Isaiah 1:17

לִמְד֥וּ הֵיטֵ֛ב דִּרְשׁ֥וּ מִשְׁפָּ֖ט אַשְּׁר֣וּ חָמ֑וֹץ שִׁפְט֣וּ יָת֔וֹם רִ֖יבוּ אַלְמָנָֽה
Learn to do well; seek judgment, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow.
Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

לִמְד֥וּ
לִמְד֥וּ
Root word teach, learn, taught, learned, teacheth, …
Dictionary form: לָמַד · law-MAHD

Verb — Qal, Imperative, second person masculine plural simple action — "he did" a command — try "___!" the built-in subject is "you (a group)"

In the KJV here: learn
teach ×7 and teach ×5 to teach ×5 learn ×4 and taught ×3 taught ×3 and learned ×2 he teacheth ×2
More options
teach — Most direct rendering; prefer when subject is the instructor.
learn — Use when the subject receives instruction or knowledge.
instruct — Slightly more formal; suits structured or authoritative teaching.
train — Emphasizes repeated practice or skill-building over time.
educate — Broader and more formal; suits wisdom or moral formation contexts.
school — Informal; highlights deliberate, disciplined instruction.

BDB4426 H3925

BDB4425 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB4427

לָמַד verb exercise in, learn (Late Hebrew id., be accustomed to, learn; Aramaic לְמַד (rare) learn; Syriac Pa`el accustom, combine; Ettaph`al be taught, etc.; Assyrian lamâdu, learn, DlProl. 29); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳ל Isa 26:10 1 singular לָמַדְתִּי Prov 30:3 + 3 t. Perfect; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִלְמַד Deut 17:19 1 singular אֶלְמְדָה Ps 119:73 3 plural יִלְמְדוּן Deut 4:10 +12 t. Imperfect; Imperative לִמְדוּ Isa 1:17 Infinitive absolute לָמֹד Jer 12:16 construct suffix לָמְדִי Ps 119:7 Participle pass construct לְמוּדֵי 1Chr 5:8 — learn something, with accusative Deut 5:1; Ps 119:7; Ps 119:71; Ps 119:73; Ps 106:35; Prov 30:3; Isa 2:4; Isa 26:9; Isa 26:10; Isa 29:24; Jer 12:16 (twice in verse); Mic 4:3 with אֶל Jer 10:2 with infinitive Deut 18:9; Isa 1:17; Ezek 19:3; Ezek 19:6 לְיִרְאָה Deut 4:10; Deut 14:23; Deut 17:19; Deut 31:13 וְיָ˜רְאוּ Deut 31:12 לְמוּדֵי מִלְחָמָה trained to war 1Chr 5:18. Piel Perfect 3 masculine singular לִמַּד Eccl 12:9 2 masculine suffix לִמַּדְתָּנִי Ps 71:17 + 7 t. Perfect; Imperfect יְלַמֵּד Ps 25:9 יְלַמֶּדֿ Job 21:22 2 masculine singular suffix תְּלַמְּדֶנּוּ Ps 94:12 1 singular אֲלַמְּדָה Ps 51:15 3 masculine plural יְלַמֵּד֑וּן Deut 4:10 + 12 t. Imperfect; Imperative suffix לַמְּדֵנִי Ps 25:4 + 12 t. Imperative; Infinitive לַמֵּד Jer 32:33 + 9 t.; Participle מְלַמֵּד Deut 4:1 + 7 t. Participle; — teach, absolute 2Chr 17:7; 2Chr 17:9 (twice in verse); Ps 60:1 teach some one something, with double accusative Deut 4:5; Deut 4:14; Deut 5:28; Deut 11:19; Deut 31:19; Deut 31:22; Judg 3:2; 2Sam 1:18 (?), Ps 25:4; Ps 25:9; Ps 34:12; Ps 51:15; Ps 94:10; Ps 119:12; Ps 119:26; Ps 119:64; Ps 119:66; Ps 119:67; Ps 119:68; Ps 119:108; Ps 119:124; Ps 119:135; Ps 119:171; Ps 132:12; Eccl 12:9; Isa 40:14; Jer 2:33; Jer 9:13; Jer 9:19; Jer 13:21; Dan 1:4 with accusative of person Deut 4:10; Ps 25:5; Ps 71:17; Song 8:2; Isa 48:17; Jer 31:34; Jer 32:33 (twice in verse); Ezra 7:10 accusative of thing Job 21:22 accusative of person ל of thing 2Sam 22:35 = Ps 18:35; Ps 144:1 accusative of thing ל person Job 21:22 accusative of person מִן of thing Ps 94:12 accusative of person בְּ of thing Isa 40:14 accusative of person infinitive of thing Deut 4:1; Deut 6:1; Deut 20:8; Ps 143:10; Jer 9:4; Jer 12:16 מְלַמְּדַי my teachers Ps 119:99; Prov 5:13. Pual Perfect 3 masculine singular לֻמָּ֑ד Jer 31:18 Participle plural construct מְלֻמְּדֵי 1Chr 25:7; Song 3:8 feminine מְלֻמָּדָה Isa 29:13; Hos 10:11 — trained, as soldiers Song 3:8 singers 1Chr 25:7 a bullock to the yoke Hos 10:11 taught, of a human command Isa 29:13.

