:12; Ruth 8:14; Ruth 9:1; Dan 1:8 (twice in verse). (γ) prefixed to a direct citation, like כִּי q. v. (= ὅτι recitativum) (rare) 1Sam 15:20; 2Sam 1:4; 2Sam 2:4 (see Dr) Ps 10:6 (probably), Neh 4:6.
b. it is resolvable into so that: Gen 11:7 אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ so that they understand not, etc., Gen 13:16; Gen 22:14 אֲשֶׁר יֵאָמֵר so that it is said, Exod 20:26; Deut 4:10; Deut 4:40 אֲשֶׁר יִיטַב לְךָ Deut 6:3; Deut 28:27; Deut 28:51; 1Kgs 3:12; 1Kgs 3:13; 2Kgs 9:37; Mal 3:19.
c. it has a causal force, forasmuch as, in that, since: Gen 30:18; Gen 31:49 and Mizpah, אֲשֶׁר אָמַר for that he said, Gen 34:13; Gen 34:27; Gen 42:21 we are guilty, אֲשֶׁר רָאִינוּ we who saw (or, in that we saw), Num 20:13 Meribah, because they strove there, Deut 3:24; Josh 4:7; Josh 4:23; Josh 22:31; Judg 9:17; 1Sam 2:23; 1Sam 15:15; 1Sam 20:42 go in peace, אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְנוּ forasmuch as we have sworn, 1Sam 25:26 thou whom (= or, seeing that) ׳י hath withholden, 2Sam 2:5 blessed are ye of ׳י, אֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם, who (οἵτινες) have done (or in that ye have done), 1Kgs 3:19; 1Kgs 15:5; 2Kgs 12:3; 2Kgs 17:4; 2Kgs 23:26; (Hi De Now). Here also belongs its use in אֲשֶׁר לָמָּה since why . . . ? (= lest) Dan 1:10: see below לָמָּה. On אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן forasmuch as Job 34:27 see below כִּי עַל כֵּן.
d. it expresses a condition (rare & peculiar): Lev 4:22 אֲשֶׁר נָשִׂיא יֶחֱטָא in (case) that = when (or if) a ruler sinneth (Lev 4:3 vLev 4:13 vLev 4:37 אִם), Num 5:29 (explained differently by Ew^{§ 334 a}), Deut 11:27 and the blessing אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁמְעוּ if ye hearken (Deut 11:28 אִם), Deut 18:22 Ges, Josh 4:21 אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁאָלוּן ֗֗֗ when they ask . . ., then . . . (Josh 4:6 כִּי), Isa 31:4. In 1Kgs 8:33 (|| 2Chr 6:24 כִּי, compare Kings v2Chr 6:35 v2Chr 6:37) אֲשֶׁר may be rendered indifferently because or when. Once, similarly, אֵת אֲשֶׁר 1Kgs 8:31 (|| אִם).
e. perhaps (exceptionally) = כַּאֲשֶׁר, as, Jer 33:22; Isa 54:9 (followed by כֵּן; but כֵּן q. v. sometimes stands without כאשׁר, & אשׁר may in these passages connect with what precedes); according to some also Jer 48:8; Ps 106:34 (in a connection where כַּאֲשֶׁר would be more usual: אֲשֶׁר may however be the object of אָמַר). In 1Sam 16:7 אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָאָדָם read כַּאֲשֶׁר, see Dr. feminine combined with prepositions, אֲשֶׁר converts them into conjunctions: see below, בַּאֲשֶׁר, כַּאֲשֶׁר, מֵאֲשֶׁר. On its use similarly with (אַחֲרֵי) אַחַר, מִבְּלִי, בַּעֲבוּר, עַל דְּבַר, יַעַן, לְמַעַן, כְּפִי, עַד, עַל, עֵקֶב, מִפְּנֵי, תַּחַת, see these words. — הַאֲשֶׁר, with ה interrogative, occurs once, 2Kgs 6:22. In Deut 15:14 also read כַּאֲשֶׁר: note ברכך before.

Note 1. אֲשֶׁר being a connecting link, without any perfectly corresponding equivalent in English, its force is not unfrequently capable of being represented in more than one way. See e.g. 2Sam 2:5 (above 8 c), Isa 28:12 unto whom he said, or for that he said to them.

Note 2. The opinion that אֲשֶׁר has an asseverative force (like כִּי, q. v.), or introduces the apodosis, is not probably, being both alien to its general usage & not required by the passages alleged. Render Isa 8:20 either 'Surely according to this word will those speak who have no dawn,' or '. . . will they speak when (compare above 8 d Deut 11:27; Josh 4:21) they have no dawn.'

BDB845 H834

בַּאֲשֶׁר ₁₉
a. in (that) which . . . Isa 56:4; Isa 65:12; Isa 66:4 (above 1); Eccl 3:9 in (that, in) which (4 c); Isa 47:12 (see 2). b. adverb in (the place) where: above 4 b (γ). c. conjunction in that, inasmuch as, Gen 39:9; Gen 39:23; Eccl 7:2; Eccl 8:4 compare .
d. Jonah 1:8 בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי on account of whom ? (בַּאֲשֶׁר לְ on account of, framed on model of Aramaic בְּדִיל: see below שֶׁל).

כַּאֲשֶׁר see below כְּ.

BDB846 H834

מֵאֲשֶׁר₁₇
a. from (or than) that which (him, them, etc., that . . .) Gen 3:11; Exod 29:27 (twice in verse); Num 6:11 (see Lev 4:26; Josh 10:11; Judg 16:30; Isa 47:13 +; than that . . . Eccl 3:22 לְבַד מֵאֲשֶׁר Esth 4:11. b. adverb from (the place) where: above 4 a (β). c. conjunction from (the fact) that . . ., since Isa 43:4.

BDB9440 H1768 H2088 H834

דִּי particle of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of genitive and conjunction that, because (Aramaic of Nineveh, Babylonian, Zinjirli, Nerab, Cilicia, Têma, Egypt, ןי (Lzb^{267. 446} RES³⁶¹ S-C^{Pap. A 2} +); Nabataean, Palmyrene די; ᵑ7 דְּ (except in compounds, as דִּילִי mine, דִּילֵיהּ his); Samaritan ; Syriac ; Ethiopic za: of same origin as Arabic possessor of [compare below Biblical Hebrew זֶה]. Properly a demonstrative that [compare זֶה; in Ethiopic ze is 'this', za 'which']; but this being referred by usage to something preceding becomes equivalent to the relative who, which, used, however, more widely than Hebrew אֲשֶׁר); —

1. as rel. who, which (construed like אֲשֶׁר): a. Jer 10:11; Dan 2:11 דִּי מְדָֽרְהוֺן whose dwelling, vDan 2:24 דִּי מַנִּי מַלְבָּא whom the king had appointed, vDan 2:26 ׳דִּי שְׁמֵהּ בּ whose name was B., Dan 4:5; Dan 5:12; Dan 5:23, etc.; = that which Dan 2:23 = him that Ezra 7:25; Ezra 6:15; Dan 7:17 דִּת אִנוּן אַרְבַּע which are four (see אִנּוּן). Following pronoun of 2 person (compare אֲשֶׁר 3), Dan 2:37 thou, O king ..., דִּי ֗֗֗ יְהַב לָח to whom... hath given, Dan 4:19; Dan 4:6 as to whom I know, etc. (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d end). Sq. תַּמָּה = where Ezra 6:1, so דִּי alone Ezra 6:3; Dan 2:38 of time, בְּעִדָּנָא דִּי at the time when, etc., Dan 3:5; Dan 3:15. With the predicate an infinitive with לְ, Dan 6:9 כְּתָבָא דִּי לָא לְהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be changed, Ezra 6:8 a place- or other determination, Dan 3:20 valiant men בְחֵילֵהּ that were in his army, Dan 5:2 הֵיכְלָא דִּי בִירוּשְׁלֵב, Dan 7:20; Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:2; Ezra 6:6 compare Dan 2:25; Dan 5:13; Dan 7:7; Ezra 7:23. דִּי לָא = without, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 7:22 (so דְּלָא ᵑ7 Gen 15:2; Exod 21:11); compare Dan 2:34; Dan 2:45.
b. מָן דִּי, מָה דִּי (compare in late Hebrew ׳מַהשֶּֿׁ, מַה 1 e b) whoever, whatever, so Dan 3:6; Dan 3:11 יִפֵּל ָ(מןדִּֿילָֿא whoever does not fall down, Dan 4:14 לְמָן דִּי יִצְבֵּא to whomsoever he willeth, v.Dan 4:22 v.Dan 4:29; Dan 5:21 מָה דִי whatever (or simply what), Dan 2:28 מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא what will be, vDan 2:29 vDan 2:29 vDan 2:45; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 7:18. — compare K^{§ 103.}

2. as mark of the genitive, Dan 2:15 שׁליטא די מלכא properly the captain, that of the king = the king's captain (a genuine Aramaic idiom: so ᵑ7 דְּ, Syriac constantly), vDan 2:19 vDan 2:25 vDan 2:49 + often: the substantive in such cases may be either in the emphatic state (determined), as ll. cc. Ezra 4:15; Ezra 5:2, etc., or in the absolute state (undetermined), Dan 5:5; Dan 7:4; Dan 7:9; Dan 7:10 נְהַר דִּי נוּר; or it may have a pleonastic suffix, Dan 2:20 שְׁמֵהּ דִּי אֱלָהָא literally his name, that of God = God's name, vDan 2:44; Dan 3:8; Dan 3:25; Dan 3:26; Dan 4:23, etc. (so also ᵑ7 Syriac). To circumscribe an adjective, especially in specification of the material: Dan 2:38 thou art רֵאשָׁה דִּי דַהֲבָא the head of gold, vDan 2:39; Dan 3:1; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:4 +; as predicate Dan 2:32 רֵאשֵׁהּ דִּידְֿהַב טָב his head (was) of fine gold, vDan 2:33; Dan 7:19 with a pronoun Dan 2:20 wisdom and might דִּילֵֿהּ הִיא are his; compare Dan 6:27 וּמַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּילָֿא תִתְחַבַּל his kingdom (is one) which shall not be destroyed, Dan 7:14. — See further K^{§ 81.}

3. as conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר 8):
a. that (quod), after verbs of knowing, Dan 2:8; Dan 2:9, seeing Dan 2:45; Dan 3:27, hearing Dan 5:14, etc.; introducing the subject of a sentence, יְדִיעַ ֗֗֗ דִּי ֗֗֗ Dan 3:18; Ezra 4:13; Dan 2:47 מִןקְֿשֹׁט דִּי ֗֗֗ True is it that . . . (compare אָמְנָם כִּי Job 12:2).
b. = in that, inasmuch as, whereas: Dan 2:41 and whereas (דִּי) thou sawest, etc. . . . it shall be adivided kingdom, vDan 2:43; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:23 as a connecting link$ = seeing that, because, for (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Dan 2:9; Dan 2:20b; Dan 2:23b; Dan 2:47b; Dan 4:15; Dan 6:24b.
c. that (ut), after verbs of asking Dan 2:16, commanding Dan 3:10; Dan 3:29, expressing a purpose Dan 4:3; Dan 5:15; Ezra 4:15; Ezra 6:10 +; דִּי לָא that not (ne) Dan 2:18; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:18 (on דִּי לְמָה lest Ezra 7:23, see מה).
d. prefixed to direct narr. (like כִּי 1 b, and sometimes אֲשֶׁר 8 a γ, and ὅτι recitativum), Dan 2:25 and said thus unto him דִּיהַֿשְׁכַּחַת (that) I have found, etc., Dan 5:7; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:14.

4. with prepositions and other prefixes:
a. כְּ דִי (like Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; so Egyptian Aramaic כזי, Palmyrene, Nabataean כדי, Lzb²⁹³ SAC^{G1 62, 63} Cooke^{369 b RES:361}; ᵑ7 כַּד, Syriac ); a according as, Dan 2:43 b. so soon as, when, Dan 3:7; Dan 5:20; Dan 6:11; Dan 6:15.
b. מִןדִּֿי: a. because that, Dan 3:22; Ezra 5:12 (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Isa 43:4); b. from (the time) that, after (ex quo), Dan 4:23; Ezra 4:23.
c. עַד דִּי until, Dan 2:9; Dan 2:34; Dan 4:30; Dan 7:22 = ere that Dan 6:25.
d. עַל דִּי Dan 3:19 is not a conjunction, but means above that which ...
e. for עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי and כָּלקֳֿבֵל דִּי see [ דִּבְרָה] and קֳבֵל.

which, that, as, whom, who, …

ʾăšer

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc

(relative part.)

which, who

that (in obj clause)

שָׂ֣ם

Root word put, set, make, made, laid, …

Dictionary form: שׂוּם · soom

Verb — Qal, Perfect (Qatal), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" completed action — try "he ___ed" or "he has ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: he had put

and put ×43 set ×31 put ×21 and set ×12 and he put ×11 and i will make ×8 and laid ×8 and made ×8

More options

place — Best default; concrete positioning of objects or people.

set — Slightly more formal; good for official or solemn contexts.

put — Everyday, neutral; modernizes the most common KJV rendering.

make — Prefer when the result is a transformation or appointment.

appoint — Best for roles, offices, or formal designations.

lay — Use for foundations, burdens, or things placed flat.

BDB8185 H7760 H5493 H7787

I. שׂוּם, שִׂים :582 verb put, place, set (compare Nö^{ZMG xxxvii (1883), 532}; Late Hebrew סוּס Pi`el designate, fix, שׂום Eccl 49:6 Phoenician שם, Assyrian šâmu. fix, determine; Sabean שׂים set, set up, SabDenkm^{No. 7, 1. 6} CIS^{iv. 1}; Arabic () is insert, sheathe, also compute; Ethiopic : put, place; ᵑ7 שׂוּם, Syriac Old Aramaic שים); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׂם Gen 21:14 + (2Chr 1:5 read שָׁם ᵐ5 ᵑ9 Gi Be Kau Benz), suffix שָׂמוֺ Ezek 17:4 +, שָׂמָ֫הוּ Ezek 7:20 3 feminine singular שָׂ֫מָה 1Sam 19:13, suffix שָׂמָ֫תְהוּ Ezek 19:5; Ezek 24:7 2 masculine singular שַׂמְתָּ Jer 32:20 +; 3 plural שָׂמוּ Gen 40:15 +; 1 plural שַׂמְנוּ Isa 28:15, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָשׂוּם Exod 4:11, יָשִׂים Gen 30:42 +, יָשִׂם Job 23:6 jussive יָשֵׂם 1Sam 22:15 +; וַיָּשֶׂם Gen 2:8 +; suffix יְשִׂמֵנִי 2Sam 15:4, וַיְשִׂימְךָ 1Kgs 10:9 2 feminine singular וַתָּשִׂימִי Isa 51:23 וָאָשִׂים 1Sam 28:21 +, וָאָשִׂימָה Ezra 8:17; Judg 12:3 Qr (Kt ואישׂמה); 2 masculine plural תָּשִׂימוּ Gen 32:17 +, תְּשִׂימ֫וּן Exod 22:24 +, etc.; Imperative masculine singular שִׂים Gen 24:2 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute שׂוֺם Deut 17:15 +, construct שׂוּם Deut 45:7 +, שִׂים Job 20:4 + 2Sam 14:7 Qr (Kt שׂום), שׂימו Isa 10:6 Kt (Qr שׂוּמוֺ), etc.; Participle שָׂם Amos 7:8 +, feminine singular הַשָּׂמָ֫ה Isa 51:10 (so read for ᵑ0 הַשָּׂ֫מָה); plural שָׂמִים Mal 2:2 +; pass. שִׂים Num 24:21 (compare Di), Obad 1:4 feminine according to most שׂוּמָה 2Sam 13:22 (van d. H. שׂימה Kt), but see below; שִׂימָ֫ה Ps 56:9 Bae Buhl, but most Imperative masculine singular; — put, set (often || נָתַן 2, q. v.), with accusative of person or of thing (expressed or implied):

1. a. put, set, in a place, + שָׁם Gen 2:8 (J), + accusative of location Gen 28:11 (E) + 5 t.+, with 2 accusative + location, 2Kgs 10:8 heads (in) heaps at (accusative of location), compare Lev 24:6 (עַל); + ב Lev 40:15 (E), figurative of ׳י, put his name, ׳בִּירוּשׁ 2Kgs 21:47 = 2Chr 33:7, compare with שָׁם 1Kgs 9:3; Deut 12:5 + 6 t.; especially ב of receptacle Gen 31:34 (E), Exod 2:3 (E), Judg 6:19 + often; sackcloth on (ב) loins Gen 37:34 (J), 1Kgs 20:31, crown on head Zech 6:11; Esth 1:17, shoes on feet Ezek 24:17 hook, etc., in nose 1Kgs 19:28 = Isa 37:29; Job 40:26, incense בְּאַפֶּ֑ךָ Deut 33:10, i.e. cause thee (׳י) to smell it; feet in stocks (figurative) Job 13:27; Job 33:11 knife into throat Prov 23:2 (figurative of self-restraint, Fl in De); words into mouth Exod 4:15 (J), Num 22:38 (E) + 8 t., + Deut 31:19 teach to say or sing; into heart Job 22:22, insert also 1Sam 29:10 ᵐ5 Th We Dr Kit Bu HPS; trust in God Ps 78:7 (guilt of) blood into house Deut 22:8, compare Judg 9:24 (עַל person; so, with נָתַן Deut 21:8; Jer 26:15; Jonah 1:14); something into hand Exod 4:21 (E), of wonders, i.e. enable hand to do them; elsewhere = take, of hammer Judg 4:21, booty 1Kgs 20:6, so (figurative) take one's life (נֶפֶשׁ) into one's palm (i.e. risk it) Judg 12:3; 1Sam 19:5; 1Sam 28:21; Job 13:14 put eyes בַּפּוּךְ 2Kgs 9:30 (see פּוּךְ, compare Isa 54:11); נֶפֶשׁ ( = person), בַּחַיִּים Ps 66:9 (subject ׳י); set men at (the use of) implements 2Sam 12:31 (probably, compare Dr HPS; > ( ם) וַיָּשַׂ sawed them with, as || 1Chr 20:3, Th We); 1Kgs 2:5 (|| נתן) is dubious; ᵐ5^L Klo Kit read וַיִּקֹּם; charge something against (ב person; properly put in, i.e. attribute, impute, to) 1Sam 22:15; Job 4:18 so, with ל person Deut 22:14, compare (ל omitted) vDeut 22:17 put בְּקֶרֶב Amos 7:8; Isa 63:11, בְּתוֺךְ Ezek 26:12.
b. put something upon (עַל) Num 21:8; Num 21:9 (E) + often; jewels, clothes, on person Gen 24:17 (J), Gen 41:42 (E), Lev 8:8 (P), Ruth 3:3, turban Zech 3:5 (twice in verse); Exod 29:5 (P), Lev 8:9 (P), compare (preposition omitted) Job 24:15; Job 36:13 (figurative), girdle Jer 13:1; Jer 13:2, sackcloth 1Kgs 21:27 אָדָם עַלהָֿאָרֶץ ׳שׂ Job 20:4 (of man's creation); of siege and siege engines, עַל = against, Mic 4:14; Ezek 23:24 put, lay, upon (עַל), 2Kgs 4:29 +; hand Gen 48:18 (J) + 3 t., + upon mouth, in silence Judg 18:19; Job 21:5, and awe Mic 7:16, so with ל Job 29:9, לְמוֺ Job 40:4; Job 40:40, upon (עַל) head 2Sam 13:19 (in despair, compare Jer 2:37); accusative of disease Exod 15:26 (J), so (ב person) vExod 15:26; Deut 7:16 figurative, spirit (עַל) Num 11:17 (JE), name Num 6:27 (P), duty Job 37:15 (?), reproach 1Sam 11:2, רָעָה תַּחַת מוֺדָה Ps 109:5 (ᵑ6 Bae וַיָּשִׁיבוּ so, or וַיְשַׁלְּמוּ, Hup Che); עַל לֵב ׳שׂ Song 8:6 (simile), so, figurative, = remember, treasure up, Isa 42:25; Isa 47:7 (|| זָכַר), + 6 t., with אֶל 2Sam 13:33; 2Sam 19:20 (|| id.); with ב 1Sam 21:13 compare בְּאָזְנֵי ׳שׂ Exod 17:14 (E), impress upon.
c. put, lay, set, with ל, 2Kgs 11:16 lay (violent) hands on = 2Chr 23:15 put end to Job 18:2; Job 28:3 set לְמָרוֺם Job 5:11 render glory to Josh 7:19 (J E; || נָתַן), Isa 42:12 make covenant with 2Sam 23:5 set food for Gen 43:32 (J), 2Sam 12:20, preposition omitted Gen 43:31 (J), so, with לִפְנֵי 1Sam 9:24; 1Sam 28:22; 2Kgs 6:22 לִפְנֵי ׳שׂ elsewhere Judg 18:21, of precedence Gen 48:20b (E) : set laws (as authoritative) לִפְנֵי Exod 19:7; Exod 21:1 (both E), Deut 4:44 God (as moral ruler) לְנֶגְדָּם Ps 54:5; Ps 86:14 נֶגֶד ׳שׂ also Gen 31:37 (E), נֹכַח Ezek 14:4; Ezek 14:7 לְעֵינֵי Gen 30:41 (J).
d. put, with בֵּין Josh 24:7 (E) + 5:t. (Exod 8:19 see פְּדוּת p. 804), + Gen 30:36 (J), Gen 32:17 (E), put space between; with תַּחַת Exod 17:12 (E), + 3 t. (Obad 1:7 strike out לַחְמְךָ We GASm Now and others) + יָד תַּחַת יָרִךְ ׳שׂ in oath Gen 24:2; Gen 24:9; Gen 47:29 (all J); put, with אֶל location 1Sam 6:11; 1Sam 6:15; 1Sam 19:13 a Hab 2:15, אֶל person Job 5:8 commit unto; with אֵצֶל of thing Lev 6:3 (P), מִצַּד of thing Deut 31:26 (P); עִמְּךָ ׳שׂ 1Sam 9:23 lay up something with thee, reserve it; put, with יַחַד Mic 2:12 put together = collect (|| אָסַף קִבֵּץ); without modifier 1Kgs 18:23 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 18:25; Ezek 30:21 apply bandage (|| נָתַן).