teach, learn, taught, learned, teacheth, …
lāmad
properly, to goad, i.e., (by implication) to teach (the rod being an Middle Eastern incentive)
  • to learn. teach, exercise in
    • (Qal) to learn
      • "(Piel) to teach"(Pual) to be taught, be trained

הֵיטֵ֛ב
הֵיטֵ֛ב
Root word well, good, pleased, merry, amend, …
Dictionary form: יָטַב · yaw-TAHB

Verb — Hiphil, Infinitive Absolute, absolute state causative — "he made (someone) do" adds emphasis — try "surely ___"

In the KJV here: to do well
do good ×6 and pleased ×5 it may be well ×5 it may go well ×4 well ×4 amend ×3 and it shall be well with you ×2 be merry ×2
More options
do well — Most versatile rendering; covers acting rightly or skillfully.
go well — Prefer for outcomes or situations turning out favorably.
make good — Suits contexts of improvement or correcting a wrong.
please — Use when the subject brings satisfaction to another party.
rejoice — Fits merry/cheerful contexts where emotion is foregrounded.
act rightly — Moral register; emphasizes ethical correctness of an action.

BDB3528 H3190 H2895

BDB3527 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB3529

[יָטַב] verb be good, well, glad, pleasing (Aramaic יְטַב Zinjirli יטב DHMSendsch. 57) —

Qal (Perfect not in use, see טוֺב verb) Imperfect יִיטַב Gen 12:13 + 34 t., יִטַב 1Sam 24:5 + 3 t.; תִּיטַב Esth 2:4 + 2 t.; תֵּיטְבִי (incorrect for תִּיטְבִי Ges«GKC:70»§ 70 R) Nah 3:8 plural יִיטְבוּ Gen 34:18 for Infinitive and Participle see טוֺב —
1. be glad, joyful, לֵב Judg 18:20; Judg 19:6; Judg 19:9; 1Kgs 21:7; Ruth 3:7; Eccl 7:3.
2. be well placed, הֲתֵיטְבִי מִנּאֹ אָמוֺן Nah 3:8 art thou better placed than No of Amon?
3. impersonal with לְ, be well for or with, go well with Gen 12:13 (J), Gen 40:14 (E), Deut 4:40; Deut 5:16; Deut 5:26; Deut 6:3; Deut 6:18; Deut 12:25; Deut 12:28; Deut 22:7; 2Kgs 25:24; Ruth 3:1; Jer 7:23; Jer 38:20; Jer 40:9; Jer 42:6.
4. be pleasing בְּעֵינֵי Gen 34:18 (J), Gen 41:37; Gen 45:16 (E), Deut 1:23; Lev 10:19; Lev 10:20; Josh 22:30; Josh 22:33 (P), 1Sam 18:5; 1Sam 24:5; 2Sam 3:36; 2Sam 18:4; 1Kgs 3:10; Esth 1:21; Esth 2:4 (twice in verse); Esth 2:9 with לְ, be pleasing to, Ps 69:32 with לִפְנֵי (late) Neh 2:5; Neh 2:6; Esth 5:14. Hiph`il Perfect הֵיטִיב Gen 12:16; Josh 24:20 הֵיטִב 1Sam 25:31 suffix הֵיטִ֑בְךָ Deut 30:5 הֵיטַבְתָּ Jer 1:12 הֵיטַבְתְּ Ruth 3:10, etc.; וְהִֵ˜טבֹתִ֫י Ezek 36:11 (for הֵיטַבְתִּי as if from טוב Ges«GKC:70»§ 70R); Imperfect יֵיטִיב Num 10:32 + 3 t.; יֵיטִב Prov 15:13 + 2 t.; יְיֵטִיב Job 24:21 (Ges«GKC:70»§ 70R); יֵיטֵיב 1Kgs 1:47 (Ges«GKC:70»§ 70R); וַיִּ֫יטֶב Exod 1:20 suffix וִיטִיבְךָ Eccl 11:9, etc.; Imperative הֵיטִ֫יבָה Ps 51:20 הֵיטִ֫יבִי Isa 23:16, etc.; Infinitive absolute הֵיטֵיב Jer 7:5; Jer 10:5 הֵיטֵב Gen 32:13 + 10 t.; Infinitive construct הֵיטִיב Lev 5:4 + 7 t.; הֵטִיב Jer 32:41 suffix הֵיטִיבִי Jer 32:40, etc.; Participle מֵיטִיב 1Sam 16:17 מֵטִיב Ps 119:68 מֵטִב Ezek 33:32, etc.; —
1. make glad, rejoice לֵב Judg 19:22 פנים Prov 15:13 the person Eccl 11:9.
2. do good to, deal well with, a person usually with preposition: with לְ, Exod 1:20; Josh 24:20 (both E), Gen 12:16; Num 10:29; Num 10:32 (all J), Judg 17:13; 1Sam 25:31; Ps 49:19; Ps 125:4 with עִם, Gen 32:10; Gen 32:13 (twice in verse); Num 10:32 (all J), Mic 2:7 with accusative Deut 8:16; Deut 28:63; Deut 30:5; 1Sam 2:32; Jer 18:10; Jer 32:40; Jer 32:41; Zech 8:15; Job 24:21; Ps 51:20 absolute Ezek 36:11 opposed to הֵרַע (in prov. phrase, cannot do good or ill, = cannot do anything at all; test of deity) Zeph 1:12; Isa 41:23; Jer 10:5.
3. do well or thoroughly: הֵטִיבוּ (כל)אשׁר דבּרוּ they have done well (all) that they have spoken Deut 5:25; Deut 18:17 על הרע כפים להיטיב Mic 7:3 their hands are upon the evil to do it well,i.e.diligently, thoroughly, literally make (it) good, with play on הרע; especially as auxil. followed by infinitive; דעת ׳היט Prov 15:2 = know well; לראות Jer 1:12 see well; (לְ)נַגֵּן play well, skilfully 1Sam 16:17; Isa 23:16; Ezek 33:32; Ps 33:3 compare participle construct followed by substantive מֵטִבֵי צָ֑עַד Prov 30:29 marching well, in a stately manner, so מֵיטִבֵי לֶכֶת vProv 30:29 infinitive absolute הֵיטֵיב as adverb = thoroughly, with verbs: כתת Deut 9:21, שׁאל Deut 13:15, דרשׁ Deut 17:4; Deut 19:18, באר Deut 27:8, שׁבּר 2Kgs 11:18.
4. make a thing good, right, beautiful: with accusative of thing: the head 2Kgs 9:30 dress, trim: a lamp Exod 30:7 (P); מַצֵּבוֺת Hos 10:1 גֵּהָה Prov 17:22 a glad heart maketh a good cure; followed by מִן comparative, object שֵׁם 1Kgs 1:47 ( = make it more glorious then); חֶסֶד Ruth 3:10 followed by דֶּרֶךְ = course of life or action Jer 2:33 (in order to win love); amend one's ways and doings Jer 7:3; Jer 18:11; Jer 26:13; Jer 35:15 ׳הֵיטֵיב תֵּיטִיבוּ אתדֿ Jer 7:5.
5. do well, right, ethically, absolute:
  a. of men, Gen 4:7 (twice in verse) (J), Lev 5:4 (P), Ps 36:4; Isa 1:17; Jer 4:22; Jer 13:23.
  b. of God, טוֺב מֵטִיב good and doing good Ps 119:68 so infinitive absolute as adverb הַהֵיטֵב חָרָה לך Jonah 4:4; Jonah 4:9 art thou rightly angry ? followed by לי vJonah 4:9. In כִּייֵֿיטִב אֶלאָֿבִי 1Sam 20:13 verb is apparently intransitive, = Qal, if it be pleasing unto my father, but Hiph`il not elsewhere in this sense; point rather יִיטַב; on this and on following אֶתֿ see We Dr.