2. set, direct:
a. sword against (ב) Judg 7:22 figurative extend compassion, ל person Isa 47:6.
b. direct לֵב (mind) toward, pay attention to, with ל 1Sam 9:20; Deut 32:46; Ezek 40:4; Ezek 44:5b; with אֶל Exod 9:21 (J), 1Sam 25:25; 2Sam 18:3 (twice in verse); Job 2:3; Job 34:14 (Bu Du strike out לֵב and read רוּחוֺ יָשִׁיב); with עַל Hag 1:5; Hag 1:7; Job 1:8 compl. omitted Ezek 44:5a Hag 2:15; Hag 2:18 (twice in verse); Isa 41:22; Judg 19:30 read perhaps לְבַבְכֶם for לָכֶם (or עֵצָה for עֻצוּ), see especially GFM^Heb. Hpt.; לֵב omitted, Isa 41:20 ( + רָאָה, יָדַע, הִשְׂכִּיל), with ב person Job 23:6 (so Bu, who compares Job 4:20; Job 24:12; Job 34:23, but all cases dubious); שִׂים לֵב, with עַל = intend Dan 1:8 (object clause).
c. set face (פָּנִים) toward (accusative of location) Gen 31:21 (E), + לָבוֺא Jer 42:15 (twice in verse); Jer 42:17; Jer 44:12, compare 2Kgs 12:18; Dan 11:17 with אֶל, toward or against (implying opposition) Ezek 6:2 + 5 t. Ezekiel, with עַל Ezek 29:2; Ezek 35:2, with דֶּרֶךְ of direction Ezek 21:2 with ב (figurative of oppos., subject ׳י): הִנְנְי שָׂם פָּנַי בָּכֶם לְרָעָה Jer 44:11, compare Jer 21:10; Ezek 15:7 (|| נתן), Lev 20:5 (P); with ל of thing (human subject) Dan 11:18 Qr ( < Kt ישׁב); with עַל person + לִמְלֹךְ of purpose 1Kgs 2:15 set eyes (עֵינַים) upon, with עַל person = behold Gen 44:21 (J), = look after, take care of Jer 39:12; Jer 40:4, לְטוֺבָה Jer 24:6, but לְרָעָה Amos 9:4.

3. a. set, ordain, with accusative of thing Num 24:23 ( > accusative of person Di).
b. set, establish a law, statute, + ל person Exod 15:25; Josh 24:25 (both E), compare Prov 8:29 + ב location Isa 42:4; Ps 78:5 (|| הֵקִים), also Ps 81:6; Jer 33:25 + 2Sam 20:19 (שָׂמוּ for שְׁלֻמֵי ᵐ5 Ew We Kit Bu HPS, compare Dr); establish something as (ל) law Gen 47:26 (J), 1Sam 30:25 ( + ל person); establish bazaars (as a right), ב location, 1Kgs 20:34 appoint a set time Exod 9:5 (J), Job 34:23 (reading מוֺעֵד for עוֺד GHBWr Bu), insert (perhaps) 1Sam 13:8 so Dr Klo HPS ( > insert אמר Th We Bu Kit, after ᵐ5 Tagrum); a place, + ל person Exod 21:13; 2Sam 7:10 = 1Chr 17:9, ל of thing 1Kgs 8:21 ( + שָׁם).
c. set, found a nation, Isa 44:7 (several.), establish it Ps 89:30 (לָעַד).
d. set, appoint (as ruler, official) + עַל person or of a people, Exod 1:11; Exod 5:14; Exod 18:21 (all E), Deut 17:14; Deut 17:15 (3 t. in verse); Judg 11:11 ( + ל of office), 2Sam 17:25 ( + תַּחַת instead of) + 6 t. + Gen 47:6 (J; second accusative = ruler, expressed), 2Sam 23:23 (אֶל), עַל in || 1Chr 11:25 also 2 accusative + ל and ב location Ps 105:21 ב location 2Sam 15:4; 2Chr 33:14, בְּראֹשׁ at the head of, Deut 1:13, 2 accusative alone Song 1:6 with accusative of person + ל person Gen 27:37 (E), Hos 2:2; 1Sam 8:5 ( + infinitive); + of title Gen 45:8; Gen 45:9; Exod 2:14 ( + עַל; all E) + 4 t. + Judg 8:33 ( + ל person), + Ezek 44:8 (perhaps read וַתְּשִׂימוּם Hi Sm Co and most); + ל of purpose Hab 1:12 + ב of position, ל person 1Sam 8:11 with accusative of office alone 1Sam 8:12 ( + ל person), so Co Ezek 21:27 a (שָׂרִים for כָּרִים, see בַּר below כרר), 1Kgs 20:24 ( + תחת), compare 2Chr 23:18, + עַל, אֶל, of task Num 4:19 (P); Job 7:20 set me as (ל) mark for (ל) him.
e. set, constitute, make, with כ person or thing, Gen 13:16 (J) I will make thy seed the dust, Gen 32:13 (J) Gen 48:20 (E), Deut 10:22; Hos 11:8 + 16 t. + (bad sense) Hos 2:5; Nah 3:6; 1Kgs 19:2. feminine set, determine, fix, bounds Jer 5:22 (2 accusative) Job 38:5; Job 38:33; Ps 104:9 passive determined, settled, + עַלפֶּֿה 2Sam 13:32 (but see II. שׂום); appoint, send, frogs לְפַרְעֹךְ Exod 8:8 (J), with accusative of person + עַל against 2Kgs 18:14.

4. a. set, station, at a post, etc., accusative of person Josh 8:13 (JE), + ב location 2Kgs 10:24; Jer 9:7 + 5 t., + adverb accusative Gen 33:2 (J), + בֵּין location Josh 8:12, + ל (against) and אַחֲרֵי location vJosh 8:2 (both J E), + ל against Judg 9:25 ( + עַל location), + אֶל against Judg 20:29; Judg 20:36 doubtful are 1Sam 15:2 (with ל person), 1Kgs 20:12 (twice in verse) (עַלהָֿעִיר), where no object expressed (in MT); either an object has fallen out, or verb (in techn. Military sense), here intransitive or inwardly transitive (Dl^{ZK ii. 397} forward ! take direction toward; compare also [on Sm] We Dr Löhr), or else ׳שׂ is corrupt (compare HPS^sm)
b. put in position, sacred bread, sword, staves, bars, with accusative 1Sam 21:7; Ezek 21:27; Num 4:6; Num 4:8; Num 4:11; Num 4:14 + 4 t. P, Job 38:10 + עַל Exod 32:27 (E), Exod 40:20 (P), מִמַּעַל ל Jer 43:10, מֵעַל Esth 3:1 + (various modifiers) 8 t.; set in place, תֵּבֵל Job 34:13 (De and others), but context favours שָׁמַר Bu; Du לִבּוֺ בְּתֵבֵל ׳שׂ.
c. set up altars 1Kgs 2:19; Jer 11:13, stone as memorial Gen 18:18 (J), Gen 28:22 (E), 1Sam 7:12 (compare הֵקִים Gen 31:45 + ), image, etc. Judg 18:31 (|| הֵקִים), Deut 27:15; 1Kgs 12:29 (ב location, || נָתַן), 2Kgs 21:7 (ב location) = 2Chr 33:7, compare Ps 74:4; Isa 57:8 and, + ב location, Jer 7:30; Jer 32:34 rods before (לְעֵינֵי) cattle Gen 30:41 (|| וַיַּצֵּג vGen 30:38), compare vGen 30:42, guide-posts Jer 31:21, bed 2Kgs 4:10 ( + ל person).
d. = plant, wheat Isa 28:25, tree Isa 41:19 (ב location; || נָתַן), slip Ezek 17:5 (עַל by).
e. set, fix (countenance) 2Kgs 8:11, so usually, but accusative omitted, and sense dubious; read perhaps וַיִּשֹּׁם (√ שׁמם, compare e.g. 1Kgs 9:8), so Klo Kmp Kit Benz.

5. a. make a thing, or person (accusative), for, transform into (ל), Josh 6:18 (J) make camp לְחֵרֶם, Mic 1:6 make Samaria לְעִיִ, Gen 21:13; Gen 21:18 (E), Exod 14:21 (JE), Mic 4:7 (both good sense), Isa 28:17; Isa 42:15; Isa 42:16 + 12 t. Isaiah (Isa 25:2 read עִיר for מֵעִיר Vrss. Comm.), Jer 2:7 + 8 t. Jeremiah, + 14 t. + Judg 1:28 they made the Canaanites into the corvée; וְיָשֵׂם לְדֶרֶךְ פְּעָמָיו Ps 85:14 maketh his steps into a way (so RV Hup Che Dr, but meaning obscure; De Bae attend to the way of (לֵב omitted); Schr Hup-Now read ׳וְיִשְׁמֹר ד); with 2 accusative Josh 8:28 (J), 1Sam 11:11; Mic 1:7; 1Kgs 5:23 (praegn. with עַד location), + 29 t.
b. make, constitute, 2 accusative, 1Sam 8:1; 1Sam 18:13 ( + ל person) 1Sam 22:7 (לְבֻלְּכֶם, ל of accusative; or < read וְכֻלְּכֶם), Isa 3:7; Isa 60:17 + 6 t., + 1Sam 11:11 form people in bands, compare Job 1:17 (one accusative, form bands), + (accusative of person omitted) Exod 4:11b (J), compare (beast, in figure) Ezek 19:5 2 accusative and accusative + ל in same ver., Isa 54:12 I will make rubies thy prinnacles, and (transform) thy gates into carbuncles; in phrase of naming, שָׂם שְׁמוֺ יִשְׂרָאֵל 2Kgs 17:34, compare Judg 8:31; Neh 9:7 with ל, וַיָּשֶׂם לָהֶם שֵׁמוֺת Dan 1:7, לְדָנִיֵּאל בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר ׳וַיּ vDan 1:7 make, fashion, with accusative of thing + ל person Exod 4:11a (J; ׳י subject); grave Nah 1:14 (but on text and meaning see Now Bi^{SB Wiener Akkadian 1894, Abh. V}); with accusative דֶּרֶךְ Isa 43:19 (ב location), compare Ezek 21:24; Ezek 21:25 ( + ל infinitive); Ps 50:23 is dubious, usually order (one's) way, De Dr prepare way (which), et., Gr Che תֹּם for שָׂם; make name + ל person 2Sam 7:23 = 1Chr 17:21; 2Sam 14:7 make for, ל person (or give to), with accusative of posterity Gen 45:7 (E); 1Sam 2:20 read probably יַשַׁלֵּם ᵐ5 We Kit Bu HPS, compare Dr; Ezra 10:44b is obscure, Gu-Batten strike out וַיָּשִׂימוּ and read וַיְשַׁלְּחוּ before נָשִׁים, compare 3 Esdr 9:36 BeRy Ryle.
c. work, bring to pass, with accusative of thing, of ׳י's signs, etc., + ב location Exod 10:2 (J), Jer 32:20; Isa 66:19; Ps 46:9; Ps 78:43; Ps 105:27.
d. appoint, give, accusative of thing Num 6:26 (P), Isa 61:3 (|| נָתַן; both with ל person); a pledge Job 17:3 (|| עָרְבֵנִי go surety for me, but read perhaps עֶרְבֹנִי as object); וַשׂוֺם שֵׂכֶל Neh 8:8 giving understanding (making sense clear). Hiph`il Perfect 1 singular consecutive וַהֲשִׂמֹתִיהוּ Ezek 14:8, accusative of person + ל, I will make him for a sign (< שׁ for שׂ van d. H., √ שׁמם; Co Berthol Toy וְשַׂמְתִּיהוּ (Qal), Krae וַהִשְׁמַדְתִּיהוּ); Imperative feminine singular הָשׂימִי Ezek 21:21, probably del as dittograph Co Krae after ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 ᵑ7 Nö^{ZMG xxxvii (1888), 530} ( > Bö Toy and others הִקְדִּימוּ); Participle מֵשִׂים Job 4:20 = Qal (לֵב) שׂום (Job 4:23b), but phrase dubious, and text perhaps corrupt, see Me Nö^l.c. Hoph`al Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַּיּוּשׂם Gen 24:33 Qr (Kt ויישׂם Ges^{«GKC:73f»§ 73f}) there was set before him (לְפָנָיו) to eat, compare Ol^{MBAk. 1870, 389} Kö^{i. 435}, who read also וַיוּשַׂם Gen 50:26 he was laid in (ב) a mummy-case (for ᵑ0 וַיִּישֶׂם), Di (ed. 4.5.6) allows this.

BDB8189 H7760 H8040 H8057

שׂוּמָה (van d. H. שׂימה Kt) perhaps noun feminine token of unluckiness, scowl; — 2Sam 13:32, so Ew^{G iii. 234, H.172} (abbreviated fromשׂמאל; or emendation שִׁטְמָה) We RS^{Ency. Brit}.(9) DAVID Kit, compare Dr HPS.

BDB9915 H7760 H7761

[שׂוּם], שׂים verb set, make (see Biblical Hebrew; for Persian influence on usage compare Scheft⁶⁵); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׂם Ezra 5:3 +, suffix שָׂמֵהּ Ezra 5:14 2 masculine singular, שַׂ֫מְתָּ Dan 3:10 1 singular שָׂ֫מֶת טְעֵם Ezra 6:12 3 masculine plural שָׂמוּ Dan 3:12 Imperative masculine plural שִׂ֫ימוּ Ezra 4:21 —

1. make, accusative טְעֵם = make decree Dan 3:10; Ezra 6:1; Ezra 6:12 + verb finite vEzra 6:8, + infinitive Ezra 4:21; Ezra 5:13 and (with ל person) vEzra 5:3 vEzra 5:9.

2. make, appoint, one's name Dan 5:12 (2 accusative), one to office Ezra 5:14 (2 accusative).

3. set, fix, accusative בָּל mind, Dan 6:15 (c. infinitive); accusative טְעֵם Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 pay due regard (טְעֵם) to (עַל person). Pe`il 3 masculine singular מִנִּי שִׂים טְעֵם Ezra 4:19, from me a decree is made, so Ezra 5:17; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 6:11; Ezra 7:13; Ezra 7:21; Dan 3:29; Dan 4:3; Dan 6:27 literal 3 feminine singular שֻׂמַת (read probably שִׂימַת K^{§ 45, Beisp. 1.} d)) Dan 6:18 (of stone, עַל local). Hithpe`el be made: Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִתְּשָׂם Ezra 4:24 (of decree, סטְעֵס with מִן agent.); 3 masculine plural יִתְּשָׂמוּן Dan 2:5 subject of thing + noun predicate be made into; Participle Ezra 5:8 literally be set, laid, of wood, ב of wall.

put, set, make, made, laid, …

śûm

to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)

to put, place, set, appoint, make

(Qal)

to put, set, lay, put or lay upon, lay (violent) hands on

to extend (compassion) (figuratively)

מְרַֽאֲשֹׁתָ֔י ו

מְרַֽאֲשֹׁתָ֔י

Root word bolster, pillows, head

ו

Suffix — pronoun his / him / it

Dictionary form: מְרַאֲשָׁה · meh-ra-uh-SHAW

Noun — Common, feminine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: for his pillows

hair for his bolster ×2 at his bolster ×1 at his head ×1 for his pillows ×1 is at his bolster ×1 them for his pillows ×1 was at his bolster ×1

More options

headrest — Neutral modern term; broadly applicable across contexts.

pillow — Familiar everyday word; good for domestic or comfort contexts.

head support — Descriptive phrase; useful when object type is uncertain.

place at the head — Locative sense; prefer when indicating position, not object.

cushion — Softer connotation; fits contexts implying comfort or padding.

BDB7678 H7218 H7226 H4763 H7219 H7220

I. רֹאשׁ₅₉₉ noun masculine^{Lev 13:45} head (common Semitic word; earliest form *ra°š, Arabic , Sabean ראס Prä^{ZMG xxix (1875). 425} Mordtm^{Him.Inschr. 31}; Ethiopic Amharic hence (a heightened) Assyrian rêšu (rarely râšu), Aramaic רֵישָׁא (Egyptian Aramaic ראש Cooke^{North-Semitic Inscr. 404}), , modern (Ma'lûla) ra±ša, Huart^{JAs xii (1878), 491} Duval^{id. xiii(1879), 464}; Palmyrene רשא, Lzb³⁶⁶, compare Biblical Hebrew רִישׁוֺן, רֵאשִׁית; from*ra'š, also Biblical Hebrew רָאשׁ֩, ראֹשׁ (Lag^{Symm. i. 113}), Tel Amarna rušu(nu) Wkl^{189, 18} (gloss to ‡a‡‡adunu), Late Hebrew = Biblical Hebrew; SI⁶ ראש, Phoenician רשׁ, ראש (in proper name), Punic rus (in proper name, of a location) Schröd^{Phoenician Spr.133}, ראשת choicest, chief; on MI²⁰ (suffix) רשה, Lev 1:28 ש[ר], compare Sm. u. So¹⁴ Nö^{LCB Jan. 8, 1887, 60}); — ׳ר absolute Gen 3:15 +, construct Gen 40:20 +; suffix ראֹשִׁי vGen 40:16 +, etc.; plural רָאשִׁים (for רְאָשִׁים֩ Nö^{GGA 1884, 1019}) Exod 18:25 +; construct רָאשֵׁי Hos 7:13 + [מֵרַאֲשֹׁתֵי 1Sam 26:12 see מְרַאֲשׁוֺת below]; suffix רָאשֵׁינוּ 1Chr 12:19, רָאשֵׁיכֶם Isa 29:10 +, etc.; —

1. a. (c. 230 t.) head, of human being; man Gen 40:16; Gen 40:17. + often, גֶּבֶר ׳לְר Judg 5:30 for the head of a man, i.e. for each man, per capita; woman 2Kgs 9:30; Deut 21:12; Num 5:18; Esth 2:17 boy 2Kgs 4:19 (twice in verse); Gen 48:14 (twice in verse) +; of ׳י, under figure of armed man Ps 60:9 = Ps 108:9 of idol 1Sam 5:4 of gates, personified Ps 24:7; Ps 24:9.
b. head, of animals: of serpent Gen 3:15, dog 2Sam 3:8, ass 2Kgs 6:25, of הַחַיָּה in Ezek 1:22 compare vEzek 1:22 vEzek 1:26, of הַכְּרֻבִים Ezek 10:1 compare vEzek 10:11 of sea-monsters, לִוְיָתָן Job 40:31; Ps 74:14, תַּנִּינִים vPs 74:13 especially of animals for sacrifice Exod 12:9; Exod 29:15; Exod 29:19; Lev 1:4; Lev 1:8; Lev 1:12; Lev 1:15; Lev 3:2; Lev 3:8 + 18 t. P; in phrase וְזָנָב ׳ר Isa 9:13 (figurative of noble and commoner) compare v.Isa 9:14; Isa 19:15, so (figurative of relative dignity, power, influence) Deut 28:13; Deut 28:44.

2. a. top (88 t.): of mountain, הַר, Gen 8:5; Exod 19:20 (twice in verse); Exod 24:17; Exod 34:2 + 34 t.; hill, גִּבְעָה, Exod 17:9; Exod 17:10 (E), 2Sam 8:25 מְרוֺמִים ׳ר Prov 8:2 + Prov 1:21 Toy (for ᵑ0 הֹמִיּוֺת), גֵּיא ׳ר שְׁמָנִים Isa 28:1; Isa 28:4 of rocks, צֻרִים, Num 23:9 (JE), crag, סֶלַע, 2Chr 25:12 (twice in verse); tower Gen 11:4 (J), stronghold Judg 6:26, ladder Gen 28:12 (E), tree 2Sam 5:24 = 1Chr 14:15, bough Isa 17:6 compare Ezek 17:4; Ezek 17:22, mast (?; חִבֵּל) Prov 23:34 (otherwise Toy); of ears of grain, שִׁבֹּלֶת Job 24:24, of stone Gen 28:18 (E), bed, מִטָּה, Gen 47:31 (J), throne, עָגוֺל לַכִּסֵּה׳ר 1Kgs 10:19, tabernacle, or its wall, Exod 26:24 = Exod 36:29 (P); pillar ( =capital) 1Kgs 7:16; 1Kgs 7:17 + 13: t., מְכוֺנָה v1Kgs 7:35 v1Kgs 7:35, lampstand Zech 4:2 (twice in verse), high priest's robe, מְעִיל, Exod 28:32 (P), פִּנָּה ׳ר Ps 118:22 top of (the) corner, i.e. most conspicuous stone (figurative); = tip, end, of staves 1Kgs 8:8= 2Chr 5:9, of sceptre Esth 5:2.
b. height of stars Job 22:12 (|| גֹּבַהּ שָׁמַיִם).

3.: 171
a. head = chief (man) Judg 10:18; Judg 11:8; Judg 11:9; Judg 11:11; Exod 18:25 (E), Num 1:16 (P), Deut 1:15; Hos 2:2; Mic 3:1 + often; apparently combined with idea of first in a series 1Chr 12:10. (van d. H. v.1Chr 12:9, series of 11); of God 2Chr 13:12.
b. = chief (city) Josh 11:10 (D), compare (of city and king) Isa 7:3; Isa 7:8; Isa 7:9 (twice in verse).
c. chief nation Jer 31:7.
d. =chief (place, position) 1Sam 9:22; 1Kgs 21:9; 1Kgs 21:12; Deut 20:9; 1Chr 4:42 (compare also 5).
e. הָראֹשׁ chief priest 2Kgs 25:18= Jer 52:24; 2Chr 19:11; 2Chr 24:11; 2Chr 26:20, הַכֹּחֵן ראֹשׁ 1Chr 27:5, ׳הָר ׳הַכּ 2Chr 31:10; Ezra 7:5 ׳י alone 2Chr 24:6 רָאשֵׁי הַכֹּהֲנִים Neh 12:7. feminine especially = head of a family (P Chronicles); רָאשֵׁי בֵּית (rare ראֹשׁ) אֲבוֺתָ (םׅ) Exod 6:14; Num 7:2; Num 17:18; Josh 22:14; 1Chr 5:24; 1Chr 7:7; 1Chr 7:9 בֵּית הָאָבוֺת ׳ר v1Chr 7:40 לְבֵית אֲבֹתָיו ׳ר Num 1:4, compare 1Chr 5:15; 1Chr 5:24; 1Chr 7:2; 1Chr 9:13; 1Chr 24:4 אֻמּוֺת בַּיתאָֿב ׳ר Num 25:15 אֲבוֺת ׳ר הָעַדָה Num 31:26 compare Num 32:28; Josh 14:1; Josh 21:1 אֲבוֺת הַלְוִיִּם ׳ר Exod 6:25; Josh 21:1 (הָ)אָבוֺת לַלְּוִיִם ׳ר 1Chr 9:33; 1Chr 9:34; 1Chr 15:12, compare Num 36:1; Josh 19:51; 1Chr 8:6; 1Chr 8:13; 1Chr 23:9; 1Chr 23:24 + 10 t. Chronicles; absolute ׳ר (הָ)אָבוֺת 1Chr 8:10; 1Chr 8:28; 1Chr 9:9; 1Chr 26:32; 1Chr 27:1; 2Chr 1:2 + 8 t. Ezra Nehemiah (Chronicles); אֲכֹתֵיהֶם ׳ר Ezra 8:1 רָאשִׁים לְאָכוֺת Neh 11:13 so also ׳י alone 1Chr 5:7; 1Chr 5:12; 1Chr 7:3; 1Chr 8:28 +; apparently combined with idea of first in a series 1Chr 23:8 (series of 3), v1Chr 23:11 (of 4), v1Chr 23:19 (of 3), v1Chr 23:20 (of 2).