well, good, pleased, merry, amend, …
yāṭab
to be (causative) make well, literally (sound, beautiful) or figuratively (happy, successful, right)
  • to be good, be pleasing, be well, be glad
    • (Qal)
      • to be glad, be joyful
        • "to be well placed"to be well for, be well with, go well with"to be pleasing, be pleasing to
      (Hiphil)
      • to make glad, rejoice
        • "to do good to, deal well with"to do well, do thoroughly"to make a thing good or right or beautiful"to do well, do right

דִּרְשׁ֥וּ
דִּרְשׁ֥וּ
Root word seek, inquire, sought, inquired, require, …
Dictionary form: דָּרַשׁ · daw-RAHSH

Verb — Qal, Imperative, second person masculine plural simple action — "he did" a command — try "___!" the built-in subject is "you (a group)"

In the KJV here: seek
seek ×13 to seek ×13 to inquire ×10 inquire ×4 sought ×4 will i require ×4 and seek ×3 and inquire ×2
More options
seek — Most versatile; suits active pursuit of God or wisdom.
inquire — Prefer when consulting an oracle, priest, or prophet.
search — Emphasizes thorough, investigative effort.
require — Best for contexts of divine accountability or demand.
consult — Fits formal religious or official inquiry settings.
care for — Use when the sense is concern or attentiveness toward someone.

BDB2008 H1875

BDB2007 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2009

דַּרְיוֺשׁ Ezra 10:16 see דרשׁ.

BDB2024 H1875

BDB2023 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2025

דָּרַשׁ162 verb resort to, seek (compare Arabic rub over, efface (a site), tread (wheat), figurative read repeatedly, study; beat (a path), discuss, Pa`el practise in; Late Hebrew search out (a meaning), expound) —

Qal Perfect 1Chr 10:14 Imperfect יִדְרשׁ Ps 10:4 +, אֶדְרְשָׁה 1Sam 28:7, נִדְרְשָׁה 1Kgs 22:7 +, יִדְרְשׁוּן Isa 55:2 Imperative דְּרָשֿׁ 1Kgs 22:5 +; Infinitive absolute דָּרשׁ Lev 10:16; Deut 23:22 construct דְּרשׁ Deut 22:2 + לִדְרָשֿׁ Ezek 14:7, לְדַרְיוֺשׁ (scribal error for לִדְרוֺשׁ Ew§ 239a Ol§ 245 g) Ezra 10:16 Participle דֹּרֵשׁ Deut 11:12 + 10 t., דּוֺרֵשׁ 1Chr 28:9 + 3 t.; passive דְּרוּשִׁים Ps 111:2, דְּרוּשָׁה Isa 62:12 synonym בקשׁ; —
1. (tread a place,) resort to, frequent, with religious object, with accusative of location Amos 5:5; 2Chr 1:5, לְ local Deut 12:5.
2. seek, consult, inquire of:
  a. accusative ׳י, אֱלֹהִים Gen 25:22 (J) Exod 18:15 (E) 1Sam 9:9; 1Kgs 22:8; 2Kgs 3:11; 2Kgs 8:8; 2Kgs 22:13; 2Kgs 22:18; 1Chr 15:13; 1Chr 21:30; 2Chr 18:7; 2Chr 34:21; Ps 24:6; Ps 78:34; Jer 21:2; Jer 37:7; Ezek 20:1; Ezek 20:3 the ark of God 1Chr 13:3 word of Yahweh 1Kgs 22:5 (= 2Chr 18:4) compare 1Kgs 14:5 with בְּ Yahweh 1Chr 10:14; 2Chr 34:26; Ezek 14:7 his word 2Kgs 1:16 with אֶל, אֶלאֵֿל Job 5:8 their God Isa 8:19, Messianic king Isa 11:10 ׳מֵעַלסֵֿפֶר י out of the book of ׳י Isa 34:16 (in gloss, according to CheJQ Jan. 1892, 332); with מֵאוֺתוֺ of a ׳נָבִיא לי 1Kgs 22:7 (= 2Chr 18:6) compare (above) v2Chr 18:8; 2Kgs 3:11 and 1Kgs 14:5 (מֵעִמְּךָ).
  b. heathen gods and necromancers, הַדֹּרֵשׁ the inquirer Ezek 14:10 with בְּ, בַּעֲלַת אוֺב 1Sam 28:7, בָּאוֺב 1Chr 10:13, בְּבַעַל זְבוּב 2Kgs 1:2; 2Kgs 1:3; 2Kgs 1:6; 2Kgs 1:16 with אֶל, אֶלהָֿאֹבוֺת Isa 8:19, אֶלהַֿמֵּתִים Deut 18:11, אֶלהָֿאֱלִילִים Isa 19:3.
3. seek deity in prayer and worship:
  a. the true God (compare בקשׁ 3) ׳דרשׁ י Deut 4:29; Hos 10:12; Amos 5:4; Amos 5:6; Isa 9:12; Isa 31:1; Isa 55:6; Isa 58:2; Isa 65:10; Isa 29:13; Isa 1:11 (= Ps 105:4) Ps 28:9; 2Chr 12:14; 2Chr 14:3; 2Chr 14:6; 2Chr 15:2; 2Chr 15:12; 2Chr 16:12; 2Chr 22:9; 2Chr 26:5; Ps 9:11; Ps 22:27; Ps 34:5; Ps 34:11; Ps 119:2; Ps 119:10 דרשׁ (ה)אלהים 2Chr 19:3; 2Chr 26:5; 2Chr 30:19; Ps 14:2 (= Ps 53:3) Ps 69:33 ׳אֲדֹנָי ד Ps 77:3 with לְ, only in Chronicler, ליהוה 1Chr 22:19; 2Chr 15:13; 2Chr 20:3; Ezra 6:21 לאלהים 2Chr 17:4; 2Chr 31:21; 2Chr 34:3; Ezra 4:2 DrIntr. 503 finds in Chronicles weakened meaning, revere.
  b. seek heathen deities, with accusative Jer 8:2; 2Chr 25:15; 2Chr 25:20 with לְ, Deut 12:30; 2Chr 17:3.
4. a. seek, with idea of demanding, require (בקשׁ is seek, simply), with accusative lost sheep Deut 22:2; Ezek 34:6; Ezek 34:8; Ezek 34:11 goat Lev 10:16 (twice in verse) (P); with אחר, after green fodder Job 39:8.
  b. inquire, investigate (a matter), absolute Judg 6:29; Deut 13:15; Deut 17:4; Deut 17:9; Deut 19:18 with accusative כָּללְֿבָבוֺת ׳דּוֺרֵשׁ י all hearts Yahweh searches 1Chr 28:9 לִדְרשׁ הַמּוֺפֵת to inquire into the wonder 2Chr 32:31 with לְ, to inquire about 2Sam 11:3; Job 10:6 followed by עַל person + infinitive 2Chr 24:6 apply to the Levites to bring, etc., compare 2Chr 31:9 (עַל both person and thing).
5. ask for, require, demand, with accusative of thing Ezek 20:40 + מִן person Deut 23:22; Mic 6:8 exact, often with collateral idea of avenging, מֵעִם Deut 18:19, so with מִיַּד Ezek 34:10, דָּרַשׁ דָּם מִיַּד Gen 9:5 (P) Ezek 33:6 accusative only, דֹּרֵשׁ דמים Ps 9:13, רִשְׁעוֺ ׳ד Ps 10:15 absolute vPs 10:4 vPs 10:13; 2Chr 24:22.
6. seek with application, study, follow, practise, absolute by wisdom Eccl 1:13 with accusative מִשְׁפָּט ׳ד study or practise justice Isa 1:17; Isa 16:5 ׳מַעֲשֵׂי י Ps 111:2 טוֺב וְאַלרַֿע Amos 5:14 commands of God Ps 119:45; Ps 119:94; Ps 119:155; 1Chr 28:8 the law Ear 1Chr 7:10 שׁלום ׳ד seek or study the peace, welfare of any one Deut 23:7; Jer 29:7; Ezra 9:12, לשׁלום Jer 38:4, טוב ׳ד Esth 10:3, רעה ׳ד Prov 11:27; Ps 38:13 (compare בקשׁ 2, where this use is more common).
7. seek with care, care for, ארץ אשׁר יהוה אלהיך דֹּרֵשׁ אתהּ land which Yahweh thy God careth for Deut 11:12 אַליִֿדְרְשֵׁהוּ אֱלוֺהַּ let not Eloah care for it Job 3:4 ׳אוֺתָךְ לֹא יִד Jer 30:14 דָּֽרְשָׁה צֶמֶר Prov 31:13 with לְ Jer 30:17 אֵין דּוֺרֵשׁ לְנַפְשִׁי no one careth for me Ps 142:5 but in both these לְ perhaps belongs to אֵין, compare || אֵין לִי מַכִּיר Ps 142:5, also Lam 4:4 etc.; דְּרוּשָׁה cared for (of Jerusalem) Isa 62:12. Niph`al Perfect נִדְרָ֑שׁ Gen 42:22, נִדְרַשְׁתִּי Isa 65:1, נִדְרָ֑שׁוּ 1Chr 26:31 Imperfect אִדָּרֵשׁ Ezek 14:3; Ezek 20:3; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 36:37 Infinitive absolute הַאִדָּרשׁ Ezek 14:3 (for ההדרשׁ); —
1. let oneself be inquired of, consulted, only of God Ezek 14:3 (twice in verse); Ezek 20:3; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 20:31; Ezek 36:37; Isa 65:1.
2. be sought out 1Chr 26:31.
3. be required, of blood (compare Qal 5) Gen 42:22 (E).