4. a. head=front, leader's place Mic 2:13; 2Chr 20:27, compare Amos 6:7.
b. of time, beginning, of night-watch Judg 7:19; Lam 2:19 absolute מֵראֹשׁ from the beginning Isa 40:21; Isa 41:4; Isa 41:26 (|| מִלְּפָנִים), Isa 48:16; Prov 8:23 (|| מֵעוֺלָם),. Eccl 3:11 (|| עַדסֿוֺף); first of months Exod 12:2 (|| רִאשׁוֺן), Num 10:10; Num 28:11 (all P); בָּראֹשׁ 1Chr 16:7 at first.
c. of things, river-heads Gen 2:10 (J); עַפְרוֺת תֵּכֵל ׳ר Prov 8:26.

5. chief, choicest, best, of spices, כשׂמ(יםׅ, Ezek 27:22; Exod 30:23 (P), Song 4:14 שִׂמְחָתִי ׳ר Ps 137:6 the choicest of my joy.

6. head = division of army, company, band : Judg 7:16; Judg 7:20; Judg 9:34; Judg 9:37; Judg 9:43; Judg 9:44 (twice in verse); 1Sam 11:11; 1Sam 13:17 (twice in verse); 1Sam 13:18 (twice in verse) Job 1:17.

7. =sum, especially in phrase ׳בְּנֵייִֿשׂ ׳נָשָׂא אֶתרֿ Exod 30:12take the sum of, enumerate, compare Num 1:2; Num 1:49; Num 4:2; Num 4:22; Num 26:2; Num 31:26; Num 31:49 בְּראֹשׁוֺ Lev 5:24 in its sum, i.e. in full, so Num 5:7 (all P); of ׳י's thoughts Ps 139:17 compare ראֹשׁ דְּבָֽרְךָ אֱמֶתPs 119:160.

8. other phrase are : ׳נָשָׂא אֶתרֿאֹשׁ פ see נָשָׂא Qal 1 b (2); יָרוּם ראֹשִׁי עַלאֹֿיְבַי Ps 27:6, מֵרִים ראֹשִׁי ׳י Ps 3:4 (Ps 110:7; Ps 140:10 see רום); shake the head, see נוּעַ Hiph`il, compare יָנִיד בְּראֹשׁוֺ Jer 8:16, מְנוֺד ראֹשׁ Ps 44:15 נָתַן דֶּרֶךְ בְּראֹשׁ, i.e. requite, see נתן Qal 2 b near the end; יָשׁוּב גְּמֻלְךָ ׳בְּר Obad 1:15, compare Ps 7:17; 1Kgs 2:33 (below דָּם 2 i and (with ׳עַלרֿ) Esth 9:25, הֵשִׁיב רָעָה בְּראֹשׁ Judg 9:57; 1Sam 25:39; 1Kgs 2:44, compare Joel 1Kgs 4:4; 1Kgs 4:7; 1Kgs 2:32 (sub דָּם 2 i, compare Neh 3:36 (אֶלרֿאֹשָׁם), see also 2Sam 3:29 below 1. חוּל 3; see, further, דָּם 2 i; Dan 1:10 see חוּב Pi`el

BDB7683 H4763 H7226

רַאֲשׁוֺת 1Sam 26:12 see מְרַאֲשׁוֺת below

BDB7686 H4761 H4763 H7226

[מְרַאֲשׁוֺת] noun [feminine] plural denominative place at the head, head-place; — only suffix מְרַאֲשֹׁתָיו as adverb at his head-place (of one lying down) Gen 28:11; Gen 28:18 (E), 1Sam 19:13; 1Sam 19:16; 1Kgs 19:6 so Qr 1Sam 26:7; 1Sam 26:11; 1Sam 26:16 (Kt מראשׁתו); in v1Sam 26:12 read מִמְּרַאֲשֹׁתָיו ᵐ5. We Dr HPS, for ᵑ0 מֵרַאֲשֹׁתֵי שָׁאוּל, מַרְאֲשׁוֺתֵיכֶם Jer 13:18 (head-tires AV:m RV), read מַרְאשֵׁיכֶם, Jer 13:8 (head-tiresAV:m RV), read מֵרָאשֵׁיכֶם from your heads, ᵐ5. ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Gie Buhl Co^Hpt (compare, already, Thes).

bolster, pillows, head

mĕraʾăšâ

properly, a headpiece, i.e., (plural for adverbial) at (or as) the head-rest (or pillow)

(n f) place at the head, dominion, head place

וַ יָּ֥שֶׂם

וַ

Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)

יָּ֥שֶׂם

Root word put, set, make, made, laid, …

Dictionary form: שׂוּם · soom

וַ

Vav-consecutive (wayyiqtol) The וַ prefix — vav with patach plus a doubling dagesh in the next letter — flips this verb into story-telling past: translate "and (he) ___ed", not "will ___".

Verb — Qal, Sequential Imperfect (Wayyiqtol), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" story-telling past — try "and he ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: and set up

and put ×43 set ×31 put ×21 and set ×12 and he put ×11 and i will make ×8 and laid ×8 and made ×8

More options

place — Best default; concrete positioning of objects or people.

set — Slightly more formal; good for official or solemn contexts.

put — Everyday, neutral; modernizes the most common KJV rendering.

make — Prefer when the result is a transformation or appointment.

appoint — Best for roles, offices, or formal designations.

lay — Use for foundations, burdens, or things placed flat.

BDB8185 H7760 H5493 H7787

I. שׂוּם, שִׂים :582 verb put, place, set (compare Nö^{ZMG xxxvii (1883), 532}; Late Hebrew סוּס Pi`el designate, fix, שׂום Eccl 49:6 Phoenician שם, Assyrian šâmu. fix, determine; Sabean שׂים set, set up, SabDenkm^{No. 7, 1. 6} CIS^{iv. 1}; Arabic () is insert, sheathe, also compute; Ethiopic : put, place; ᵑ7 שׂוּם, Syriac Old Aramaic שים); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׂם Gen 21:14 + (2Chr 1:5 read שָׁם ᵐ5 ᵑ9 Gi Be Kau Benz), suffix שָׂמוֺ Ezek 17:4 +, שָׂמָ֫הוּ Ezek 7:20 3 feminine singular שָׂ֫מָה 1Sam 19:13, suffix שָׂמָ֫תְהוּ Ezek 19:5; Ezek 24:7 2 masculine singular שַׂמְתָּ Jer 32:20 +; 3 plural שָׂמוּ Gen 40:15 +; 1 plural שַׂמְנוּ Isa 28:15, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָשׂוּם Exod 4:11, יָשִׂים Gen 30:42 +, יָשִׂם Job 23:6 jussive יָשֵׂם 1Sam 22:15 +; וַיָּשֶׂם Gen 2:8 +; suffix יְשִׂמֵנִי 2Sam 15:4, וַיְשִׂימְךָ 1Kgs 10:9 2 feminine singular וַתָּשִׂימִי Isa 51:23 וָאָשִׂים 1Sam 28:21 +, וָאָשִׂימָה Ezra 8:17; Judg 12:3 Qr (Kt ואישׂמה); 2 masculine plural תָּשִׂימוּ Gen 32:17 +, תְּשִׂימ֫וּן Exod 22:24 +, etc.; Imperative masculine singular שִׂים Gen 24:2 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute שׂוֺם Deut 17:15 +, construct שׂוּם Deut 45:7 +, שִׂים Job 20:4 + 2Sam 14:7 Qr (Kt שׂום), שׂימו Isa 10:6 Kt (Qr שׂוּמוֺ), etc.; Participle שָׂם Amos 7:8 +, feminine singular הַשָּׂמָ֫ה Isa 51:10 (so read for ᵑ0 הַשָּׂ֫מָה); plural שָׂמִים Mal 2:2 +; pass. שִׂים Num 24:21 (compare Di), Obad 1:4 feminine according to most שׂוּמָה 2Sam 13:22 (van d. H. שׂימה Kt), but see below; שִׂימָ֫ה Ps 56:9 Bae Buhl, but most Imperative masculine singular; — put, set (often || נָתַן 2, q. v.), with accusative of person or of thing (expressed or implied):

1. a. put, set, in a place, + שָׁם Gen 2:8 (J), + accusative of location Gen 28:11 (E) + 5 t.+, with 2 accusative + location, 2Kgs 10:8 heads (in) heaps at (accusative of location), compare Lev 24:6 (עַל); + ב Lev 40:15 (E), figurative of ׳י, put his name, ׳בִּירוּשׁ 2Kgs 21:47 = 2Chr 33:7, compare with שָׁם 1Kgs 9:3; Deut 12:5 + 6 t.; especially ב of receptacle Gen 31:34 (E), Exod 2:3 (E), Judg 6:19 + often; sackcloth on (ב) loins Gen 37:34 (J), 1Kgs 20:31, crown on head Zech 6:11; Esth 1:17, shoes on feet Ezek 24:17 hook, etc., in nose 1Kgs 19:28 = Isa 37:29; Job 40:26, incense בְּאַפֶּ֑ךָ Deut 33:10, i.e. cause thee (׳י) to smell it; feet in stocks (figurative) Job 13:27; Job 33:11 knife into throat Prov 23:2 (figurative of self-restraint, Fl in De); words into mouth Exod 4:15 (J), Num 22:38 (E) + 8 t., + Deut 31:19 teach to say or sing; into heart Job 22:22, insert also 1Sam 29:10 ᵐ5 Th We Dr Kit Bu HPS; trust in God Ps 78:7 (guilt of) blood into house Deut 22:8, compare Judg 9:24 (עַל person; so, with נָתַן Deut 21:8; Jer 26:15; Jonah 1:14); something into hand Exod 4:21 (E), of wonders, i.e. enable hand to do them; elsewhere = take, of hammer Judg 4:21, booty 1Kgs 20:6, so (figurative) take one's life (נֶפֶשׁ) into one's palm (i.e. risk it) Judg 12:3; 1Sam 19:5; 1Sam 28:21; Job 13:14 put eyes בַּפּוּךְ 2Kgs 9:30 (see פּוּךְ, compare Isa 54:11); נֶפֶשׁ ( = person), בַּחַיִּים Ps 66:9 (subject ׳י); set men at (the use of) implements 2Sam 12:31 (probably, compare Dr HPS; > ( ם) וַיָּשַׂ sawed them with, as || 1Chr 20:3, Th We); 1Kgs 2:5 (|| נתן) is dubious; ᵐ5^L Klo Kit read וַיִּקֹּם; charge something against (ב person; properly put in, i.e. attribute, impute, to) 1Sam 22:15; Job 4:18 so, with ל person Deut 22:14, compare (ל omitted) vDeut 22:17 put בְּקֶרֶב Amos 7:8; Isa 63:11, בְּתוֺךְ Ezek 26:12.
b. put something upon (עַל) Num 21:8; Num 21:9 (E) + often; jewels, clothes, on person Gen 24:17 (J), Gen 41:42 (E), Lev 8:8 (P), Ruth 3:3, turban Zech 3:5 (twice in verse); Exod 29:5 (P), Lev 8:9 (P), compare (preposition omitted) Job 24:15; Job 36:13 (figurative), girdle Jer 13:1; Jer 13:2, sackcloth 1Kgs 21:27 אָדָם עַלהָֿאָרֶץ ׳שׂ Job 20:4 (of man's creation); of siege and siege engines, עַל = against, Mic 4:14; Ezek 23:24 put, lay, upon (עַל), 2Kgs 4:29 +; hand Gen 48:18 (J) + 3 t., + upon mouth, in silence Judg 18:19; Job 21:5, and awe Mic 7:16, so with ל Job 29:9, לְמוֺ Job 40:4; Job 40:40, upon (עַל) head 2Sam 13:19 (in despair, compare Jer 2:37); accusative of disease Exod 15:26 (J), so (ב person) vExod 15:26; Deut 7:16 figurative, spirit (עַל) Num 11:17 (JE), name Num 6:27 (P), duty Job 37:15 (?), reproach 1Sam 11:2, רָעָה תַּחַת מוֺדָה Ps 109:5 (ᵑ6 Bae וַיָּשִׁיבוּ so, or וַיְשַׁלְּמוּ, Hup Che); עַל לֵב ׳שׂ Song 8:6 (simile), so, figurative, = remember, treasure up, Isa 42:25; Isa 47:7 (|| זָכַר), + 6 t., with אֶל 2Sam 13:33; 2Sam 19:20 (|| id.); with ב 1Sam 21:13 compare בְּאָזְנֵי ׳שׂ Exod 17:14 (E), impress upon.
c. put, lay, set, with ל, 2Kgs 11:16 lay (violent) hands on = 2Chr 23:15 put end to Job 18:2; Job 28:3 set לְמָרוֺם Job 5:11 render glory to Josh 7:19 (J E; || נָתַן), Isa 42:12 make covenant with 2Sam 23:5 set food for Gen 43:32 (J), 2Sam 12:20, preposition omitted Gen 43:31 (J), so, with לִפְנֵי 1Sam 9:24; 1Sam 28:22; 2Kgs 6:22 לִפְנֵי ׳שׂ elsewhere Judg 18:21, of precedence Gen 48:20b (E) : set laws (as authoritative) לִפְנֵי Exod 19:7; Exod 21:1 (both E), Deut 4:44 God (as moral ruler) לְנֶגְדָּם Ps 54:5; Ps 86:14 נֶגֶד ׳שׂ also Gen 31:37 (E), נֹכַח Ezek 14:4; Ezek 14:7 לְעֵינֵי Gen 30:41 (J).
d. put, with בֵּין Josh 24:7 (E) + 5:t. (Exod 8:19 see פְּדוּת p. 804), + Gen 30:36 (J), Gen 32:17 (E), put space between; with תַּחַת Exod 17:12 (E), + 3 t. (Obad 1:7 strike out לַחְמְךָ We GASm Now and others) + יָד תַּחַת יָרִךְ ׳שׂ in oath Gen 24:2; Gen 24:9; Gen 47:29 (all J); put, with אֶל location 1Sam 6:11; 1Sam 6:15; 1Sam 19:13 a Hab 2:15, אֶל person Job 5:8 commit unto; with אֵצֶל of thing Lev 6:3 (P), מִצַּד of thing Deut 31:26 (P); עִמְּךָ ׳שׂ 1Sam 9:23 lay up something with thee, reserve it; put, with יַחַד Mic 2:12 put together = collect (|| אָסַף קִבֵּץ); without modifier 1Kgs 18:23 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 18:25; Ezek 30:21 apply bandage (|| נָתַן).

2. set, direct:
a. sword against (ב) Judg 7:22 figurative extend compassion, ל person Isa 47:6.
b. direct לֵב (mind) toward, pay attention to, with ל 1Sam 9:20; Deut 32:46; Ezek 40:4; Ezek 44:5b; with אֶל Exod 9:21 (J), 1Sam 25:25; 2Sam 18:3 (twice in verse); Job 2:3; Job 34:14 (Bu Du strike out לֵב and read רוּחוֺ יָשִׁיב); with עַל Hag 1:5; Hag 1:7; Job 1:8 compl. omitted Ezek 44:5a Hag 2:15; Hag 2:18 (twice in verse); Isa 41:22; Judg 19:30 read perhaps לְבַבְכֶם for לָכֶם (or עֵצָה for עֻצוּ), see especially GFM^Heb. Hpt.; לֵב omitted, Isa 41:20 ( + רָאָה, יָדַע, הִשְׂכִּיל), with ב person Job 23:6 (so Bu, who compares Job 4:20; Job 24:12; Job 34:23, but all cases dubious); שִׂים לֵב, with עַל = intend Dan 1:8 (object clause).
c. set face (פָּנִים) toward (accusative of location) Gen 31:21 (E), + לָבוֺא Jer 42:15 (twice in verse); Jer 42:17; Jer 44:12, compare 2Kgs 12:18; Dan 11:17 with אֶל, toward or against (implying opposition) Ezek 6:2 + 5 t. Ezekiel, with עַל Ezek 29:2; Ezek 35:2, with דֶּרֶךְ of direction Ezek 21:2 with ב (figurative of oppos., subject ׳י): הִנְנְי שָׂם פָּנַי בָּכֶם לְרָעָה Jer 44:11, compare Jer 21:10; Ezek 15:7 (|| נתן), Lev 20:5 (P); with ל of thing (human subject) Dan 11:18 Qr ( < Kt ישׁב); with עַל person + לִמְלֹךְ of purpose 1Kgs 2:15 set eyes (עֵינַים) upon, with עַל person = behold Gen 44:21 (J), = look after, take care of Jer 39:12; Jer 40:4, לְטוֺבָה Jer 24:6, but לְרָעָה Amos 9:4.

3. a. set, ordain, with accusative of thing Num 24:23 ( > accusative of person Di).
b. set, establish a law, statute, + ל person Exod 15:25; Josh 24:25 (both E), compare Prov 8:29 + ב location Isa 42:4; Ps 78:5 (|| הֵקִים), also Ps 81:6; Jer 33:25 + 2Sam 20:19 (שָׂמוּ for שְׁלֻמֵי ᵐ5 Ew We Kit Bu HPS, compare Dr); establish something as (ל) law Gen 47:26 (J), 1Sam 30:25 ( + ל person); establish bazaars (as a right), ב location, 1Kgs 20:34 appoint a set time Exod 9:5 (J), Job 34:23 (reading מוֺעֵד for עוֺד GHBWr Bu), insert (perhaps) 1Sam 13:8 so Dr Klo HPS ( > insert אמר Th We Bu Kit, after ᵐ5 Tagrum); a place, + ל person Exod 21:13; 2Sam 7:10 = 1Chr 17:9, ל of thing 1Kgs 8:21 ( + שָׁם).
c. set, found a nation, Isa 44:7 (several.), establish it Ps 89:30 (לָעַד).
d. set, appoint (as ruler, official) + עַל person or of a people, Exod 1:11; Exod 5:14; Exod 18:21 (all E), Deut 17:14; Deut 17:15 (3 t. in verse); Judg 11:11 ( + ל of office), 2Sam 17:25 ( + תַּחַת instead of) + 6 t. + Gen 47:6 (J; second accusative = ruler, expressed), 2Sam 23:23 (אֶל), עַל in || 1Chr 11:25 also 2 accusative + ל and ב location Ps 105:21 ב location 2Sam 15:4; 2Chr 33:14, בְּראֹשׁ at the head of, Deut 1:13, 2 accusative alone Song 1:6 with accusative of person + ל person Gen 27:37 (E), Hos 2:2; 1Sam 8:5 ( + infinitive); + of title Gen 45:8; Gen 45:9; Exod 2:14 ( + עַל; all E) + 4 t. + Judg 8:33 ( + ל person), + Ezek 44:8 (perhaps read וַתְּשִׂימוּם Hi Sm Co and most); + ל of purpose Hab 1:12 + ב of position, ל person 1Sam 8:11 with accusative of office alone 1Sam 8:12 ( + ל person), so Co Ezek 21:27 a (שָׂרִים for כָּרִים, see בַּר below כרר), 1Kgs 20:24 ( + תחת), compare 2Chr 23:18, + עַל, אֶל, of task Num 4:19 (P); Job 7:20 set me as (ל) mark for (ל) him.
e. set, constitute, make, with כ person or thing, Gen 13:16 (J) I will make thy seed the dust, Gen 32:13 (J) Gen 48:20 (E), Deut 10:22; Hos 11:8 + 16 t. + (bad sense) Hos 2:5; Nah 3:6; 1Kgs 19:2. feminine set, determine, fix, bounds Jer 5:22 (2 accusative) Job 38:5; Job 38:33; Ps 104:9 passive determined, settled, + עַלפֶּֿה 2Sam 13:32 (but see II. שׂום); appoint, send, frogs לְפַרְעֹךְ Exod 8:8 (J), with accusative of person + עַל against 2Kgs 18:14.

4. a. set, station, at a post, etc., accusative of person Josh 8:13 (JE), + ב location 2Kgs 10:24; Jer 9:7 + 5 t., + adverb accusative Gen 33:2 (J), + בֵּין location Josh 8:12, + ל (against) and אַחֲרֵי location vJosh 8:2 (both J E), + ל against Judg 9:25 ( + עַל location), + אֶל against Judg 20:29; Judg 20:36 doubtful are 1Sam 15:2 (with ל person), 1Kgs 20:12 (twice in verse) (עַלהָֿעִיר), where no object expressed (in MT); either an object has fallen out, or verb (in techn. Military sense), here intransitive or inwardly transitive (Dl^{ZK ii. 397} forward ! take direction toward; compare also [on Sm] We Dr Löhr), or else ׳שׂ is corrupt (compare HPS^sm)
b. put in position, sacred bread, sword, staves, bars, with accusative 1Sam 21:7; Ezek 21:27; Num 4:6; Num 4:8; Num 4:11; Num 4:14 + 4 t. P, Job 38:10 + עַל Exod 32:27 (E), Exod 40:20 (P), מִמַּעַל ל Jer 43:10, מֵעַל Esth 3:1 + (various modifiers) 8 t.; set in place, תֵּבֵל Job 34:13 (De and others), but context favours שָׁמַר Bu; Du לִבּוֺ בְּתֵבֵל ׳שׂ.
c. set up altars 1Kgs 2:19; Jer 11:13, stone as memorial Gen 18:18 (J), Gen 28:22 (E), 1Sam 7:12 (compare הֵקִים Gen 31:45 + ), image, etc. Judg 18:31 (|| הֵקִים), Deut 27:15; 1Kgs 12:29 (ב location, || נָתַן), 2Kgs 21:7 (ב location) = 2Chr 33:7, compare Ps 74:4; Isa 57:8 and, + ב location, Jer 7:30; Jer 32:34 rods before (לְעֵינֵי) cattle Gen 30:41 (|| וַיַּצֵּג vGen 30:38), compare vGen 30:42, guide-posts Jer 31:21, bed 2Kgs 4:10 ( + ל person).
d. = plant, wheat Isa 28:25, tree Isa 41:19 (ב location; || נָתַן), slip Ezek 17:5 (עַל by).
e. set, fix (countenance) 2Kgs 8:11, so usually, but accusative omitted, and sense dubious; read perhaps וַיִּשֹּׁם (√ שׁמם, compare e.g. 1Kgs 9:8), so Klo Kmp Kit Benz.