Note. — וְדָרְשׁוּ מֵחָרְבוֺתֵיהֶם and beg out of their desolate places Ps 109:10 (Ki and others wed©ršu, see Baer); many MSS. read דָּֽרְשׁוּ, so most interpretations; ᵐ5 Hup Bi Che read גֹּרְשׁוּ be driven from.

seek, inquire, sought, inquired, require, …
dāraš
properly, to tread or frequent; usually to follow (for pursuit or search); by implication, to seek or ask; specifically to worship
  • to resort to, seek, seek with care, enquire, require
    • (Qal)
      • to resort to, frequent (a place), (tread a place)
        • "to consult, enquire of, seek
        • of God
          • "of heathen gods, necromancers
        to seek deity in prayer and worship
        • God
          • "heathen deities
        to seek (with a demand), demand, require"to investigate, enquire"to ask for, require, demand"to practice, study, follow, seek with application"to seek with care, care for
      (Niphal)
      • to allow oneself to be enquired of, consulted (only of God)
        • "to be sought, be sought out"to be required (of blood)

מִשְׁפָּ֖ט
מִשְׁפָּ֖ט
Root word judgment, judgments, manner, right, cause, …
Dictionary form: מִשְׁפָּט · mish-PAWT

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: judgment
judgment ×62 of judgment ×22 my judgments ×20 and judgment ×16 in judgment ×14 thy judgments ×13 and judgments ×12 after the manner ×10
More options
justice — Best for contexts of fair treatment or legal equity.
judgment — Modernizes KJV; suits judicial decisions or rulings.
ordinance — Prefer for codified legal statutes or divine decrees.
right — Use when emphasizing entitlement or what is due.
custom — Good for social or cultural norms and practices.
sentence — Specific to formal verdicts pronounced by a judge.

BDB8959 H4941

BDB8958 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB8960

מִשְׁפָּט422 noun masculineGen 40:13 judgment; — absolute מִשְׁפָּט Exod 21:31 + 203 t., + לְשְִׁ֯פָּט Ezek 44:24 (but read Kt לִשְׁפֹּט with ᵐ5 ᵑ7 ᵑ6 Co and others); construct מִשְׁפַּט Exod 23:6 + 50 t.; suffix מִשְׁפָּטִי Isa 40:27 +; מִשְׁפָּטָם Jer 49:12 +; מִשְׁפָּטָן Num 27:5 plural מִשְׁפָּטִים Jer 4:12 + 34 t.; suffix מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ Deut 33:10 +, etc.; —