5. a. make a thing, or person (accusative), for, transform into (ל), Josh 6:18 (J) make camp לְחֵרֶם, Mic 1:6 make Samaria לְעִיִ, Gen 21:13; Gen 21:18 (E), Exod 14:21 (JE), Mic 4:7 (both good sense), Isa 28:17; Isa 42:15; Isa 42:16 + 12 t. Isaiah (Isa 25:2 read עִיר for מֵעִיר Vrss. Comm.), Jer 2:7 + 8 t. Jeremiah, + 14 t. + Judg 1:28 they made the Canaanites into the corvée; וְיָשֵׂם לְדֶרֶךְ פְּעָמָיו Ps 85:14 maketh his steps into a way (so RV Hup Che Dr, but meaning obscure; De Bae attend to the way of (לֵב omitted); Schr Hup-Now read ׳וְיִשְׁמֹר ד); with 2 accusative Josh 8:28 (J), 1Sam 11:11; Mic 1:7; 1Kgs 5:23 (praegn. with עַד location), + 29 t.
b. make, constitute, 2 accusative, 1Sam 8:1; 1Sam 18:13 ( + ל person) 1Sam 22:7 (לְבֻלְּכֶם, ל of accusative; or < read וְכֻלְּכֶם), Isa 3:7; Isa 60:17 + 6 t., + 1Sam 11:11 form people in bands, compare Job 1:17 (one accusative, form bands), + (accusative of person omitted) Exod 4:11b (J), compare (beast, in figure) Ezek 19:5 2 accusative and accusative + ל in same ver., Isa 54:12 I will make rubies thy prinnacles, and (transform) thy gates into carbuncles; in phrase of naming, שָׂם שְׁמוֺ יִשְׂרָאֵל 2Kgs 17:34, compare Judg 8:31; Neh 9:7 with ל, וַיָּשֶׂם לָהֶם שֵׁמוֺת Dan 1:7, לְדָנִיֵּאל בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר ׳וַיּ vDan 1:7 make, fashion, with accusative of thing + ל person Exod 4:11a (J; ׳י subject); grave Nah 1:14 (but on text and meaning see Now Bi^{SB Wiener Akkadian 1894, Abh. V}); with accusative דֶּרֶךְ Isa 43:19 (ב location), compare Ezek 21:24; Ezek 21:25 ( + ל infinitive); Ps 50:23 is dubious, usually order (one's) way, De Dr prepare way (which), et., Gr Che תֹּם for שָׂם; make name + ל person 2Sam 7:23 = 1Chr 17:21; 2Sam 14:7 make for, ל person (or give to), with accusative of posterity Gen 45:7 (E); 1Sam 2:20 read probably יַשַׁלֵּם ᵐ5 We Kit Bu HPS, compare Dr; Ezra 10:44b is obscure, Gu-Batten strike out וַיָּשִׂימוּ and read וַיְשַׁלְּחוּ before נָשִׁים, compare 3 Esdr 9:36 BeRy Ryle.
c. work, bring to pass, with accusative of thing, of ׳י's signs, etc., + ב location Exod 10:2 (J), Jer 32:20; Isa 66:19; Ps 46:9; Ps 78:43; Ps 105:27.
d. appoint, give, accusative of thing Num 6:26 (P), Isa 61:3 (|| נָתַן; both with ל person); a pledge Job 17:3 (|| עָרְבֵנִי go surety for me, but read perhaps עֶרְבֹנִי as object); וַשׂוֺם שֵׂכֶל Neh 8:8 giving understanding (making sense clear). Hiph`il Perfect 1 singular consecutive וַהֲשִׂמֹתִיהוּ Ezek 14:8, accusative of person + ל, I will make him for a sign (< שׁ for שׂ van d. H., √ שׁמם; Co Berthol Toy וְשַׂמְתִּיהוּ (Qal), Krae וַהִשְׁמַדְתִּיהוּ); Imperative feminine singular הָשׂימִי Ezek 21:21, probably del as dittograph Co Krae after ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 ᵑ7 Nö^{ZMG xxxvii (1888), 530} ( > Bö Toy and others הִקְדִּימוּ); Participle מֵשִׂים Job 4:20 = Qal (לֵב) שׂום (Job 4:23b), but phrase dubious, and text perhaps corrupt, see Me Nö^l.c. Hoph`al Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַּיּוּשׂם Gen 24:33 Qr (Kt ויישׂם Ges^{«GKC:73f»§ 73f}) there was set before him (לְפָנָיו) to eat, compare Ol^{MBAk. 1870, 389} Kö^{i. 435}, who read also וַיוּשַׂם Gen 50:26 he was laid in (ב) a mummy-case (for ᵑ0 וַיִּישֶׂם), Di (ed. 4.5.6) allows this.

BDB8189 H7760 H8040 H8057

שׂוּמָה (van d. H. שׂימה Kt) perhaps noun feminine token of unluckiness, scowl; — 2Sam 13:32, so Ew^{G iii. 234, H.172} (abbreviated fromשׂמאל; or emendation שִׁטְמָה) We RS^{Ency. Brit}.(9) DAVID Kit, compare Dr HPS.

BDB9915 H7760 H7761

[שׂוּם], שׂים verb set, make (see Biblical Hebrew; for Persian influence on usage compare Scheft⁶⁵); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 masculine singular שָׂם Ezra 5:3 +, suffix שָׂמֵהּ Ezra 5:14 2 masculine singular, שַׂ֫מְתָּ Dan 3:10 1 singular שָׂ֫מֶת טְעֵם Ezra 6:12 3 masculine plural שָׂמוּ Dan 3:12 Imperative masculine plural שִׂ֫ימוּ Ezra 4:21 —

1. make, accusative טְעֵם = make decree Dan 3:10; Ezra 6:1; Ezra 6:12 + verb finite vEzra 6:8, + infinitive Ezra 4:21; Ezra 5:13 and (with ל person) vEzra 5:3 vEzra 5:9.

2. make, appoint, one's name Dan 5:12 (2 accusative), one to office Ezra 5:14 (2 accusative).

3. set, fix, accusative בָּל mind, Dan 6:15 (c. infinitive); accusative טְעֵם Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 pay due regard (טְעֵם) to (עַל person). Pe`il 3 masculine singular מִנִּי שִׂים טְעֵם Ezra 4:19, from me a decree is made, so Ezra 5:17; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 6:11; Ezra 7:13; Ezra 7:21; Dan 3:29; Dan 4:3; Dan 6:27 literal 3 feminine singular שֻׂמַת (read probably שִׂימַת K^{§ 45, Beisp. 1.} d)) Dan 6:18 (of stone, עַל local). Hithpe`el be made: Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִתְּשָׂם Ezra 4:24 (of decree, סטְעֵס with מִן agent.); 3 masculine plural יִתְּשָׂמוּן Dan 2:5 subject of thing + noun predicate be made into; Participle Ezra 5:8 literally be set, laid, of wood, ב of wall.

put, set, make, made, laid, …

śûm

to put (used in a great variety of applications, literal, figurative, inferentially, and elliptically)

to put, place, set, appoint, make

(Qal)

to put, set, lay, put or lay upon, lay (violent) hands on

to extend (compassion) (figuratively)

אֹתָ ֖הּ

אֹתָ

Particle points to the object of the verb — leave untranslated

֖הּ

Suffix — pronoun her / it

Dictionary form: אֵת · ate

הּ

Mapiq — the "her" dot The dot inside the final הּ (mapiq) makes the ה a real consonant: it is the suffix "her / its" attached to this word.

Particle — Direct Object Marker

In the KJV here: it

and ×240 of ×109 him ×107 them ×73 with ×72 from ×64 you ×61 me ×54

More options

[direct object marker — untranslated] — Most common use; marks definite direct object, no English equivalent.

with — Use when אֵת expresses accompaniment or association.

from — Use when context implies source or separation.

along with — Emphasizes inclusion or togetherness in a list.

together with — Slightly more formal; stresses joint participation.

among — Use when indicating presence within a group.

BDB853 H853

I. אֵת, with makk. אֶתֿ, with suffix אֹתִי; אֹתְךָ, אֹתְכָה Num 22:33, אֹתָ֑ךְ, אֹתָ֑כָה Exod 29:35, feminine אֹתָךְ; אֹתוֺ etc.; 2 plural אֶתְכֶם, once אוֺתְכֶם Josh 23:15 3 masculine plural regularly אֹתָם, rarely אֶתְהֶם Gen 32:1; Exod 18:20; Num 21:3; Ezek 34:12; 1Chr 6:50, once אוֺתְהֶם Ezek 23:45 3 feminine plural, on the contrary, regularly אֶתְהֶן (13 t.), once אֹתָן Ezek 16:54 (also אוֺתְהֶן Ezek 23:47, אֹתָ֖נָה Exod 35:26, אוֺתָ֖נָה Ezek 34:21); forms with cholem also often written plene: — the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite (Moabite id., Phoenician אית i.e. אִיַּת (Schröd^{p. 213 f.}); Aramaic יָת frequently in ᵑ7; Syriac very rare as mark of accusative (for which is preferred), but used often in the sense of substance οὐσία, also in that of self, e.g. per se, reapse, sibi ipsi, PS^{1640 f.}, Samaritan ; Arabic , only used with suffix, when it is desired to emphasize the pronoun, e.g. Qor 1:4 W^{AG i. § 189.} [Ethiopic uses k£y¹ similarly, Di^{§ 150 a}; but it is dubious if this is etymologically akin.] The primitive form will have been 'iwyath, originally a substantive with following genitive, Ol^{p. 432}; whether ultimately a parallel development with אוֺת sign from √ אוה is uncertain: Ol W^{AG i. § 188} Lag^{M i. 226 affirm}, Nö^{ZMG 1886, 738 doubts. In Hebrew the ground-form is} אוֺת; the forms with ¢, e being abbreviated. In post Biblical Hebrew, used in combination with another preposition: thus בְּאוֺתוֺ הַיּוֺם = Bibl. בַּיּוֺם הַהוּא, בְּאוֺתָהּ הַשָּׁעָה; or as a nomin., e.g. אוֺתוֺ הָאִישׁ = Bibl. הָאִישׁ הַהוּא).

1. As mark of the accusative prefixed to substantives defined either by the article (or כֹּל), or by a genitive or pronominal affix, or in virtue of being proper names:
a. with transitive verbs, Gen 1:1; Gen 1:16; Gen 1:29; Gen 1:30; Gen 2:11; Gen 4:1; Gen 4:2; Gen 9:3 (אֶתֿכֹּל׃) etc. Similarly אֶתמִֿי whom (in particular), Josh 24:15; 1Sam 12:3; 1Sam 28:11; Isa 6:8 and elsewhere (but never אֶתמָֿה); also with זֶה Gen 29:33; Gen 44:29; 1Sam 21:16; 1Kgs 22:27 +, זֹאת Gen 29:27; 2Sam 13:27 +, אֵלֶּה Gen 46:18; Lev 11:18; Isa 49:21 +. So pretty uniformly in prose; but in poetry את is commonly dispensed with. By the use of את with the pronominal affix, a pronoun can at once, if required, be placed in a position of emphasis; let the order of words from this point of view be carefully noticed in the following passages: Gen 7:1; Gen 24:14; Gen 37:4; Lev 10:17; Lev 11:33; Num 22:32 thee I had slain, and her I had kept alive, Deut 4:14; Deut 6:13; Deut 6:23; Deut 13:5; Judg 14:3 אוֺתָהּ קַח לִי take for me her, 1Sam 14:35; 1Sam 15:1; 1Sam 18:17; 1Sam 21:10 אִםאֹֿתָהּ תִּקַּחלְֿךָ קָ֔ח if thou wilt take that, take it, 1Kgs 1:35; 1Kgs 14:9; Isa 43:22; Isa 57:11; Jer 9:2. So הַאוֺתִי Jer 5:22; Jer 7:19. It also sometimes enables the reflexive sense to be expressed (elsewhere נַפְשָׁם) Jer 7:19; Ezek 34:2. Rarely with a substantive which is undefined (Ew^{§ 277 d 2} Ges^{«GKC:117»§ 117}, 1, R. 2), as Exod 21:28; Num 21:9; Lev 20:14; 1Sam 24:6 (but see Dr) 2Sam 4:11; 2Sam 18:18; 2Sam 23:21 or which, though definite, is without the article, Gen 21:30; 2Sam 15:16; Lev 26:5; 1Sam 9:3 (so Num 16:15) Isa 33:19; Isa 41:7; Ezek 43:10 (for further examples see Ew 1.c.)
b. with a passive verb (Ges^{«GKC:121»§ 121}. 1 Ew^{§ 295 b}) conceived as expressing neutrally the action in question, and construed accordingly with an accusative of that which is its real object: examples occur with tolerable frequency from Gen 4:18 (J) וַיִּוָּלֵד לַחֲנוֺךְ אֶתעֿירָד, Gen 17:5 (P), לֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֺד אֶתשִֿׁמְךָ אַברָם there shall not be called (=one shall not call) thy name Abram, Gen 21:5 (E), Gen 27:42; 2Sam 21:11; 1Kgs 18:13; Hos 10:6 etc., to Jer 35:18; Jer 38:4; Jer 50:20; Ezek 16:4; Ezek 16:5; Esth 2:13 (compare Dr^{JPh xi. 227 f.}): also with passive verbs of filling (Ew^{§ 281 b}), as Exod 1:7 +.
c. with neuter verbs or expressions, especially such as involve the idea of regarding, or treating, appy. by a construction κατὰ σύνεσιν (rare), Josh 22:17; 2Sam 11:25; Neh 9:32 (compare 1Sam 20:13 Dr). Once after אֵין, Hag 2:17 אֵין אֶתְכֶם אֵלַיָֽ.
d. poet. (si vera lectio), after an abstract noun used with a verbal force, Hab 3:13 (Amos 4:11; Isa 13:19; Jer 50:40 מַהְפֵּכָה exerts a verbal force, like the Arabic nom. verbi [see W^{AG i. § 196, 43}]; and Num 10:2; Ezek 17:9 לְמַסַּע, לְמַשְׂאוֺת are Aramaizing infinitives: compare Ew^{§ 239 a}).

2. את marks an accusative in other relations than that of direct object to a verb:
a. with verbs of motion (very rare) Num 13:17; Deut 1:19; Deut 2:7 (to 'walk the wilderness'); denoting the goal Judg 19:18; Ezek 21:25 (Ew^{§ 281 d, n., 282 a 1}).
b. denoting time (duration), also very rare: Exod 13:7; Lev 25:22; Deut 9:25.
c. expressing the accus. of limitation (rare): Gen 17:11; Gen 17:14; 1Kgs 15:23.

3. Chiefly in an inferior or later style, אֵת (or וְאֵת) is used irregularly, partly (α), as it would seem, to give greater definiteness (so especially וְאֵת) at the mention of a new subject (when it may sometimes be rendered as regards), or through the influence of a neighbouring verb (a construct κατὰ σύνεσιν), or by an anacoluthon, partly (β) as resuming loosely some other preposition Thus (α) Exod 1:14; Num 3:26; Num 3:46; Num 5:10 (with הָיָה: so Ezek 35:10) Num 18:21b Deut 11:2 (anacoluthon), Deut 14:13; Josh 17:11; Judg 20:44; Judg 20:46 (contr. vJudg 20:25 vJudg 20:35) 1Sam 17:34 (see Dr) 1Sam 26:16; 2Sam 21:22; 2Kgs 6:5; Isa 53:8 (probably), Isa 57:12; Jer 23:33 (but read rather with ᵐ5 ᵑ9 אַתֶּם הַמַּשָּׂא) Jer 27:8; Jer 36:22; Jer 38:16 Kt, Jer 45:4 b Ezek 16:22; Ezek 17:21; Ezek 20:16; Ezek 29:4 b Ezek 43:7 (ᵐ5 Co prefix הֲרָאִיתָ) Ezek 44:3; Zech 8:17; Eccl 4:3; Dan 9:13; Neh 9:19; Neh 9:34; 1Chr 2:9; 2Chr 31:17. In 1Sam 30:23; Hag 2:5 probably some such word as remember is to be understood. (β) Jer 38:9; Ezek 14:22 b Ezek 37:19 b Zech 12:10 סָבִיב אֵת 1Kgs 6:5; Ezek 43:17 strangely (in 1 Kings ᵐ5 omits the clause: so Sta^{ZAW 1883, 135}). — In 1Kgs 11:1 וְ is merely and also, and especially (see וְ); v1Kgs 11:25 is corrupt (read with ᵐ5 זֹאת הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה הֲדָד); Ezek 47:17; Ezek 47:18; Ezek 47:19 read similarly for ואת, זֹאת: see vEzek 47:20. — For some particulars as to the use of את, see A. M. Wilson^{Hebraica. vi. 139 ff. 212 ff.} (who, however, confuses it sometimes with II. אֵת). For denoting the pronominal object of a verb, את with suffix preponderates relatively much above the verbal affix in P, as compared with J E Deuteronomy Judges Samuel Kings (see Gie^{ZAW 1881, 258 f.}), — partly, probably, on account of the greater distinctness and precision which P loves.

BDB9600 H853 H3487

יָת mark of accusative (= Biblical Hebrew I. אֵת; Palmyrene ית; Zinjirli^{Had. 28} with suffix ותה; Nabataean, Palmyrene with suffix יתה (Lzb²⁶³ Cooke¹⁷⁰; compare RÉS⁴⁶⁸); ᵑ7 Samaritan יָת; Syriac (rare)); — Dan 3:12 דִּי מַנִּיתָ יָָֽתְהוֺן whom thou hast appointed.

with, from, of, and, by, …

ʾēt

properly, self (but generally used to point out more definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or namely)

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

מַצֵּבָ֑ה

Root word images, pillar, image, pillars, garrisons

Dictionary form: מַצֵּבָה · mahts-say-BAW

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: for a pillar

the images ×6 their images ×4 for a pillar ×3 a pillar ×2 images ×2 pillars ×2 the image ×2 a standing image ×1

More options

standing stone — Most precise modern archaeological term; prefer in narrative contexts.

sacred pillar — Highlights cultic/religious function; good for polemical passages.

monument — Broader, neutral term; suits commemorative or memorial contexts.

stone pillar — Plain and descriptive; useful when sacredness is not emphasized.

stele — Technical/scholarly register; use when audience is academically oriented.

garrison — Only for rare military sense; distinct from the cultic meaning.

BDB5324 H4676 H4678 H5324

מַצֵּבָה, מַצֶּ֫בֶת noun feminine pillar, maƒƒ¢b¹, stump; — absolute מַצֵּבָה Hos 3:4 +,מַצֶּ֫בֶת 2Sam 18:18 a (read ׳הַמּ ᵐ5 Dr Bu Kit), v2Sam 18:18 b Isa 6:13, construct מַצְּבַת 2Kgs 3:2; 2Kgs 10:27, מַצֶּ֫בֶת Gen 35:14; Gen 35:20 suffix מַצַּבְתָּהּ Isa 6:13 plural absolute מַצֵּבוֺת 1Kgs 14:28, construct מַצְּבוֺת 2Kgs 10:26, etc.; —

1. a. pillar, as monument, personal memorial 2Sam 18:18 (twice in verse).
b. a stone, set up (שׂים, הציב), and anointed as memorial of divine appearance Gen 28:18; Gen 28:22; Gen 31:13 (all E), Gen 35:14 (J); so also Gen 33:20 (E), where insert ׳מ, or read ׳מ for ᵑ0 מִזְבֵּחַ (We Di Now^{Archaeology ii.18}), set up (שׂים), הרים, חציב in token of an agreement Gen 31:45; Gen 31:51; Gen 31:52 (twice in verse) (all E); over grave Gen 35:20 (twice in verse)
c. especially of sacred stones or pillars in connection with altar, erected (בנה) by Moses Exod 24:4 (E; 12 pillars), Hos 3:4; Hos 10:1; Hos 10:2; Isa 19:19 conjecture also 2Kgs 12:10 for ᵑ0 מִזְבֵּחַ Sta^{ZAW v (1885), 296} Now^{Archaeology l.c.}, but dubious, see Benz^{on the passage}; (usually + אֲשֵׁרִים etc.): of Canaanites Exod 23:24 (E), Exod 34:13 (J), Deut 7:5; Deut 12:3 compare הַבַּלְַ ׳מ 2Kgs 3:2; 2Kgs 10:26; 2Kgs 10:27 Tyre, עֻזֵּךְ ׳מ, Ezek 26:11, of obelisks of Heliopolis in Egypt; condemned for Israel by Deuteronomic code, and Deuteronomist redaction of Kings: Deut 16:22; 2Kgs 14:23; 2Kgs 17:10; 2Kgs 18:4; 2Kgs 23:14; 2Chr 14:2; 2Chr 31:1 compare Mic 5:12; Lev 26:1 (H). — On maƒƒ¢b¹ see further Now^{Archaeology ii.18 f.} Benz^{Archaeology 380 f.} Dr^{Deut 16:21f.} We^{Skizzen iii.99,165} RS^{Sem.i.184 ff. 437.f; 2d ed. 204 ff. 456 f.; K. 50}.

**On this see also Lagrange^{Études Bibl. 197 ff.} and review by Bau^{ZMG lvii (1903), 830}; also GFM^{EB MASSEBAH} Sta^{Bib. Theol. i. § 55} OCWhitehouse^{Hast. DB PILLAR}. — Judg 9:6 see [ נָצַב]

Hoph`al 2. stock, stump of tree Isa 6:13 a (in simile), so vIsa 6:13 b (figurative; but probably strike out as gloss).

images, pillar, image, pillars, garrisons

maṣṣēbâ

something stationed, i.e., a column or (memorial stone); by analogy, an idol

pillar, mastaba, stump

pillar

as monument, personal memorial

וַ יִּצֹ֥ק

וַ

Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)

יִּצֹ֥ק

Root word cast, pour, poured, out, molten, …

Dictionary form: יָצַק · yaw-TSAHK

וַ

Vav-consecutive (wayyiqtol) The וַ prefix — vav with patach plus a doubling dagesh in the next letter — flips this verb into story-telling past: translate "and (he) ___ed", not "will ___".

Verb — Qal, Sequential Imperfect (Wayyiqtol), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" story-telling past — try "and he ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: and poured

and pour ×5 and he cast ×4 and he poured ×3 and poured ×3 cast ×3 a molten ×2 and thou shalt cast ×2 i will pour ×2

More options

pour — Best for liquid contexts; most common everyday usage.

cast — Use for molten metal shaped in a mold.

mold — Emphasizes shaping; good for metalworking passages.

flow — Highlights continuous or uncontrolled outpouring.

solidify — Captures the 'firm/hard' sense; use for hardening passages.

set firm — For contexts stressing rigidity or being fixed in place.

BDB3671 H3332

יָצַק verb pour, cast, flow (Talmud id.) —

Qal Perfect יְצַק Lev 8:15+ 2 t.; וְיָצַק consecutive Lev 2:1; Lev 14:15 suffix יְצָקָם 1Kgs 7:46; 2Chr 4:17, etc.; Imperfect יִצֹּק Lev 14:26; Num 5:15 וַיִּצֹּק Gen 28:18 + 8 t.; וַּ֫יִּצֶק 1Kgs 22:35 (intransitive sense); 3 feminine singular וַתִּצֹּק 2Sam 13:9 אֶצֹק Isa 44:3אֶצָּקֿ vIsa 44:3 וַיִּצְקוּ 2Kgs 4:40 Imperative יְצֹק Ezek 24:3 צַק 2Kgs 4:41 יִצְקוּ 1Kgs 18:34 Infinitive צֶ֫קֶת Exod 38:27; Job 38:38 Participle Pass. יָצוּק Job 28:2 + 5 t.; plural יְצוּקִים 2Chr 4:3 יְצֻקִים 1Kgs 7:24 יְצֻקוֺת v1Kgs 7:30 —

1. pour, pour out, oil, in anointing, followed by accusative (שׁמן) + על Gen 28:18 (E), Gen 35:14 (J); followed by מִשֶּׁמֶן + לְ Lev 8:12 (P); followed by על (שׁמן implied from context) Exod 29:7 (P), 1Sam 10:1; 2Kgs 9:3 followed by שֶׁמֶן + אֶלֿ v2Kgs 9:6 figurative, with רוּחִי + על Isa 44:3 oil in sacrifice, + על Lev 2:1; Lev 2:6; Num 5:15 in cleansing, + על Lev 14:15; Lev 14:26 (upon his plam; all P); oil into (על) vessels 2Kgs 4:4 water, for washing, + על 2Kgs 3:11 for drenching, + על 1Kgs 18:34 for boiling (into (בְּ) the caldron), symbolic, Ezek 24:3; Ezek 24:3 for satisfying thirst (figurative) + על Isa 44:3 blood (of sacrifice) + אֶליְֿסוֺד Lev 8:15; Lev 9:9 (P); pottage, for eating, 2Kgs 4:40; 2Kgs 4:41 cakes (לְבִבוֺת) 2Sam 13:9 figurative of disease יָצוּק בּוֺ Ps 41:9 infused into him (al. less probably as 3 molten, i.e. fixed upon).

2. cast (objects of metal) Exod 25:12; Exod 26:37; Exod 36:36; Exod 37:3; Exod 37:13; Exod 38:5; Exod 38:27 (all P), 1Kgs 7:46 = 2Chr 4:17; 1Kgs 7:24; 1Kgs 7:30; 2Chr 4:3.

3. Passive participle as adjective figurative cast, hard, of crocodile's scales Job 41:15 of crocodile's heart v.Job 41:16 v.Job 41:16 (as stone).

4. intransitive flow, pour, only וַיִּ֫צֶק 1Kgs 22:35 (of blood), Job 38:38 בְּצֶקֶת עָפָר לַמּוּצָק Hiph`il Imperfect וַיַּצִּ֫קוּ 2Sam 15:24 וַיַּצִּקֻם Josh 7:23 Participle f. מֹי֯צָ֑קֶת 2Kgs 4:5 — pour (oil) 2Kgs 4:5, figurative of shekels of silver, etc., pour out Josh 7:23 of the ark, 2Sam 15:24 set down (?); but read וַיַצִּיגוּ (Dr Gr). Hoph`al Perfect הוּצַק Ps 45:3Imperfect יוּצַק Lev 21:10; Job 22:16 Participle מוּצָ֑ק 1Kgs 7:23; 1Kgs 7:33; 2Chr 4:2; Job 37:18 מֻצָק Job 11:15 construct מֻצַּק 1Kgs 7:16 —

1. be poured, subject שֶׁמֶן followed by לְ (in anointing), Lev 21:10 (H); figurative of foundation of wicked Job 22:16, see Di; of grace חֵן on lips, Ps 45:3 (followed by ב), see Che.

2. Participle = cast, molten ׳הים המ 1Kgs 7:23 = 2Chr 4:2 as predicate 1Kgs 7:33 construct as substantive מֻצַּק נְחשֶׁת 1Kgs 7:16.

3. Participle, figurative firmly established, predicate of person, ׳וְהָיִיתָ מ Job 11:15 and thou shalt be established (|| לֹא תִירָא).

cast, pour, poured, out, molten, …

yāṣaq

properly, to pour out (transitive or intransitive); by implication, to melt or cast as metal; by extension, to place firmly, to stiffen or grow hard

to pour, flow, cast, pour out

(Qal)

to pour, pour out

to be poured

שֶׁ֖מֶן

Root word oil, ointment, olive, ointments, oiled, …

Dictionary form: שֶׁמֶן · sheh-MEN

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: oil

with oil ×42 oil ×39 of oil ×28 and oil ×13 the oil ×11 ointment ×6 and the oil ×4 and of oil ×3

More options

oil — Most common rendering; suits nearly every context.

olive oil — Clarifies source when commodity or culinary context is key.

ointment — Better for ritual or medicinal application on skin.

anointing oil — Prefer in priestly, consecration, or sacred-use contexts.

fat — Captures richness or abundance in figurative/poetic passages.

fatness — Poetic; conveys fertility or blessing of the land.

BDB8810 H8081

שֶׁ֫מֶן₁₉₂ noun masculine 2Kgs 20:13 (on apparently feminine Song 1:3 compare Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 99, 106}) fat, oil; — ׳שׁ absolute Gen 28:28 +, construct Lev 8:2 +; ׳שָׁ֑ 2Kgs 4:6 +; suffix שַׁמְנִי Hos 2:7 +, etc.; plural שְׁמָנִים Amos 6:6 +; suffix שְׁמָנֶיךָ Song 1:3, נַיִח- Song 4:10 —

1. fat, fatness: ׳קֶרֶן בֶּןשֿׁ Isa 5:1 (of fertile slope); plural גֵּיאשְֿׁמָנִים Isa 28:1; Isa 28:4 of food (in figurative) Isa 25:6 (twice in verse); literal כְּשָׂרִי כָּחַשׁ מִשָּׁ֑מֶן Ps 109:24 (compare צוֺם v^a), compare ׳מִפְּנֵי שׁ Isa 10:27 (in figurative, si vera lectio, meaning obscure; most now emend by conjecture; RS^{JPH xili (1885), 62} עָלָה מִצָּפוֺן שֹׁרֵד [see also II. חבל], joining to vIsa 10:28 Du Marti has gone up from Pene-Rimmon [??], compare Di-Kit).

2. a. oil, specifically olive-oil, as rich product Deut 8:8 + (see זַיִת); hence ׳עֵץ שׁ Isa 41:19 oil-tree, usually explained as wild olive, oleaster, so Neh 8:15 (|| וַיִת), ׳עֲצֵי שׁ oleaster-wood 1Kgs 6:23; 1Kgs 6:31; 1Kgs 6:32; 1Kgs 6:33 once הַמֹּר ׳שׁ Esth 2:2 (see מֹר p. 600:b; ׳מ also in holy anointing oil Exod 30:23).
b. ׳שׁ as staple (codiment) Num 11:8 (J; see לשׁד), of value 1Kgs 17:12; 1Kgs 17:14; 1Kgs 17:16; 2Kgs 2:4; 2Kgs 2:6; 2Kgs 2:7 + 4 t.; symbol of plenty Deut 32:13; Deut 33:24; Job 29:6 ascribed (fassely) to gift of Baals Hos 2:7 as royal treasure 2Kgs 20:13 = Isa 39:2, compare 1Kgs 5:25 (כָּ תִית ׳שׁ, see ׳כ) = 2Chr 2:9; 2Chr 2:14 + 3 t.; tribute Hos 12:2, article of trade Ezek 27:17 odoriferous Prov 27:9; Song 1:3; Song 4:10, רוֺקֵחַ ׳שׁ Eccl 10:1, so (figurative) Song 1:3; Eccl 7:1; Prov 27:16 is corrupt, see Toy; sign of luxury Ezek 16:13; Prov 21:17, of prosperity Ezek 16:20.
c. ׳שׁ as medicament Isa 1:6 as unguent, for shield 2Sam 1:21, person Amos 6:6; Mic 6:15; Deut 28:40; Ezek 16:9 Esther; Ps 92:11; Ps 104:15, not for mourner 2Sam 14:2 on head token of happiness Eccl 9:8, of hospitality, ראֹשִׁי ׳דִּפַּנְתָּ בַּפֹּ Ps 23:5 (figurative), in simile Ps 133:2; Ps 141:5.
d. for anointing king, ׳פַּח הַשּׂ 1Sam 10:1; 2Kgs 9:1; 2Kgs 9:3, compare v2Kgs 9:6, with קֶרֶן 1Sam 16:1; 1Sam 16:13; 1Kgs 1:39 compare קָדְשִׁי מְשַׁחְתִּיו ׳בְּשׁ Ps 89:21.
e. in various figs., of joy שָׂשׂוֺן ׳שׁ Isa 61:3; Ps 45:8 soft words Ps 55:22; Prov 5:3 as penetrating Prov 109:18 as clear, transparent Ezek 32:14. feminine used in primitive worship, poured on stone Gen 28:18 (E), Gen 35:14 (J).
g. in later ritual: for anointing priests, tabernacle, altar utensils, etc. (P), made of various ingred., וַיִת ׳שׁ among them, Exod 30:24, הַמִּשְׁתָה ׳שׁ Exod 25:6; Lev 8:2; Lev 8:10; Lev 8:12 + 11 t.; מִשְׁחַתקֹֿדֶשׁ ׳שׁ Exod 30:25 (twice in verse) + 2 t.; ׳י ׳מ ׳שׁ Lev 10:7, אֱםהָיו ׳מ ׳שׁ Lev 21:12 ׳הקּ ׳שׁ Num 35:25 ׳שׁ alone Lev 14:10 + 12 t. Lev 14 for lighting Exod 25:6 + 6 t. + זַיִת זָח כָּ חִית ׳שׁ Exod 27:20; Lev 24:2 (see כָּ תִית); poured upon מִנְחָה Lev 2:1 + 5 t., compare Lev 5:11; Num 5:15 smeared (see מָשַׁח) upon wafers Exod 29:2; Lev 2:4 +, and cakes (or mixed in the making? compare בָּלַל) Exod 29:2; Lev 2:4; Lev 2:5 +, so ׳סֹלֶת בַּשׁ Lev 2:7 etc. (c. 45 t. in all), ׳חַלַּת לֶחֶם שׁ Exod 29:23; Lev 8:26.
h. for use in temple 1Chr 9:29.
i. for תְּרוּמָה in Ezekiel's temple Ezek 45:14 (twice in verse) + 7 t. 45, 46.
j. efficacy denied Mic 6:7
k. offered to idols Isa 57:9; Ezek 16:18; Ezek 16:19; Ezek 23:41. — See Macalister^{Hast. DB OIL} ARSK^{Ency. Bib. OIL}.

oil, ointment, olive, ointments, oiled, …

šemen

grease, especially liquid (as from the olive, often perfumed); figuratively, richness

fat, oil

fat, fatness

as staple, medicament or unguent

עַל

Preposition upon, against, over, in, for, …

Dictionary form: עַל · al

Preposition

In the KJV here: upon

upon ×1122 against ×378 over ×273 for ×229 in ×225 on ×187 by ×148 unto ×137

More options

on — Best default; spatial or metaphorical contact with a surface.

over — Prefer for authority, covering, or movement across.

about — Use for topics, concerns, or matters relating to something.

against — Use for hostility, opposition, or transgression.

concerning — Formal register; suits legal or prophetic discourse.

because of — Causal sense; when עַל introduces a reason.

BDB3996 H3588 H5921 H3651

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as, a peculiar phrase found Gen 18:5; Gen 19:8; Gen 33:10; Gen 38:26; Num 10:31; Num 14:43; Judg 6:22; 2Sam 18:20 Qr (rightly), Jer 29:28; Jer 38:4 — literally for therefore, emphasizing the ground pleonastically (Ew^{§ 353 a} ). The original force of the phrase is traceable in some of the passages in which it occurs, as Gen 18:5 let me fetch a morsel of bread, and comfort your heart; כִּיעַֿלכֵּֿן עֲבַרְתֶּם עַל עַבְדְּכֶם for therefore (that is, to partake of such hospitality) are ye come to your servant, Num 14:43 the Amalekite and the Canaanite are there, and ye will fall by the sword, כִּיעַֿלכֵּֿן שַׁבְתֶּם for therefore (to encounter such a fate) have ye turned back from ׳י etc.: but in process of time the distinct sense of its component parts was no doubt gradually obscured, and it thus came to be used conventionally, as a mere particle of causation, even where there was no preceding statement to which עַל כֵּן therefore could be explicitly referred. אֲשֶׁר עַל כֵּן appears to be used similarly (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Job 34:27.

BDB6085 H5920 H5921

עַל, עָ֑ל (compare Kö^{ii. 261 f.}) I. substantive height (poetry) Hos 7:16 יָשׁוּבוּ לֹא עָֹל they return (but) not upwards (i.e. not God-wards), Hos 11:7 וְאֶלעַֿל יִקְרָאֻהוּ they (the prophets) call it (the people) upwards, (but) none striveth to rise; as adverb accusative, 2Sam 23:1 the man הֻ֣קַּם עָ֔ל (that) is raised up on high. With מִן, מֵעָ֑ל, (ה)שׁמים מֵעָ֑ל (the) heavens above Gen 27:39; Gen 49:25; Ps 50:4 (opposed to מִתַּחַת Exod 20:4. In prose מִמַּעַל).

II. As preposition upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against (SI^4.6; Moabite, Aramaic id.; Phoenician על, and עלת; Palmyrene, Nabataean על; Sabean עלי, Arabic ); — abbreviated from עֲלֵי (compare אֱלֵי, עֲדֵי), which is preserved in poetry, Gen 49:17 (twice in verse); Gen 49:22 (twice in verse); Num 24:6 (twice in verse); Deut 32:2 (twice in verse); Isa 18:4; Jer 8:18; Mic 5:6; Lam 4:5; 1Kgs 20:41 Qr, Job 7:1 Qr + 10 t. Psalms, 3 t. Proverbs, 15 t. Job; with suffix עָלַי; עָלֶיךָ, עָלַיִךְ ( Ps 116:7 the Aramaizing form עָלָ֑יְכִי); עָלָיו, Psalm 1Sam 2:10 עָלָו, עָלֶיהָ; 1 plural עָלֵינוּ; 2 masculine plural עֲלֵיכֶם, Exod 12:13 עֲלֵכֶם, 2 feminine plural עֲלֵיכֶן Ezek 23:49 3 masculine plural עֲלֵיהֶם, 13 t. in Pentateuch עֲלֵהֶם Gen 45:15, etc. (Kö^{ii. 305}), in poetry עָלֵ֫ימוֺ Deut 22:23 + 11 t. Psalms, Job (perhaps sometimes, Ges^{«GKC:103i»§ 103i}, N.); 3 feminine plural עֲלֵיהֶן, Lev 3:4; Lev 3:10; Lev 3:15 עֲלֵהֶן (on the apparently plur. form of עֲלֵי, עָלַי etc., see Kö^{ii. 309 ff.}, and compare below עַד).

1. Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed; as עלהֿארץ upon the earth Gen 1:11; Gen 1:26; Gen 7:6, etc., Ps 110:6 על ארץ רבה over a wide country; על האדמה upon the ground Ezek 20:12 + often, Amos 7:12 עַל אֲדָמָה טְמֵאָה, Isa 14:2 ׳על אדמת י, Ps 137:4 עַל אַדְמַת נֵכָר (אֲרָמָה being properly ground, soil, is construed regularly with על, באדמה being very rare), more definitely על פני האדמה Gen 6:1; Num 12:3 + often; על מקום Lev 14:28; Jer 45:5 (uncommon: usually בְּ); Deut 17:20; Isa 9:6 על מַמְלַכְתּוֺ upon his realm, 2Chr 1:1 על בָּֽתִּים very strangely Hos 11:11 (read וַהֲשִׁבֹתִים with ᵐ5 : see 7 c α β); constantly after such verbs as נוח, ישׁב, רכב, etc., Gen 8:4; Exod 11:5 כתב על to write (idiomatic) on a book or other surface, Josh 10:13, etc.; יצא על go forth over Gen 41:45; Zech 5:3; Ps 81:6 with נִשְׁעַן, נִסְמַךְ, בָּטַח (figurative), to lean or trust upon: Gen 3:14 to go עַל גְּחֹנְךָ upon thy belly, Gen 32:32 to limp עַל יְרֵכוֺ upon his thigh, 1Sam 14:13; Ezek 37:10; Judg 15:8 to smite שׁוֺק עַל יָרֵךְ leg upon thigh, i.e. so that the scattered limbs fall one upon another, Amos 3:15. And with reference not a horizontal surface but to a side, Lev 1:5 + זָרַק עַל to pour against the altar, 1Kgs 6:5; 1Kgs 6:18 to build against the temple, Josh 10:27, etc. Figurative Exod 23:13 let it not be heard עַל פִּיךָ upon thy mouth (in our idiom, upon thy lips, as Prov 22:18), Ps 15:3 לֹא רָגַל עַל לְשֹׁנוֺ he slandereth not (i.e. prepares not slander) upon his tongue, 2Sam 23:2 וּמִלָּתוֺ עַל לְשׁוֺנִי, Prov 16:23; Prov 16:27; Prov 31:26; Eccl 5:1 compare עַל שְׂפָתַיִם נָשָׂא or עַל פֶּה Ps 16:4; Ps 50:16; Ezek 36:3b.

Specially
a. —
(a) of clothing, etc., which any one wears, Gen 37:23 the tunic אשׁר עליו which was upon him, Josh 9:5; 1Kgs 11:30; Ruth 3:15 +; Gen 24:30; Gen 38:30; 2Sam 13:18, of a sword 2Sam 20:8; Song 3:8 so הָיָה עַל Lev 16:4; Deut 22:5; Ezek 44:18; 1Chr 15:27; 1Chr 18:7 (|| 2Sam 8:7 אֶל); compare לֹא יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ Lev 19:19; Ezek 44:17, and with הֶעֱלָה, below, 7 b.

(b) With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it ('upon' referred to a side) : see גָּנַן, כָּסָה, סָכַךְ, עָטָה Neh 2:8 יד אלהי הטובה עלי, compare vNeh 2:18; Ezra 7:6; Ezra 7:9; Ezra 8:18; Ezra 8:22; Ezra 8:31; Exod 27:21 the veil that is over (i.e. before) the testimony, 1Sam 25:16 חוֺמָה הָיוּ עָלֵינוּ they were a wall about us; סָגַר עַל to shut in (or down) upon Exod 14:13; Job 12:14; Ezek 13:5; Job 13:27; Job 26:9; Job 36:30 he spreadeth his light עָלָיו about him.

b. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him, Isa 1:14 הָיוּ עָלַי לָטֹרַח they are a cumbrance upon me, Job 7:20 I am a burden עָלַי upon myself, 2Sam 15:33 (compare with אֶל 2Sam 19:36); כָּבַד עֶל to be heavy upon Exod 5:9 and elsewhere (see כָּבַד); of sin, calamity, etc. Isa 53:5; Ezek 33:10; Ps 88:8; Job 21:9; 2Chr 15:5; 2Chr 28:13; Eccl 6:1; Eccl 8:6 (compare 5 a β); Lev 7:20 וְטֻמְאָתוֺ עָלָיו Lev 22:3: idiomatically, Gen 48:7 מֵתָה עָלַי רָחֵל Rachel died upon me (i.e. to my sorrow), Gen 33:13 וְהַבָּקָר עָלוֺת עָלַי are giving suck upon me (i.e. as a. care to me), Num 11:13 יִבְכּוּ עָלַי they weep upon me (vexing me), Judg 14:16; Judg 14:17; Judg 19:2 (see Be), 1Sam 21:6 to play the mad man upon me, Jer 12:11.
c. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him, as שָׂם עַל to lay upon, Exod 5:8; Exod 21:22; Exod 21:30 (שָׁת), Exod 22:4, compare Gen 47:26; 2Chr 35:25 with other verbs, Job 38:10; Deut 24:5; Deut 26:6; 2Kgs 15:20; 2Kgs 18:14; 2Kgs 23:33; Neh 10:33 (twice in verse); Esth 1:8; Esth 9:21; Esth 9:27; Esth 9:31 with צִוָּה enjoin upon Gen 2:16 + often, כתב prescribe to 2Kgs 22:13; Ps 40:8, נטשׁ cast upon 1Sam 17:20 (1Sam 17:22 על יד), נתן על יד (figurative) Gen 42:37; 2Kgs 12:12; 2Kgs 22:5, compare 1Kgs 14:27, עזב Ps 10:14, גלל Ps 37:5, השׁליך Ps 55:23, פקד Job 34:13 and elsewhere; Gen 30:28 נָקְבָה שְׂכָֽרְךָ עָלַי fix thy wages upon me (name thy wages to me), Gen 34:12 הַרְבּוּ עָלַי מְאֹד מֹהַר וּמַתָּן multiply upon me, etc., 2Sam 19:39 (pregnantly) whatsoever thou choosest (and layest) upon me; without a verb, Judg 19:20 רַק כָּלמַֿחְסֹערךָ עָלָ֑י only let all thy wants be upon me, Ezra 10:4; Ps 56:13 עָלַי נְדָרֶיךָ thy vows are upon me (i.e. I owe them: compare Num 30:7; Num 30:9; Num 30:15), Prov 7:14 זִבְחֵי שְׁלָמִים עָלָ֑י peace-offerings were upon me (= were due from me); perhaps Ps 62:1; Ps 77:1 (to the charge of); with an infinitive 2Sam 18:11 וְעָלַי לָתֵת and it would have been incumbent on me to give, etc., 1Kgs 4:7; Ezra 10:12 (accents [Baer], RVm), Neh 13:3, compare Zech 12:2 (Ew RVm); Num 7:9 (P) the service of ... was upon them, Ezek 45:17, so especially late 1Chr 9:27; 1Chr 9:33; 1Chr 23:31; 2Chr 2:3 לעולם זאת על ישׂראל 2Chr 8:15; 2Chr 24:9; Ezra 7:11; Neh 11:23; Isa 9:5 and the government is upon, his shoulder (compare Isa 22:22), 2Chr 25:3; Ps 7:11 ׳מָֽגִנִּי עַלאֿ my shield rests upon God (he has undertaken my defence), Ps 62:8 עלאֿלהים יִשְׁעִי וּכְבֹדִי.

d. על is used idiomatically to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him: Ps 42:6 why art thou cast down, O my soul, וַתֶּהֱמִי עָלַי and disquieted upon me? vPs 42:7 my soul upon me is cast down, vPs 42:12; Ps 43:5; Lam 3:20; Ps 131:2 כְּגָמֻל עֲלֵי אִמּוֺ כַּגָּמוּל עָלַי נַפְשִׁי is my soul upon me; Ps 142:4 בְּהִתְעַטֵף עָלַי רוּחִי when my spirit faints upon me, Ps 143:4; Jonah 2:8; Jer 8:18 עָלַי לִבִּי דַרוָָּֽי ׃ my heart upon me is sick, Job 14:22 (twice in verse) (compare Di), Hos 11:8 נהפך עלי לבי my heart is turned (altered) upon me, 1Sam 17:32; 1Sam 25:36; Neh 5:7 וַיִמָּלֵךְ לִבִּי עָלַי and my heart took counsel upon me: compare Ps 42:5 I will pour out my soul upon me, Job 30:16; Job 10:1 אעזבה עלי שׂיחי I will let loose my complaint upon me. (Thes apud me, mecum. The rend. 'within me' alters entirely the point of view of the Hebrew expression, and is incorrect.) Denoting with some emphasis the subject of an experience, Job 30:2 עלימו אבד כָּ֑לַךְ, Dan 2:1 his sleep נִהְיְתָה עָלָיו was done with upon him (compare Aramaic Dan 6:19 נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי), Dan 10:8 וְהוֺדִי נֶהְפַּךְ עָלַי (compare Dan 5:9; Dan 7:28): also, rather differently, Lev 18:18b Jer 49:20 אִם לֹא יַשִׁים עֲלֵיהֶם נְוֵהֶם, Mic 7:13; Ps 90:17b; Ps 7:9 according to my perfectness upon me, Ezek 18:20; Ezek 22:3; 2Chr 36:8.

e. חָיָה עַל to live upon (as upon a foundation or support; compare Isa 3:1, and Ζῆν ἐπί τινος), Deut 8:3 עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם, Isa 38:16 (compare Hi), Gen 27:40 על חרבך תחיה upon ( = by) thy sword thou shalt live (compare Kazwini^{ii. 17} ap. Tu), Ezek 33:19, compare vEzek 33:26. feminine Of the ground, or basis, on which a thing is done, as Gen 24:9 על הדבר הזה, Lev 17:12 if he offers it עַל תּוֺדָה on the ground of a thanks-giving, Num 6:21 עַל נִזְרוֺ, v^b Ezek 16:15; Ezek 28:17; Dan 8:25 עַל שִׂכְלוֺ, Dan 9:18 עַל צדקותינו, (with this use is extended so as to denote explicitly on condition of). Hence
(a) the basis being conceived as regulative, על comes to denote the norm or standard (compare German 'auf die Art' W^{AG ii. § 59 i}): the transition may be seen in a passage like Exod 24:8 the covenant which ׳י made with you on the basis of (על), or in agreement with, all these words (compare על פי Exod 34:27), Num 35:24 האלה על המשׁפטים, Deut 17:11; Jer 30:18 the palace shall sit (i.e. be inhabited: see ישׁב) עַל מִשְׁפָּטוֺ in accordance with its manner, Ps 94:20 who frames mischief עֲלֵיחֹֿק in accordance with a law, ... על פי according to the mouth (i.e. command, Gen 45:21 + oft, evidence Deut 17:6; Deut 19:15, sentence Deut 21:5) of . . .; עַל שֵׁם ֗֗֗֗ according to the name of . . . (mostly with call, be called) Gen 48:6; Exod 28:21; 2Sam 18:18 +, compare 1Chr 23:14; Exod 6:26; Exod 12:51 על צִבְאֹתָם according to their hosts (usually לְ), Num 1:18 על משׁפחתם (usually לְ) vNum 1:52; Num 2:2; Num 2:34; Num 7:3 (|| ל), Deut 18:8 (probably); עַל יְדֵי according to the hands (direction) of Jer 5:31; Jer 33:13 al.; Ps 110:4 ׳עַל דִּבְרָתִי מ after the manner of M.; Prov 25:11 (probably) a word spoken עַל אָעפנָיו in accordance with its circumstances = appositely; of the tune according to which a song is to be sung (RV. set to) Ps 6:1 (1Chr 15:21), Ps 8:1; Ps 9:1; Ps 12:1; Ps 45:1; Ps 46:1 (1Chr 15:20) עַלעֲֿלָמוֺת (perhaps, however, in the manner of maidens = for 'sopranos'), Ps 53:1; Ps 56:1; Ps 60:1; Ps 69:1; Ps 81:1; Ps 84:1; Ps 88:1 (compare in Syriac ).

(b) The basis being conceived as involving the ground, על denotes the cause or reason, on account of, because of, Gen 20:3 lo thou shalt die עַל הָאִשָּׁה on account of the woman, Gen 21:12; Gen 26:7; Gen 26:9; Gen 27:41; Gen 42:21; Lev 4:3; Lev 4:28; Lev 5:18; Lev 19:17; Lev 26:18; Lev 26:24; Lev 26:28; Deut 9:18; Deut 24:16 fathers shall not be put to death עלבֿנים on account of children, Deut 31:18; Josh 9:20; Jer 1:16; Jer 5:9; Ezek 18:26 עליהם (|| Ezek 33:18 בָּהֶם), Prov 28:21; Ps 39:12; Ps 50:8 + often; Ps 44:23 עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ on thy account are we slain all the day, Ps 69:8; Jer 15:15 in the phrases דְּבַר עַ֗֗֗ל, עַל אוֺדוֺת, עַל זֹאת and עַל זֶה on this account, עַל מָה on what account ? עַלכֵּֿן = therefore (see דָּבָר, אוֺדָה, etc.); before an infinitive, as Exod 17:7 ׳וְעַל נַסּוֺתָם אֶתיֿ and on, account of their trying ׳י, Amos 1:3 עַל דּוּשָׁם on account of their threshing = because they threshed, vAmos 1:6 vAmos 1:9 vAmos 1:11 vAmos 1:13, etc., Jer 2:35 עַל אָמְרֵךְ because of thy saying, Jer 9:12; Jer 16:18 +; and as a conjunction both with and without אֲשֶׁר or כִּי (see below III). And so often of the ground or cause of fear, grief, delight, or other emotions, e.g. Exod 18:9; Exod 32:14 (נִחַם repent: so often), 1Sam 4:13; 1Sam 30:6; 2Sam 1:26; 2Sam 3:8; 1Kgs 21:4; 2Kgs 6:11; Jer 10:19; Amos 6:6.

(c) Somewhat more strongly, on behalf of, for the sake of, Gen 19:17 escape על נפשׁך forthy life; Judg 9:17; 2Kgs 10:3 נִלְחֵם עַל (usually ל); 1Kgs 2:18 I will speak on thy behalf to the king, v1Kgs 2:19 (2Kgs 4:13 לְ); Esth 4:16; Esth 4:8; Esth 7:7; Esth 8:11; Esth 9:16; Dan 12:1 על עמד stand up (in late Hebrew) on behalf of; התפלל על intercede for (usually בעד) Job 42:8; Neh 1:6; 2Chr 30:18; 2Chr 29:21; Ezra 8:35 and very often with כִּפֶּר (q. v.) make atonement for. (Not very common with other verbs.)

(d) Sometimes it acquires almost a final force, for; Exod 12:4; Exod 29:36; Exod 30:16; Deut 27:13 there shall stand עַלהַֿקְּלָלָה (|| vDeut 27:12 לְבָרֵךְ), Ps 89:4 עַלמַֿהשָּֿׁוְא בָּרָאתָ כָלעֿבּנֵיאָֿדָם unto what vanity hast thou created, etc.! Prov 29:5b 2Chr 23:18; Eccl 3:17.

(e) Of a condition, or attendant circumstances (rare; so , W^{AG ii § 59 e}): Ps 50:5 זָ֑בַח׃ עֲלֵי upon, with sacrifice, Ps 92:4 ׳עֲלי עָשׂוֺר וגו with a ten-stringed instrument, with a harp, with sounding music on a lyre; עַל רִיב upon occasion of a law-suit Exod 23:2; Ezek 44:24, עַל יוֺם טוֺב 1Sam 25:8 (compare at a time of. . . Qor 28:14), Neh 12:22 (? read עַד BeRy), Isa 18:4 כְּחֹם צַח עֲלֵי אוֺר at time of sunshine, Isa 64:11 עַל אֵלֶּה, Jer 8:18 עֲלֵי יָגוֺן at time of sorrow, Jer 16:7 (but Gie עַל אָבֵל to): with abstract substantives to form a periphrase for adverbs, Lev 5:22 and swear עַל שֶׁקֶר upon falseness = falsely, Jer 6:14 = Jer 8:11 to heal a wound עַל נְקַלָּה lightly, easily, Ps 31:24 עַל יֶתֶר = abundantly, Isa 60:7 עַל רָצוֺן = acceptably (compare = with delight).

(f) It hence acquires the force of in spite of, notwithstanding (so , W^{AG ii. § 59 h}), Job 10:7 עַל דַּעְתְּךָ in spite of thy knowing, Job 34:6 משׁפטי על notwithstanding my right I am to be a liar (Di De Da RV: otherwise Hi RVm). compare below, III c b.

(g) Upon, concerning, with verbs of speaking, as דִּבֶּר Judg 9:3; 1Kgs 5:13, אָמַר, Jer 16:3; Jer 27:19 (|| אל) Jer 33:4, hearing Gen 41:15 שָׁמַעְתִּי עָלֶיךָ I have heard concerning thee, saying, etc., 1Kgs 10:6; Isa 37:9 (|| 2Kgs 19:9 אל), disputing Gen 26:11, telling 1Sam 27:11; Joel 1:3, commanding 2Sam 14:8; 1Kgs 11:10, being vexed 1Kgs 21:4; 2Kgs 6:11, crying 2Kgs 8:5, confessing Ps 32:5; Neh 1:6 of the object of a prophecy or vision 1Kgs 22:8; Isa 1:1; Isa 2:1 and often with similar verbs.

(h) In a somewhat weaker sense, in the matter of, as regards, Gen 41:32 וְעַל הִשָּׁנוֺת הַחֲלוֺם, Exod 22:8; Ruth 4:7; Lev 5:22; Lev 5:26; Dan 9:14b Neh 9:33 חָטָא עַל Lev 4:14 (|| בָּהּ vLev 4:23, cognate accusative vLev 4:28), Lev 5:5; Num 6:11; Neh 13:26 עַלדְּֿבַר ֗֗֗ in the matter of, Num 25:18; Num 31:16.

2. It expresses excess (synonym מִן q. v.); Gen 48:22 I give thee שְׁכֶם אַחַר עַל אַחֶיךָ one shoulder (ridge) above thy brethren, Exod 16:5 מִשְׁנֶה על double above or beyond, Num 3:46; Deut 25:3 stripes עַלאֵֿלֶּה beyond these, Josh 3:15 Jordan מָלֵא עַל was full over all its banks (compare Josh 4:18; Isa 8:7b הלך על, עלה) Ps 138:2; Eccl 1:16; Dan 1:20 עֶשֶׂר יָדוֺת עַל ten times above (compare in Aramaic Dan 3:19, and Qor 37:153), Ezra 1:6 לְבַר עַל = beside (see בַּד); Ps 16:2 (si vera lectio) טוֺבָתִי בַל עָלֶיךָ my welfare is not beyond thee, i.e. does not lie outside thee. — Of time, Lev 15:25 if she has an issue עַל נִדָּתָהּ beyond her time of impurity (compare Isa 32:10, 4 b).

3. It denotes elevation or pre-eminence, as עליון על high (figurative) above, Deut 26:19 al., Deut 28:43 יעלה עליך will go up above thee, compare Prov 31:29; Ps 57:6; Ps 57:12 be thou exalted above the heavens, Ps 89:8; Ps 95:3; Ps 96:4, etc., Neh 9:5 with words (q. v.) such as גכר, גדל, חזק, נשׂא (Ni. Pi`el Hithpa`el), עזז, and especially those denoting rule or superintendence, as מלך, הפקיד; so with שָׁת, היה, נתן, Gen 41:33; Gen 41:40; Gen 41:43 שׂם; 1Sam 18:5 with פָּקִיד, שַׂר, מֶלֶךְ, etc., Gen 41:34; Exod 1:11; Exod 18:21, etc.; absolute 2Sam 8:16 Joab was עלהֿצבא over the host, 2Sam 20:23 b. v2Sam 20:24; 1Kgs 4:4-6; 1Kgs 5:30; Num 10:14ff.; 1Chr 9:23; 1Chr 9:26ff. 1Chr 27:25ff.; 2Chr 30:17; 2Chr 31:12 אֲשֶׁר עַל בֵּיתוֺ of Joseph's steward Gen 43:16; Gen 43:19; Gen 44:1; Gen 44:4 and in the official titles אֲשֶׁר עַלהַֿבַּיִת = the Governor of the Palace Isa 22:15 and elsewhere (see כַּיִת 6); אֲשֶׁר עַלהַֿמַּם the overseer of the forced labour 1Kgs 12:18 אשׁר עלהֿעיר the governor of the city 2Kgs 10:5, אשׁר על המלתחה v2Kgs 10:22.

4. It expresses addition (compare ἐπὶ in Greek, e.g.ἐπὶ τούτοις); namely
a. introducing the complement of a verb, as with יָסַף to add upon or to, Ps 61:7 + often (see יָסַף), שָׁת to put to Gen 30:40, נִלְוָה to be joined to Num 18:24; Isa 14:1 (also with אֶל), נָפַל: to fall to, i.e. desert to, Jer 21:9 +, עכר to pass over to Exod 30:13; Exod 30:14; Isa 45:14 (compare Isa 60:5); also Hab 2:16 תִּסֹּב כּוֺם עַל Lam 4:21; Esth 4:7 נֶחְשַׁב to be reckoned to Lev 25:31; 2Sam 4:2, היה על Num 36:12; Ps 69:28 תְּנָה עָוֺן עַל עֲוֺנָם, Isa 56:8 עוֺר אֲקַבֵּץ עָלָיו I will yet gather (others) unto him.

b. Used absolutely, as Gen 28:9 he took Mahalath עַל נָשָׁיו in addition to his (other) wives, Gen 31:50 (compare אל Lev 18:18), Num 31:8 עַל חַלְלֵיהֶם in addition to their slain (|| Josh 13:22 אֶל), Deut 23:14; Ezek 16:37; Ezek 16:43; Ezek 25:10; Isa 32:10 יָמִים עַל שָׁנָה days upon, in addition to, a year, 2Chr 31:15 יָמִים עַל יָמִים, Ezek 7:26 הֹוָה עַל הֹוָה תָבוֺא (|| אל), Jer 4:20 (if נִקְרָא = be proclaimed), Job 16:14 יִפְרְצֵנִי פֶרֶץ עַלפְּֿנֵיפָֿ֑רֶץ (compare Lag^{M iii. 112}; also Iliad 14:130 ἕλκος ἐφ’ ἕλκει, Odyssey 7:120f; Qoran 31:13). So often in laws of P (compare c), Lev 7:12 he shall offer עַלזֶֿבַת הַתּוֺרָה in addition to the sacrifice of thanksgiving, etc., vLev 7:13 b Num 6:20; Num 15:9; Num 28:10; Num 28:15; Num 28:24 (compare מִלְּבַר vNum 28:31; Num 29:6), Num 35:6; Ezek 16:43 (Hi Sm RV: compare Ezek 44:7 אל).

c. Hence by an easy transition it denotes together with, with, Exod 35:22 men together with (עַל) women, Job 38:32 וְעַיִשׁ עַלבָּֿנֶיהָ תַנְחֵם and the Bear with her children, wilt thou lead them? 1Kgs 15:20; Jer 3:18 the house of Israel with the house of Judah, Mic 5:2 (Ca Ke Kue; but al. as 7 c a), Gen 32:12 lest he come and smite me, אֵם עַל בָּנִים the mother with the children (compare Hos 10:14; Deut 22:6); and as a techn. term in the regulations for sacrifice, especially with אכל, Exod 12:8, יאֹכְלֻהוּ עַלמְֿדֹרִים together with bitter herbs they shall eat it, vExod 12:9 his head with (על) his legs, etc., Num 9:11; Deut 16:3 לֹאתֿאֹכַל עָלָיו חָמֵץ (compare Exod 23:18; Exod 34:25), vExod 34:3 in the phrase אכל על הדם to eat with the blood 1Sam 14:32; 1Sam 14:33 (1Sam 14:34 אל), Lev 19:26; Ezek 33:25 (compare in Greek e.g. ἐπὶ τῷ σίτῳ πίνειν ὕδωρ); see also Lev 2:2; Lev 2:16; Lev 3:4 (so vLev 3:10 vLev 3:15; Lev 4:9; Lev 7:4), Lev 4:11; Lev 7:13a, Lev 7:30; Lev 10:15; Lev 14:31; Lev 23:18; Lev 23:20; Num 6:17; Num 19:5; 1Chr 7:4.

5. It expresses the idea of being suspended, or extended, over anything, without however being in contact with it, above, over: Gen 1:20 let fowl fly over the earth, Gen 19:23 השׁמשׁ יצא על had come forth upon the earth (compare זרח על Exod 22:2 +; בא על go down [set] upon Deut 24:15; Mic 3:6; Job 25:3), Num 10:34; Num 14:14 and thy cloud stood עליהם over them, Deut 28:23 the heavens עלרֿאשׁך above overthy head, Isa 4:5; Isa 60:1; Isa 60:2; Zeph 2:11; Zech 9:14; Ps 7:8 over it return thou on high, Job 29:3 בְּהִלּוֺ נֵרוֺ עֲלֵי ראֹשִׁי (compare דעך לְ be extinguished over, Job 18:6), Song 2:4 his banner over me: figurative of protection Deut 32:38; Ps 68:35: with verbs of motion (expressed or implied), נשׁקף על to incline over 1Sam 13:18 +, ידו על נטה) Exod 14:16; Isa 23:11 + (compare Ps 21:12), הניף על to swing over Isa 11:15; Isa 19:16 השׁמיע על to proclaim over Jer 4:16; Amos 3:9, compare Num 10:10; 2Chr 13:12, שׁם על נקרא a name to be called over 2Sam 12:28 + (see קרא).

6. From the sense of inclining or impending over, על comes to denote contiguity or proximity, English by (or sometimes on): —
a. in designating localities, especially those beside water, Gen 14:16 עַלהַֿמִּדְבָּר by the wilderness, Gen 16:17 עַל עֵין הַמַּיִם by the spring of water, Gen 24:13; Gen 24:30; Gen 29:2 three flocks lying עָלֶיהָ by it (the well), Gen 41:1; Num 3:26; Num 13:29 עלהֿים by the sea, Num 22:5; Num 24:6 gardens עֲלֵי נָהָר. Deut 3:12; Deut 33:8; Judg 5:19; 1Sam 1:9 ׳על מזוזת היכל י (Ezek 46:2), 1Sam 4:1; 2Kgs 2:7 and they stood עלהֿירדן by the Jordan, 2Kgs 25:4; Isa 19:7; Isa 38:20; Ps 1:3 planted by water-courses, Jer 17:2; Jer 17:8; Job 30:4; Job 31:9 על פתח by the entrance, Prov 14:19, + often; על הדרך by the way Gen 38:21; 1Sam 24:4; Ezek 48:24ff. על גבולו adjoining his border; עבר על to pass by a place 1Kgs 9:18; Jer 18:16 +, figurative עבר על פשׁע to pass by transgression, i.e. to overlook it, Mic 7:18 and elsewhere: על יְמִין ֗֗֗ on the right of ... Ps 110:5 +, עַליַד ֗֗֗ , עַל יֶרֶךְ ֗֗֗ , עַל כֶּתֶף ֗֗֗ on the side of ... (see these words): less frequently (except as c) with reference to persons, Num 2:5 וְהַחֹנִים עָלָיו and those encamping next him, vNum 2:12 vNum 2:20 vNum 2:27; Num 6:9 וכי ימות מת עליו, 2Kgs 11:11 by the king round about (compare Num 3:26 above), ׳עבר על פ Gen 18:5; 2Kgs 4:9 +.

b. 2Sam 9:7; 2Sam 9:10 to eat bread ׳עַל שֻׁלְחַן פּ at any one's table, Exod 16:3 when we sat עַלסִֿיר הַבָּשָׂר, 1Sam 20:24 Kt to sit עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם at meat; 1Sam 25:13; 1Sam 30:24 to remain עַלהַֿכֵּלִים; Prov 23:30 to tarry long עלהֿיין at (or over) the wine, Job 39:9 עַלאֲֿבוֶּסךָ ׃ at thy crib: compare הַיּוֺשֵׁב עַל הַמִּשְׁפָּט Isa 28:6.

c. Idiomatically, with עָמַד and נִצַּב to stand by (literally over, — originally no doubt with reference to one supposed to be seated), Gen 18:2 three men נִצָּבִים עָלָיו standing by him, vGen 18:8 and he עֹמֵד עליו standing by him under the tree, Gen 24:30 by the camels, Gen 28:13; 1Sam 4:20; 2Sam 1:9; 2Sam 12:17; 2Sam 20:11; 2Sam 20:12; Amos 7:7 especially of persons standing about a superior, as servants or courtiers, Gen 45:1; Judg 3:19; 1Sam 22:6; 1Sam 22:7; 1Sam 22:17, of persons surrounding a judge Exod 18:13; Exod 18:14, of ׳י's heavenly ministers, 1Kgs 22:19 (compare Isa 6:2 ממעל לו), Zech 4:16, and with התיצב Zech 6:5; Job 1:6; Job 2:1 also of one standing by (properly leaning over) an altar or sacrifice Num 23:3; Num 23:6; 1Kgs 13:1 (compare 7 b) Amos 9:1 of an Ashérah by an altar Judg 6:25; Judg 6:28 (compare אֵצֶל Deut 16:21).

7. In connection with verbs of motion (actual or figurative): —
a. of motion from a higher place downwards, down upon: thus
(a) המטיר על to rain upon Gen 2:5; Gen 19:24, ירד על Gen 15:11, יצק על to pour upon Gen 28:18, ׳נפל על צוארי פ Gen 33:4, נפל על פניו to fall on his (own) face Gen 17:3; Gen 17:17, שׂם על to put upon, Gen 21:14; Gen 22:6; Gen 22:9; Gen 24:47 (Gen 24:22 Sam Di), נתן על כף to place on the hand of ... Gen 40:11; Gen 40:21, השׁליך על 2Sam 20:12, etc.; compare Job 29:22 וְעָלֵימוֺ תִּטֹּף מִלָּתִי, Mic 3:5; Nah 3:12.

(b) In different figurative connections, as of sleep falling upon one, Gen 2:21; Gen 15:12 of fear Gen 9:2; 1Sam 11:7 (see פַּחַד, חֲרָרָה, אֵימָה); of good or bad fortune, especially the latter, coming upon one, as with בוא and הביא, Gen 27:12; Deut 28:2 (in good sense), vDeut 28:15, Jer 5:12; Jer 19:3 (רעה, as often); of retribution, reproach, the Divine wrath, etc., with different verbs (הביא, נתן, ירד, חול, היה, etc.), as Gen 20:9; Num 12:11 חטאה; Gen 42:36 עַלַי הָיוּ כֻלָּנָה upon me are they all; Num 18:5 + (היה קֶצֶף על); Deut 19:10 דם (compare אל 2Sam 21:2 ᵐ5 We Dr), Judg 9:24; 1Kgs 2:32; 2Sam 16:8; Hos 12:15; 2Sam 3:29; 2Sam 15:14; 1Sam 11:2 חרפה; Jer 14:16; Jer 26:15 דם נקי (|| אל), Jonah 1:14; Ezek 7:3; Ezek 7:4; Ezek 7:8; Ezek 23:40; Ezek 36:29; Ps 7:17; Ps 94:2; Ps 94:23; Ps 109:5 וישׂימו עלי רעה תחת טובה (lay upon me: but Hu וישיבו, Prov 17:13), Prov 140:11 שָׁפַךְ חֵמָה על Ezek 7:8 + often; without a verb, Gen 16:5 חֲמָסִי עָלֶיךָ my wrong be upon thee, Jer 51:35 (|| אל); Gen 27:13 עלי קללתך; Gen 38:29 (accents, RVm); 2Sam 1:16 דמיך על ראשׁך; 2Sam 14:9 עָלַי הֶעָוֺן; Isa 24:17; Jer 48:43; Jer 50:27; Ezek 13:3 הוֺי על ֗֗֗ ; Ps 55:16 Kt.; of a blessing, Exod 32:29; Ps 3:9, a curse Deut 30:7, mercies (probably conceived specifically as descending from heaven) Ps 33:22; Ps 86:13; Ps 90:17; Ps 103:17 (with גבר be mighty over or upon, vPs 33:11; Ps 117:2), Ps 116:12; Ps 145:9; Ezra 3:11, שׁלום Ps 125:6; Ps 128:6; 1Chr 22:9.

(c) Introducing the object upon which an action, or emotion, especially if accompanied by a gesture, is conceived as being directed (but with some of these words, especially when they refer to an event, rather than a person, as Exod 18:9, על is to be explained from 1 f b). Thus with verbs denoting the manifestation of joy or grief, as שׂושׂ to rejoice over, גיל, שׂמח, התענג, התפאר, שׂחק, אבל, ספד, שׁמם, בכה Judg 11:37 +, נשׂא (משׁל) קינה to take up a lament, or proverb, over (see these words); probably also in הִנָּבֵא על prophecy over Ezek 11:4; Ezek 13:17 +; with חוּס, חָמַל, רִחַם to shew compassion on (compare 1Kgs 3:26 [Gen 43:30 אל], Song 5:4 [Jer 31:20 ל]); with שׁמר, שׁקד, הֵעִיר (Job 8:6) to guard or watch over; with יעץ to counsel upon Isa 14:26 +, חשׁב to devise (usually in bad sense, Jer 29:11 in good), דִּבֶּר (רעה Jer 11:17 +, טובה Jer 18:20; Jer 32:42), הֵקִים דָּבָר Jer 29:10. Of more distinctly phys. acts, with בכה to weep on Gen 45:14; Gen 45:15 +, שׁרק to hiss, ספק or תקע כף to clap the hand, הִכָּה כף Ezek 22:13 (|| אל); Isa 5:30 to growl over, Isa 31:4; Ezek 36:2; Job 30:5 הִתְוַדָּה to confess over (the goat), Lev 16:21; Exod 30:10a (probably); Deut 21:6; Job 6:27; Job 40:30.

b. From a lower place upwards, up upon, up to, as עלה על to go up upon: Exod 20:26; 1Sam 2:28; 1Kgs 12:33b 2Kgs 16:12b 2Chr 1:6 (an altar, i.e. to a ledge beside it; compare 2Kgs 23:9, and ירד Lev 9:22; 1Kgs 1:53); Judg 9:51; Isa 14:14; Isa 40:9, etc.; to come up upon (in different connections) Exod 10:12; Lev 16:9 (figurative), Lev 19:19; 1Sam 1:11; 1Sam 6:7; 1Kgs 10:16; 1Kgs 10:17 figurative עלה על לב Isa 65:17 + (see לב, לבב, 3 d); in Hiph`il 1Kgs 20:33 וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ עַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה, Amos 8:10 (compare 1 a a), 2Sam 1:24; Ezek 37:6; Ps 137:6 (figurative), 2Chr 3:5; 2Chr 3:14 (= ornamented with); Deut 28:61 (compare Exod 15:26 b); 2Chr 20:34 the history of Jehu which הֹעֲלָח עַל was brought up upon (i.e. inserted in) the book of, etc. (compare 2Chr 32:32 and כתב על above 1); compare נטה יד עלהֿשׁמים up to heaven Exod 9:22; Exod 10:21; Exod 17:16.

c. Expressing direction towards (not common, except in sense against: see below) —
(a) with verbs of motion, properly of a person (or thing) moving to another so as either to stand above, or rest upon, it (compare Pusey^{Min. Pr. 333}), Exod 34:12 הארץ אשׁר אתה בא עליה (simile, of a land, or place, Exod 18:23; Num 11:12; 1Kgs 2:26 עֲנָתֹת לֵךָ עַלשָֿׂדֶיךָ, Ezek 32:9; Jer 3:18 b Jer 16:13; Jer 22:26, and after שׁוּב or הֵשִׁיב Jer 16:15; Jer 22:27; Jer 23:3; Jer 24:6 [but אֶל Jer 27:22; Jer 30:3 al.], Ezek 29:14; Gen 40:13 וֶהֱשִׁיבְךָ עלכַּֿנָּ֑ךָ, Gen 41:13; Gen 30:33 כִּי תָבאֹ עַל שְׂכָרִי to view my hire; בא על נפשׁ מֵת to enter in upon or beside a corpse; בא על אשׁה Gen 19:31; Deut 25:5 (usually אל); Josh 3:16 מַיִם יֹרְדִים עַל יָם, Ezek 47:8; 1Kgs 18:12 יִשָּֽׂאֲךָ עַלאֲֿשֶׁר לֹאאֵֿדָ֑ע, Ps 19:7; 2Kgs 16:12; 2Chr 20:24; Isa 53:1 upon whom (coming from above) was ׳י's arm revealed? Isa 62:10 העמים הרימו נֵס על over towards (but Isa 49:22 אל): but often it is dubious if this force is perceptible; and in general על in such cases seems to be used merely as a synonym — perhaps as a slightly more graphic synonym — of אֶל (compare p. 41); in the later language, also, it may be due partly to the influence of Aramaic, which does not use אֶל; thus
(a) with a personal object, with assemble or be assembled, Exod 32:1; 2Sam 17:11; 1Kgs 8:5; 1Kgs 11:24; 2Kgs 22:20 (2Chr 34:28 and usually אל), 2Chr 13:7, עלה Gen 38:12; Josh 2:8; 1Sam 14:10 (1Sam 14:9 v1Sam 14:12 אל), עבר 1Sam 14:4 (1Sam 14:1 אל), בא 2Sam 15:4 (see Dr) 1Chr 12:23f., יצא 2Kgs 24:12, הוליך 2Kgs 25:20, נגע Judg 20:34; Judg 20:41 (compare Isa 6:7; Jer 1:9), נס Isa 10:3, הלך Isa 22:15 (אל ֗֗֗ על), נשׂא Isa 30:6, שׁלח 2Kgs 18:27 (על ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על: || Isa 36:12 אל ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על), Jer 26:15; Jer 29:31; 1Chr 13:2; 2Chr 28:16; 2Chr 30:1; 2Chr 32:9; 2Chr 32:31; 2Chr 36:15; Neh 6:3, נגשׁ Ezek 9:6, שׁב, השׁיב Neh 4:6; Mal 3:24 (see c), followed by ׳על י 2Chr 15:4; 2Chr 30:9, התיצּב 2Chr 11:13 letters going ׳על פ Neh 2:7; Neh 6:17 a (v:b אל). (β) of places, Gen 24:49; 2Sam 2:19 + על ימין to the right; with הלך 1Sam 2:11; 1Kgs 20:43 עלבֿיתו (1Kgs 21:4 אל), 2Sam 15:20 ואני הולך על אשׁר אני הולך, Jer 1:7; Ezek 1:20 (Ezek 1:12 אל), הוליך 1Kgs 1:38 (1Kgs 1:33 אל), נהר Mic 4:1 (|| Isa 2:2 אל), Jer 31:12 (אל ֗֗֗ על), נגשׁ Ezek 44:13 (|| אל), עלה 1Sam 24:23; 2Sam 19:1; 1Kgs 6:8 (|| אל), Ezek 41:7, בא Jer 14:3; Jer 51:51, (על הר) הביא Isa 66:20 (Isa 56:7 אל), ירד Jer 36:12, הִטָּה Prov 21:1, הסיר 2Sam 6:10 (|| 1Chr 13:13 אל), נתן Isa 29:12 (Isa 29:11 אל) Mic 1:14; Mic 3:5; Gen 42:37, השׁיב, שׁב, Num 33:7; Jer 11:10 (figurative, עַל עֲוֺנוֺת), Ps 35:13; Job 34:15 (Gen 3:19 אל), Prov 26:11; Eccl 1:6; 1Kgs 17:21; 1Kgs 17:22 (compare 1Sam 30:12 אל), השׁתחוה Lev 26:11 (probably), Isa 60:14 pregnantly Isa 24:22 אֻסְּפוּ עַל בּוֺר be collected (and delivered) into a dungeon: compare חוּשׁ עַל Job 31:5 (figurative), also to requite עַלחֵֿיק Isa 65:6; Isa 65:7 Kt. (Jer 32:18; Ps 79:12 אל). After נראה appear, Ps 90:16 (אל ֗֗֗ על). And as far as, unto (nearly = יַד) Gen 49:13 וְיַרְכָתוֺעַל צִידוֺן, Josh 2:7; Josh 18:13; Josh 19:12; Jer 31:39; Ezek 47:18; Ezek 48:21; Ezek 48:28; Ps 48:11; 1Chr 5:16.

(b) With אמר say to, 2Kgs 22:8; Jer 18:11 (אל ֗֗֗ על), Jer 22:6; Jer 23:2; Jer 23:35 (על ֗֗֗ אל), Jer 36:29; Jer 44:20 (אל ֗֗֗ על), דבר 1Sam 1:13 (Gen 24:45 אל), 1Kgs 9:5; Hos 12:11; Jer 6:10; Jer 10:1; Jer 11:2 (אל ֗֗֗ על), speak to Jer 25:2 (על ֗֗֗ אל), Jer 26:2, compare Esth 1:17, ׳היה דבר י Jer 25:1; 1Chr 22:8 compare 1Chr 11:10, ענה 2Sam 19:43, קרא Isa 34:14; 2Chr 32:18, שִׁוַּע Ps 18:42, הֵרַע 1Kgs 17:20, שֹׁרֵר, שָׁר sing Prov 25:20; Job 33:27, החליק Prov 29:5 ( Ps 36:3 אל), התפלל 1Sam 1:10, כתב 2Chr 30:1; Ezra 4:7; Esth 8:8, שׁמע 2Kgs 20:13 ( = Isa 39:2), Isa 22:13; Jer 23:16; Jer 26:5; Jer 35:18; Hag 1:12 see also הקשׁיב, האזין, הבין, התבונן, השׂכיל.

(c) Expressing (or implying) the direction of the mind, 2Sam 14:1 לב המלך על אבשׁלם; Mal 3:24; Ezra 6:22; Song 7:11 וְעָלַי תְּשׁוּקָתוֺ (Gen 3:16; Gen 4:7 אל); שָׂם לִבּוֺ על Job 1:8 (Job 2:3 אל), 1Sam 25:25 (אל ֗֗֗ על); Jer 22:17 thy eyes and thy heart are only (set) upon (על) ..., 1Chr 12:17; 1Kgs 1:20; 2Chr 20:12 עֵינֵינוּ כִּי עָלֶיךָ (elsewhere אל), 1Kgs 2:15 עָלַי שָׂמוּ פניהם, Ps 146:5 ׳שִׂבְרוֺ על י; Isa 10:25 וְאַפִּי עלתַּֿבְלִיתָם be (directed) towards their destruction, Jer 32:31 (Gf Ew compare RV); compare שׁעה על look to (trustfully) Isa 17:7; Isa 31:1. (The uses a, b, c are all exceptional: אל would be regularly employed.)

(d) With the force of over and towards (compare 5 and 7 a b, end): Ps 65:5 נוֺרָא עֲלִילָה עַל; to shine, etc. on, Ps 31:17 הָאִירָה פָנֶיךָ עַל (Num 6:25 אל); רָאָה עַל Exod 5:21 הוֺפִיעַ עַל Job 10:3 וְשַׂמְתִּי עֵינִי עַל Amos 9:4 + (compare Job 14:3; Job 24:3; Job 34:21); הִשְׁקִיף עַל look out over Ps 14:3 +.

d. In a hostile sense, upon, against: so very often, after every kind of verb expressing or implying attack, as בא Gen 34:25; Gen 34:27, נֶאֱסַף vGen 34:30, קצף to be angry Gen 40:2, לון to murmur Exod 15:24 עמד stand up Lev 19:16 +, קָם rise up Deut 19:11; Amos 7:9, נלחם Deut 20:10, חנה 1Sam 11:1; Ps 27:3, עלה 2Kgs 17:3, חרה אף Zech 10:3 (usually בְּ), שׁפך סללה Isa 37:33, צוּר besiege Deut 20:12, חשׁב to devise Gen 50:20; Jer 11:19, דִּבֶּר Deut 13:6 +, etc.: add Job 16:4 (twice in verse); Job 16:9; Job 16:10; Job 16:13; Job 19:12; Job 21:27; Job 30:12, etc.; היה על 2Sam 11:23; Num 31:3: הִנְנִי לַיִךְ (see אֶל 4); note also Judg 9:31; Judg 20:5: without a verb Isa 9:20; Judg 16:12 פלשׁתים עליך the Philistines are upon thee, Judg 20:9 עָלֶיהָ בְּגוֺרָל Against it by lot !

8. By writers of the silver age, על is sometimes used with the force of a dative, 1Chr 13:2 אִם עֲלֵיבֶם טוֺב (in classical Hebrew בְּעֵינֵיכֶם) if it seems good to you, אִם עַל הַמֶּלֶךְ טוֺב Neh 2:5; Neh 2:7; Esth 1:19; Esth 3:9; Esth 5:4; Esth 5:8; Esth 7:3; Esth 8:5; Esth 9:13 (compare in Aramaic Ezra 5:17; Ezra 7:18); עַל שָׁפַר Ps 16:6 (compare in Aramaic Dan 4:24); עָרַב עַל Ps 104:34 (elsewhere לְ); רַע לְ Eccl 2:17 (see De; compare בְּאֵשׁ עַל Dan 6:15): compare Job 22:2 סָכַן על be profitable to, Job 33:23 also גָּמַל עַל (in both good and bad sense: see גמל), Neh 5:19 עשׂה על, Neh 9:30 משׁך על prolong (mercy) to; הִטָּה חֶסֶד עַל Ezra 7:28; Ezra 9:9 (Gen 39:21 אל): 1Sam 20:8 read probably עם for על. compare Mishna חביב על, dear to; סני על hateful to; Syriac , , pleasant, acceptable to. — compare in general the uses of , W^{AG ii. § 59}.

9. With other particles: — עַל אַחֲרֵי Ezek 41:15 עַל בֵּין Ezek 19:11 (compare אל Ezek 31:10; Ezek 31:14); עַל לִפְנֵי Ezek 40:15 עַל מֵעַל Ezek 41:17 (text dubious), vEzek 41:20 עַל עֵבֶר Exod 25:37 (compare אל Ezek 1:9; Ezek 1:12); עַלבָּֿ֫כָה Esth 9:26. — On עַליַֿד, עַליְֿדֵי, עַל פִּי, עַלפְּֿנֵי, see יָד, פֶּה, פָּנִים.

III. As conjunction: a. עַל אֲשֶׁר because that . . . (compare above, II 1 f b), Exod 32:35 and ׳י plagued the people על אשׁר עשׂו because they had made, etc., Num 20:24; Deut 29:24 (in answer to על מה: so 1Kgs 9:9; Jer 16:11; Jer 22:9), Jer 32:51 (twice in verse); 1Sam 24:6; 2Sam 3:30; 2Sam 6:8; 2Sam 8:10; 2Sam 12:6; Ps 119:49 +.

b. עַל כִּי similar in meaning, but less frequent: Deut 31:17; Judg 3:12; Jer 4:28; Mal 2:14; Ps 139:14.

c. עַל alone:
(a) because, Gen 31:20 (E) עַל בְּלִי הִגִּיד, Ps 119:136 עַל לֹא.
(b) notwithstanding that (above, 1 f f), although, Isa 53:9 חָמָס עָשָׂה עַל לֹא although he did no violence, Job 16:7 עַל לֹא חָמָס בְּכַפָּ֑י.

IV. Compounds: —

1. with כְּ (rare and late),
a. as concerning, as upon Ps 119:14 כְּעַל כָּלהֿוֺן, 2Chr 32:19.
b. (pleon. for כְּ), Isa 59:18 כְּעַל גְּמֻלוֺת כְּעַל יְשַׁלֵּם the like of their deeds is the like of (that which) he will repay (כְּעַל repeated on the analogue of כְּ Num 15:15; Hos 4:9: see כְּ) = according to their deeds is (that which) he will repay, Isa 63:7 according to.

2. מֵעַל₃₀₄ from upon, from over, from by — used with much delicacy of application in many different connections, corresponding mostly with the different senses of על. Thus
a. from upon idiomatically, when removal, motion, etc., from a surface is involved, as מעל האדמה, מעל פני האדמה from upon (the face of) the ground, usually with expel, destroy, perish, etc. Gen 4:14; Gen 6:7; Gen 7:4; Exod 32:12; Deut 6:15; Deut 28:21; Deut 28:63 + often, especially Jeremiah and compiler of Kings; to be lifted up הארץ מעל Gen 7:17; Ezek 1:19; Ezek 1:21 +, to return or be dried (of water) מעל הארץ Gen 8:3; Gen 8:7; Gen 8:11; Gen 8:13 to roll a stone מֵעַל פִּי הַבְּאֵד Gen 29:3 of the cloud departing האהל מעל Num 9:17; Num 12:10, compare Neh 9:19 to rise up הַכִּסֵּא מֵעַל Judg 3:20; 1Kgs 2:4, מֵעַל מִשְׁכָּבוֺ 2Sam 11:2 to alight מֵעַל הַגָּמָל (נָפַלׅ Gen 24:64 (compare Josh 15:18 צנח, 1Sam 25:23 ירד), ירד מֵעַל הַמֶּרְכָּבָה Judg 4:15; 2Kgs 5:21 (נפל); to take מֵעַל ראֹשׁ Gen 40:19; 2Sam 12:30, מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ Lev 16:12; Num 17:11; Isa 6:6 to see מֵעַל הַגָּנ 2Sam 11:2 to shoot מֵעַל הַחוֺמָה v2Sam 11:20 v2Sam 11:24 to speak מֵעַל הַכַּפֹּרֶת Exod 25:22; Num 7:89 to cast down מֵעַל יָדַיִם Deut 9:17; Lev 8:28 (כַּפַּיִם); to break, remove, etc., a yoke (צוארך) מעל שׁכמך Gen 27:40; Isa 10:27; Jer 28:10; Jer 28:11 to wipe tears מֵעַל כָּלפָּֿנִים Isa 25:8 to take a bandage מעל עיניו 1Kgs 20:41 (compare על v1Kgs 20:38); often of putting off a garment or ornament., as Gen 38:14; Gen 38:19 וַתָּסַר צְעִיפָהּ מֵעָלֶיהָ, Exod 33:5 הוֺרֵד עֶדְיְךָ מֵעָלֶיךָ, a sandal Exod 3:5; Josh 5:15, a ring מֵעַל יָדוֺ Gen 41:42 to seek (דרשׁ), or hear, words מֵעַל הַסֵּפֶר Isa 34:16; Jer 36:11 (compare כתב על ספד above); pregnantly with בָּלָה to wear away (and fall) from off, Deut 8:4; Deut 29:4, compare of the bones or skin in disease Job 30:17 עֲצָמַי נִקַּר מֵעָלָ֑י are pierced (and drop) from off me, vJob 30:30 עוֺרִי שָׁחַר מעלי is black (and falls) from off me; figurative 1Sam 1:11 הָסִירִי יֵינֵךְ מֵעָלַיִךְ remove thy wine from off thee; Num 14:9 סָר צִלָּם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם; Judg 16:19; Judg 16:20 סר מעליו ׳י (with allusion to the hair, as the seat of Samson's strength), 1Sam 16:23 (compare על in v1Sam 16:16).

b. Of relief from a burden or trouble: as of a plague, stroke, rod, etc., removed from (resting) on one, Exod 10:17 וְיָסֵר מֵעָלַי אֶתהַֿמָּוֶת הַזֶּה, Num 21:7; Num 25:8 ׳וַתֵּעָצַר הַמַּגֵּפָה מֵעַל ישׂר 2Sam 24:21; 2Sam 24:25), Ps 39:11 הָסֵר מֵעָלַי נִגְעֶ֑ךָ, Job 9:34; Job 13:21; Joel 2:20 of reproach Josh 5:9; Isa 25:8; Ps 119:22, iniquity Ezek 18:31; Zech 3:4, bloodguiltiness, 1Kgs 2:31, wrath Judg 8:3; Num 25:11; Prov 24:18, murmurings Num 17:21; Num 17:25 הֵקֵל מֵעַל to lighten from upon one Exod 18:22 +; Amos 5:23 הָסֵר מֵעָלַיהֲמוֺן שִׁירֶיךָ; pregnantly Jonah 1:11; Jonah 1:12 that the sea יִשְׁתֹּק מֵעָלֵינוּ may be calm from off us; to remove, etc., מֵעַל פָּנַי (see פָּנִים); 1Sam 6:20 to whom shall he go up מֵעָלֵינוּ — not merely 'from us,' but — from upon us (relieving us of his presence), so often of an army retiring from a country or raising a siege, 2Sam 10:14 ויָּשָׁב יוֺאָב מֵעַל בְּנֵי עַמּוֺן, 2Sam 20:21 וְאֵעלכָה מֵעַל הָעִיר, v2Sam 20:22 Ki 2Sam 3:27; 2Sam 18:14, especially with עָלָה, נַעֲלָה 1Kgs 15:19; Jer 21:2; Jer 37:5; Jer 37:11 +; 2Sam 19:10 David fled מעל אבשׁלום from Absalom (whom his presence had encumbered), Neh 13:28 וָאַבְרִיחֵהוּ מֵעָלַי, compare Gen 13:11; Gen 25:6; Num 20:21 מֵעָלָיו ׳וַיֵּט ישׂר, 2Chr 20:10; Exod 10:28 לֵךְ מֵעָלַי (contemptuously; be no more obnoxious to me), similarly 2Sam 13:17 שׁלחונֿא אתזֿאת מעלי (Amnon of Tamar).

c. From beside (compare על 6 c), in different nuances: Gen 17:22 God went up מעל אברהם from beside A., Gen 35:13; Gen 18:3 אל נא תעבר מעל עבדך (compare על vGen 18:5), Gen 42:24; Num 16:25; Num 16:27; 1Kgs 1:53 to come down מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ (compare על 1Kgs 13:1 6 c and 7 b); from attendance on Gen 45:1 (compare על ib.), Judg 3:19 וְיֵּצְאוּ מֵעָלָיו כָּלהָֿעֹמְדִים עָלָיו 1Sam 17:15 (see Dr), 2Sam 13:9, compare1 Sam 2Sam 13:8; 2Sam 13:11; 2Kgs 25:5 (Jer 36:21 read עַל, מ being dittograph), compare 2Chr 35:15 from attachment to, ׳רָחַק מֵעַל י Jer 2:5; Ezek 11:15; Ezek 44:10, compare Ezek 8:6, ׳סָר מֵעַל י Jer 32:40; Ezek 6:9, ׳תָּעָה מֵעַל י Ezek 44:10; Ezek 44:15, compare Ezek 14:5; Deut 13:11 also סָר מֵעַל חַטּאֹות 2Kgs 10:31; 2Kgs 15:18 (usually מֵחטאות), compare Ezek 14:6; Ezek 23:18 from companionship with, Job 19:13 אַחַי מֵעַלַי הִרְחִיק; from accompanying protectingly 1Sam 28:15 וֵאלֹהִים סָר מֵעַלַי, v1Sam 28:16 (compare על Ps 110:5 and see Dr); from adhesion to 2Kgs 17:21 קָרַע ישׂראל מֵעַל בֵּית תָּוִד, Isa 7:17; Isa 56:6 יַבְדִּילַנִי מֵעַל עַמּוֺ ׳י, Hos 9:1 זָנִיתָ מֵעַל אֱלֹהֶיךָ.

d. In late Hebrew, = עַל above: 2Kgs 25:28 נָתַן ׳כִּסְאוֺ מֵעַל כִּסֵּא וגו (|| Jer 52:32 more class. מִמַּעַל לְ), Esth 3:1; Ps 108:5 גדול מעל שׁמים (|| Ps 57:11 עַד), Ps 148:4; Eccl 5:7 גָּבֹהַּ מֵעַל גָּבֹהַּ שֹׁמֵר, Neh 3:28; Neh 8:5; 2Chr 34:4 לְמַעְלָה מֵעֲלֵיהֶם on high above them; Ezek 41:17; Ezek 41:20. — Prov 14:14 read with De Now Str וּמִמַּעֲלָלָיו.

e. מֵעַל לְ (chiefly late, and pleonastic for עַל, or else = the more class. synonym מִמַּעַל לְ): (a) Gen 1:7 מֵעַל לָרָקִיעַ (Ezek 1:26 ׳מִמַּעַל לְ), Ezek 1:25 (text dubious; see Commentaries), 1Sam 17:39; Jonah 4:6; Mal 1:5 upon, over the border (territory) of Israel (so Köhl Ke: but Hi Ew We beyond, 2Chr 13:4 upon, mount Zemaraim, 2Chr 24:20. (b) beside 2Chr 26:19 מֵעַל לְמִזְבַּח הַקְּטֹרֶת; Neh 12:31 (twice in verse); Neh 12:37; Neh 12:38 (twice in verse); Neh 12:39 dubious: BeRy (in all) off the side of (מִן 6) = at a little distance from; Ke in vNeh 12:31 vNeh 12:38a upon, in vNeh 12:37 vNeh 12:38b; vNeh 12:39 by the side of (an ... vorüber).

BDB6111 H4192 H5921 H5961

עֲלָמוֺת, עַלמֿוּת etc., see עַלְמָה below II. עלם. below

BDB9768 H5922 H5921

עַל preposition upon, over, on account of, above, to, against (Biblical Hebrew and general Aramaic id.); — suffix 1 singular עֲלַי; 2 masculine singular עליך Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, Cooke^{No. 77, A 5, 6, B 8}, S-C^{Pap. A 3, B 5} +), עֲלָךְ, Qr (ᵑ7 עֲלַךְ, Dalm^{§ 47, 2}) Dan 3:12 + 6 t. Daniel; Ezra 7:18 3 masculine singular עֲלוֺהִי (so Nabataean, Palmyrene; Egyptian Aramaic עלוי S-C^{A 6} +) Dan 3:28 +, עֲלֹהִי Ezra 6:11 3 feminine singular עליה Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, S-C^{D 24}), עֲלַהּ Qr (so ᵑ7) Dan 4:14; Dan 5:21 1 plural עֲלֵינָא Ezra 4:12, עֲלֵ֑ינָא Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:17 Baer (Gi עֲלֶ֑ינָא); 3 masculine plural עֲלֵיהֹם (so Nabataean, CIS^{ii. 226}; Egyptian Aramaic, S-C^{Pap. F 5, 8}+) Ezra 7:24, עֲלֵיהוֺן Ezra 5:1; Ezra 5:3 —

1. a. upon, Dan 2:10; Dan 2:28; Dan 2:46; Dan 5:5; Dan 5:7; Dan 6:11 + often, Dan 4:26 עַלהֵֿיכַל מַלְכוּתָא (2Sam 11:2); to be established עַל מַלְכוּתִי 2Sam 4:33 (compare 2Chr 1:1 Biblical Hebrew II. 1) to lay an impost upon, Ezra 7:24 to trust on, Dan 3:28 after a verb of motion, מְטָא עַל to come upon, Dan 4:21; Dan 4:25 of times, to pass over, Dan 4:13; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:22; Dan 4:29; Ezra 5:1 בְּשֻׁם אֱלָהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלֵיהוֺן i.e. (named) over them.
b. idiomatic (as in Biblical Hebrew; see II. 1 d) of the person who is the subject of an emotion or experience, Dan 5:9 וְזִיוֺתִי שָׁנַיִן עֲלוֺהִי were changed upon him, Dan 7:28; Dan 6:19 וְשִׁנְּתֵהּ נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי (compare Dan 2:1).
c. on accusative of (Biblical Hebrew 1 f b), Dan 3:16 פִּתְגָּם עַלדְּֿנָה. So in עַלדְּֿנָה on this accusative Ezra 4:15; Ezra 4:22; Ezra 5:17, עַלמָֿה wherefore ? Dan 2:15 and עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי (see ׳דְּ).
d. on behalf of (ib. 1 f c), Ezra 6:17.
e. regarding, concerning (ib. 1 f g), Dan 2:18; Dan 5:14; Dan 5:29; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:13; Ezra 7:14 + often

2. over, with verbs of ruling, appointing, etc., Dan 2:48; Dan 2:49; Dan 3:12; Dan 4:14 +, Ezra 4:20; Ezra 6:18.

3. in a comparative sense, above, beyond, Dan 3:19; Dan 6:4.

4. expressing direction:
a. to, of a person, after a verb of motion (compare Biblical Hebrew 7 c a a), Dan 2:24; Dan 4:31; Dan 4:33; Dan 6:7; Dan 6:16; Ezra 4:12; Ezra 4:23 + often; after to send (a letter, etc.) Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:6 +, write Ezra 4:7, prophesy Ezra 5:1 of the direction of the mind (ib. 7c c), Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 (twice in verse); Dan 6:15 compare Ezra 5:5 הֲוַת עַל ׳וְעֵין אֱל (compare Jer 40:4 and אֶל Ps 34:16).
b. against, Dan 3:19; Dan 3:29; Dan 5:23; Dan 6:5; Dan 6:6 +; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 7:23.

5. in such phrases as שְׁפַר עַל, טְאֵב (to be) good or acceptable to (as in Syriac and late Hebrew: see Biblical Hebrew 8), Ezra 5:17 אִם עַל מַלְכָּא טָב, Ezra 7:18 (twice in verse); Dan 4:24 (יִשְׁפַּר), Dan 6:15 (בְּאֵשׁ), v.Dan 6:24 (טְאֵב). — compare the synopsis of meanings in Lzb³⁴⁰.

upon, against, over, in, for, …

ʿal

above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications

(prep) upon, on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against

upon, on the ground of, on the basis of, on account of, because of, therefore, on behalf of, for the sake of, for, with, in spite of, notwithstanding, concerning, in the matter of, as regards

רֹאשָֽׁ הּ

רֹאשָֽׁ

Root word head, chief, heads, top, beginning, …

הּ

Suffix — pronoun her / it

Dictionary form: רֹאשׁ · rohsh

הּ

Mapiq — the "her" dot The dot inside the final הּ (mapiq) makes the ה a real consonant: it is the suffix "her / its" attached to this word.

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: the top of it

the head ×56 his head ×49 the chief ×33 the top ×30 head ×23 their heads ×21 the heads ×19 chief ×17

More options

head — Primary anatomical or positional sense; most versatile.

top — Prefer for mountains, pillars, or physical summits.

leader — Best when רֹאשׁ denotes a person of authority.

chief — Titular sense; fits ranks, tribes, or priestly roles.

beginning — Use for temporal or sequential firsts.

sum — Specific to census or enumeration contexts.

BDB7678 H7218 H7226 H4763 H7219 H7220

I. רֹאשׁ₅₉₉ noun masculine^{Lev 13:45} head (common Semitic word; earliest form *ra°š, Arabic , Sabean ראס Prä^{ZMG xxix (1875). 425} Mordtm^{Him.Inschr. 31}; Ethiopic Amharic hence (a heightened) Assyrian rêšu (rarely râšu), Aramaic רֵישָׁא (Egyptian Aramaic ראש Cooke^{North-Semitic Inscr. 404}), , modern (Ma'lûla) ra±ša, Huart^{JAs xii (1878), 491} Duval^{id. xiii(1879), 464}; Palmyrene רשא, Lzb³⁶⁶, compare Biblical Hebrew רִישׁוֺן, רֵאשִׁית; from*ra'š, also Biblical Hebrew רָאשׁ֩, ראֹשׁ (Lag^{Symm. i. 113}), Tel Amarna rušu(nu) Wkl^{189, 18} (gloss to ‡a‡‡adunu), Late Hebrew = Biblical Hebrew; SI⁶ ראש, Phoenician רשׁ, ראש (in proper name), Punic rus (in proper name, of a location) Schröd^{Phoenician Spr.133}, ראשת choicest, chief; on MI²⁰ (suffix) רשה, Lev 1:28 ש[ר], compare Sm. u. So¹⁴ Nö^{LCB Jan. 8, 1887, 60}); — ׳ר absolute Gen 3:15 +, construct Gen 40:20 +; suffix ראֹשִׁי vGen 40:16 +, etc.; plural רָאשִׁים (for רְאָשִׁים֩ Nö^{GGA 1884, 1019}) Exod 18:25 +; construct רָאשֵׁי Hos 7:13 + [מֵרַאֲשֹׁתֵי 1Sam 26:12 see מְרַאֲשׁוֺת below]; suffix רָאשֵׁינוּ 1Chr 12:19, רָאשֵׁיכֶם Isa 29:10 +, etc.; —

1. a. (c. 230 t.) head, of human being; man Gen 40:16; Gen 40:17. + often, גֶּבֶר ׳לְר Judg 5:30 for the head of a man, i.e. for each man, per capita; woman 2Kgs 9:30; Deut 21:12; Num 5:18; Esth 2:17 boy 2Kgs 4:19 (twice in verse); Gen 48:14 (twice in verse) +; of ׳י, under figure of armed man Ps 60:9 = Ps 108:9 of idol 1Sam 5:4 of gates, personified Ps 24:7; Ps 24:9.
b. head, of animals: of serpent Gen 3:15, dog 2Sam 3:8, ass 2Kgs 6:25, of הַחַיָּה in Ezek 1:22 compare vEzek 1:22 vEzek 1:26, of הַכְּרֻבִים Ezek 10:1 compare vEzek 10:11 of sea-monsters, לִוְיָתָן Job 40:31; Ps 74:14, תַּנִּינִים vPs 74:13 especially of animals for sacrifice Exod 12:9; Exod 29:15; Exod 29:19; Lev 1:4; Lev 1:8; Lev 1:12; Lev 1:15; Lev 3:2; Lev 3:8 + 18 t. P; in phrase וְזָנָב ׳ר Isa 9:13 (figurative of noble and commoner) compare v.Isa 9:14; Isa 19:15, so (figurative of relative dignity, power, influence) Deut 28:13; Deut 28:44.

2. a. top (88 t.): of mountain, הַר, Gen 8:5; Exod 19:20 (twice in verse); Exod 24:17; Exod 34:2 + 34 t.; hill, גִּבְעָה, Exod 17:9; Exod 17:10 (E), 2Sam 8:25 מְרוֺמִים ׳ר Prov 8:2 + Prov 1:21 Toy (for ᵑ0 הֹמִיּוֺת), גֵּיא ׳ר שְׁמָנִים Isa 28:1; Isa 28:4 of rocks, צֻרִים, Num 23:9 (JE), crag, סֶלַע, 2Chr 25:12 (twice in verse); tower Gen 11:4 (J), stronghold Judg 6:26, ladder Gen 28:12 (E), tree 2Sam 5:24 = 1Chr 14:15, bough Isa 17:6 compare Ezek 17:4; Ezek 17:22, mast (?; חִבֵּל) Prov 23:34 (otherwise Toy); of ears of grain, שִׁבֹּלֶת Job 24:24, of stone Gen 28:18 (E), bed, מִטָּה, Gen 47:31 (J), throne, עָגוֺל לַכִּסֵּה׳ר 1Kgs 10:19, tabernacle, or its wall, Exod 26:24 = Exod 36:29 (P); pillar ( =capital) 1Kgs 7:16; 1Kgs 7:17 + 13: t., מְכוֺנָה v1Kgs 7:35 v1Kgs 7:35, lampstand Zech 4:2 (twice in verse), high priest's robe, מְעִיל, Exod 28:32 (P), פִּנָּה ׳ר Ps 118:22 top of (the) corner, i.e. most conspicuous stone (figurative); = tip, end, of staves 1Kgs 8:8= 2Chr 5:9, of sceptre Esth 5:2.
b. height of stars Job 22:12 (|| גֹּבַהּ שָׁמַיִם).

3.: 171
a. head = chief (man) Judg 10:18; Judg 11:8; Judg 11:9; Judg 11:11; Exod 18:25 (E), Num 1:16 (P), Deut 1:15; Hos 2:2; Mic 3:1 + often; apparently combined with idea of first in a series 1Chr 12:10. (van d. H. v.1Chr 12:9, series of 11); of God 2Chr 13:12.
b. = chief (city) Josh 11:10 (D), compare (of city and king) Isa 7:3; Isa 7:8; Isa 7:9 (twice in verse).
c. chief nation Jer 31:7.
d. =chief (place, position) 1Sam 9:22; 1Kgs 21:9; 1Kgs 21:12; Deut 20:9; 1Chr 4:42 (compare also 5).
e. הָראֹשׁ chief priest 2Kgs 25:18= Jer 52:24; 2Chr 19:11; 2Chr 24:11; 2Chr 26:20, הַכֹּחֵן ראֹשׁ 1Chr 27:5, ׳הָר ׳הַכּ 2Chr 31:10; Ezra 7:5 ׳י alone 2Chr 24:6 רָאשֵׁי הַכֹּהֲנִים Neh 12:7. feminine especially = head of a family (P Chronicles); רָאשֵׁי בֵּית (rare ראֹשׁ) אֲבוֺתָ (םׅ) Exod 6:14; Num 7:2; Num 17:18; Josh 22:14; 1Chr 5:24; 1Chr 7:7; 1Chr 7:9 בֵּית הָאָבוֺת ׳ר v1Chr 7:40 לְבֵית אֲבֹתָיו ׳ר Num 1:4, compare 1Chr 5:15; 1Chr 5:24; 1Chr 7:2; 1Chr 9:13; 1Chr 24:4 אֻמּוֺת בַּיתאָֿב ׳ר Num 25:15 אֲבוֺת ׳ר הָעַדָה Num 31:26 compare Num 32:28; Josh 14:1; Josh 21:1 אֲבוֺת הַלְוִיִּם ׳ר Exod 6:25; Josh 21:1 (הָ)אָבוֺת לַלְּוִיִם ׳ר 1Chr 9:33; 1Chr 9:34; 1Chr 15:12, compare Num 36:1; Josh 19:51; 1Chr 8:6; 1Chr 8:13; 1Chr 23:9; 1Chr 23:24 + 10 t. Chronicles; absolute ׳ר (הָ)אָבוֺת 1Chr 8:10; 1Chr 8:28; 1Chr 9:9; 1Chr 26:32; 1Chr 27:1; 2Chr 1:2 + 8 t. Ezra Nehemiah (Chronicles); אֲכֹתֵיהֶם ׳ר Ezra 8:1 רָאשִׁים לְאָכוֺת Neh 11:13 so also ׳י alone 1Chr 5:7; 1Chr 5:12; 1Chr 7:3; 1Chr 8:28 +; apparently combined with idea of first in a series 1Chr 23:8 (series of 3), v1Chr 23:11 (of 4), v1Chr 23:19 (of 3), v1Chr 23:20 (of 2).

4. a. head=front, leader's place Mic 2:13; 2Chr 20:27, compare Amos 6:7.
b. of time, beginning, of night-watch Judg 7:19; Lam 2:19 absolute מֵראֹשׁ from the beginning Isa 40:21; Isa 41:4; Isa 41:26 (|| מִלְּפָנִים), Isa 48:16; Prov 8:23 (|| מֵעוֺלָם),. Eccl 3:11 (|| עַדסֿוֺף); first of months Exod 12:2 (|| רִאשׁוֺן), Num 10:10; Num 28:11 (all P); בָּראֹשׁ 1Chr 16:7 at first.
c. of things, river-heads Gen 2:10 (J); עַפְרוֺת תֵּכֵל ׳ר Prov 8:26.

5. chief, choicest, best, of spices, כשׂמ(יםׅ, Ezek 27:22; Exod 30:23 (P), Song 4:14 שִׂמְחָתִי ׳ר Ps 137:6 the choicest of my joy.

6. head = division of army, company, band : Judg 7:16; Judg 7:20; Judg 9:34; Judg 9:37; Judg 9:43; Judg 9:44 (twice in verse); 1Sam 11:11; 1Sam 13:17 (twice in verse); 1Sam 13:18 (twice in verse) Job 1:17.

7. =sum, especially in phrase ׳בְּנֵייִֿשׂ ׳נָשָׂא אֶתרֿ Exod 30:12take the sum of, enumerate, compare Num 1:2; Num 1:49; Num 4:2; Num 4:22; Num 26:2; Num 31:26; Num 31:49 בְּראֹשׁוֺ Lev 5:24 in its sum, i.e. in full, so Num 5:7 (all P); of ׳י's thoughts Ps 139:17 compare ראֹשׁ דְּבָֽרְךָ אֱמֶתPs 119:160.

8. other phrase are : ׳נָשָׂא אֶתרֿאֹשׁ פ see נָשָׂא Qal 1 b (2); יָרוּם ראֹשִׁי עַלאֹֿיְבַי Ps 27:6, מֵרִים ראֹשִׁי ׳י Ps 3:4 (Ps 110:7; Ps 140:10 see רום); shake the head, see נוּעַ Hiph`il, compare יָנִיד בְּראֹשׁוֺ Jer 8:16, מְנוֺד ראֹשׁ Ps 44:15 נָתַן דֶּרֶךְ בְּראֹשׁ, i.e. requite, see נתן Qal 2 b near the end; יָשׁוּב גְּמֻלְךָ ׳בְּר Obad 1:15, compare Ps 7:17; 1Kgs 2:33 (below דָּם 2 i and (with ׳עַלרֿ) Esth 9:25, הֵשִׁיב רָעָה בְּראֹשׁ Judg 9:57; 1Sam 25:39; 1Kgs 2:44, compare Joel 1Kgs 4:4; 1Kgs 4:7; 1Kgs 2:32 (sub דָּם 2 i, compare Neh 3:36 (אֶלרֿאֹשָׁם), see also 2Sam 3:29 below 1. חוּל 3; see, further, דָּם 2 i; Dan 1:10 see חוּב Pi`el

BDB9878 H7217 H7218

רֵאשׁ noun masculine^{Dan 7:6} head (Egyptian Aramaic, S-C^Pap.; Palmyrene רש; ᵑ7 רֵישׁ, Syriac ; Biblical Hebrew ראֹשׁ); — construct ׳ר Dan 7:1 emphatic הָ֯ Dan 2:38 suffix רֵאשׁי Dan 4:2 +, חָ֯ Dan 2:28, הֵּ֯ vDan 2:32 +, הַּ֯ Dan 7:20, הֵ֯וֺן Dan 3:27 plural absolute רֵאשִׁין Dan 7:6, suffix רָאשֵׁיהֹם (K^{§§ 53, Anm. b}); 63 Gu^{Hpt on the passage}) Ezra 5:10 —

1. head of man Dan 3:27, compare Dan 7:9 in vision: of image Dan 2:32; Dan 2:38, beast Dan 7:6; Dan 7:20.

2. head as seat of visions, הֶזְוֵי רֵאשָׁךְ, etc., Dan 2:28; Dan 4:2; Dan 4:7; Dan 4:10; Dan 7:1; Dan 7:15.

3. = chief, ׳בְּר Ezra 5:10 in the capacity of their chiefs.

4. sum, essential content, of matters Dan 7:1 (Nes^{MM 40} beginning).

head, chief, heads, top, beginning, …

rōš

the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)

head, top, summit, upper part, chief, total, sum, height, front, beginning

head (of man, animals)

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Grammar C/Vhw3ms

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H7925

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Grammar Np

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H3290

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Grammar Rd/Ncmsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H1242

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Grammar C/Vqw3ms

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H3947

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Grammar To

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H853

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Grammar Td/Ncfsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H68

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Grammar Tr

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H834

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Grammar Vqp3ms

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H7760

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H4763

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Grammar C/Vqw3ms

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H7760

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Grammar To/Sp3fs

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H853

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Grammar Ncfsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H4676

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Grammar C/Vqw3ms