1. judgment:
  a. act of deciding a case: ׳מ be-longeth to God Deut 1:17, is from him Prov 16:33; Prov 29:26 ׳אֱלֹהֵי הַמּ Mal 2:17 ׳חשֶׁן מ Exod 28:15 the pouch of judgment, so vExod 28:29 vExod 28:30 (P); worn on heart of Aaron vExod 28:30 (P); צֶדֶק ׳מ Deut 16:18 ׳הֵבִין מ Job 32:9 ׳שׁפט מ 1Kgs 3:28 ׳עשׂה מ 1Kgs 3:28 ׳דְּבַר (ה)מ Deut 17:9; 2Chr 19:6 ׳רוח מ Isa 28:6 במשׁפט Lev 19:15; Lev 19:35 (H) Deut 1:17; Prov 16:10; Prov 24:23 חאורים ׳במ Num 27:21 (P); למשׁפט Num 35:12; Josh 20:6 (P) Deut 17:8; Judg 4:5; 2Sam 15:2; 2Sam 15:6; 2Chr 19:8; Isa 34:5; Isa 41:1; Isa 54:17; Isa 59:11; Hab 1:12; Mal 3:5; Ps 9:8; Ps 35:23; Ps 76:10; Ps 122:5; Job 9:19 (Ezek 44:24 see above).
  b. place, court seat of judgment Deut 25:1; 1Kgs 7:7; Isa 28:6; Eccl 3:16.
  c. process, procedure, litigation before judges: ׳הֵבִיא במ Job 14:3; Eccl 11:9; Eccl 12:14 ׳בא במ, with עם Isa 3:14; Job 22:4, with את Ps 143:2, with יחדו Job 9:32, ׳חלד במ Job 34:23, compare Ezek 34:16; Ps 112:5 plural דבּר משׁפטים, with את litigate with Jer 1:16; Jer 4:12; Jer 12:1; Jer 39:5 = Jer 52:9, singular מִשְׁפָּט in || 2Kgs 25:6, by error.
  d. case or cause presented for judgment: ׳בעל מ Isa 50:8 ׳ערךְ מ Job 13:18; Job 23:4 ׳שׁמע מ 1Kgs 3:11 ׳שׁפט מ Lam 3:59, compare Num 27:5 (P) 2Sam 15:4.
  e. sentence, decision of judgment: כן משׁפטךָ 1Kgs 20:40 thus is thy sentence; ׳עת ומ Eccl 8:5; Eccl 8:6 time and sentence; ׳על מ Deut 17:11 according to the sentence; מָוֶת ׳מ Deut 19:6; Deut 21:22; Jer 26:11; Jer 26:16 דמים ׳מ Ezek 7:23, compare Hab 1:4 (twice in verse); Ps 7:7; Ps 17:2; Ezek 23:45 plural only Ezek 16:68 משׁפטֵי נאפות; Hos 6:5 read singular מִשְׁפָּטִי בָאוֺד for מִשְׁפָּטֶיךָ אוֺר after ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Ew Hi Che and most modern feminine execution of judgment, in general, ׳עשׂה מ, with בֵּין Jer 7:5; Ezek 18:8, compare Deut 32:41; Zeph 3:8 with בְּ against Ps 119:84; Ps 149:9 ב omitted Ps 9:17; Ezek 39:21, בא אל ׳מ Jer 48:21, ׳ברוח מ Isa 4:4, מואב ׳מ Jer 48:47, compare Isa 53:8; Jer 51:9; Hos 5:1; Hos 5:11; Hos 10:4; Job 36:17 plural Isa 26:8; Isa 26:9; Ezek 5:8; Zeph 3:15; Ps 10:5 in favour of, עשׂה משׁפטִי Mic 7:9; Ps 9:5 לעשׁוקים ׳מ Ps 146:7 והציל ׳דין מ Jer 21:12, compare Zech 7:9; Zech 8:16 plural Ps 48:12 = Ps 97:8; Ps 6; Ps 5; Ps 7 = 1Chr 16:12; 1Chr 16:14.
  g. time of judgment, ׳לִא יקומו במ Ps 1:5 (late; probably judgment of the resurrection).
2. attribute of the שֹׁפֵט, justice, right, rectitude:
  a. of God, ׳אלהי מ Isa 30:18 ׳הֲשֹׁפֵט כָּלהָֿאָרֶץ לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה מ Gen 18:25 (J), compare Job 40:8; Deut 32:4; Ps 111:7 he loves it Ps 33:5; Ps 37:28; Ps 99:4 ׳צדק ומ Hos 2:21; Ps 89:15 = Ps 97:2 will not pervert it Job 8:3; Job 34:12, compare Job 37:23 כמשׁפטךָ Ps 119:149 (|| חסדךָ); מִשְׁפָּֽטְךָ תְּהוֺם רָבָּה Ps 36:7 (read singular).
  b. of man: ׳אַשְׁרֵי שֹׁמְרֵי מ Ps 106:8 (|| צדקה); the tongue of the wise speaketh ׳מ Ps 37:30 so of thoughts ׳מ Prov 12:5 put on ׳מ as robe Job 29:14, chosen Job 34:4 ׳עשׂה מ: God requires that man should do it Mic 6:8; Isa 1:17; Isa 56:1, compare Isa 61:8 it is the joy of the righteous Prov 21:15 rulers should know it Mic 3:1, compare Prov 29:4 wicked ruler ׳שׂוֺנֵא מ Job 34:17 abhors it Mic 3:9, compare Prov 19:28; Prov 21:7; Prov 28:5.
3. ordinance promulgated by שֹׁפֵט: 1Sam 8:9; 1Sam 8:11; 1Sam 10:25 (law of king); Levitical ordinances Lev 5:10; Lev 9:16 + 13 t. P, 1Chr 15:13; 1Chr 24:19; 2Chr 4:7; 2Chr 4:20; 2Chr 8:14; 2Chr 35:13; Neh 8:18 ׳חק ומ Exod 15:25; Josh 24:25 (E) 1Sam 30:25, compare Ps 81:5 ׳חקת מ Num 27:11; Num 35:29 (P); divine law in general יהוה ׳מ Jer 8:7 ׳מ אלהים Isa 58:2; Jer 5:4; Jer 5:5 (|| דֶּרֶךְ), compare Ps 25:9 || תורה Isa 42:4; Isa 51:4; Ezra 7:10 compare Zeph 2:3; Ps 119:43; Ps 119:160 plural of particular ordinances Deut 33:10; Deut 33:21 (poem), Isa 58:2; Ezek 44:24; Ps 19:10; Ps 119:7 + 16 t., Ps 147:20.
4. decision of the שֹׁפֵט in a case of law (see BrHexateuch 252 sq.): singular of particular decision of a case Exod 21:31 (E); plural of series of decisions Exod 21:1; Exod 24:3 (JE) Deut 7:12 (D2); in covt. code and D, collection of pentads in conditional or temporal compare, with כּי or אם in D, and subject in combination, חקים ומשׁפטים Deut 4:1. 5. 8. 14. 45 +; in code of H and after, in combination חקות ומשׁפטים, Lev 18:4; Lev 18:5; Lev 18:26; Lev 19:37 +; (the specific type of these laws in H is אִישׁ כִּי, over against נפשׁ כי or אדם כי in code of P, see BrHexateuch 254 f.); other combinations, redactional and later, Lev 26:46; Num 36:13; Deut 30:16; 2Kgs 17:37; 2Chr 33:8; Neh 9:13; Ps 18:23; Ps 89:31; Ps 147:19.
5. one's (legal) right, privilege, due: הַכּהֲנִים ׳מ Deut 18:3 due of the priests, הַבְּכֹרָה ׳מ Deut 21:17 ׳מ הַגְּאֻלָּה Jer 32:7 right of redemption; הַיְרֻשָּׁה ׳מ vJer 32:8 ׳הִטָּה מ Exod 23:6 (E) wrest right, so Deut 16:19; Deut 23:6; Deut 24:17; Deut 27:19; Deut 1:3; , compare Prov 18:5 יְתוֺם ׳מ Deut 10:18 אביון ׳מ Exod 23:6 (E) Jer 5:28; Ps 140:13 עניים׳מ Isa 10:2; Job 36:6 ׳הסיר מ Job 27:2; Job 34:5, compare Isa 40:27; Isa 49:4.
6. a. proper, fitting, measure 1Kgs 5:8 fitness Isa 28:26; Isa 40:14 (of fitness in the order of nature; compare Di).
  b. custom, manner: הכהנים ׳מ 1Sam 2:13 custom of the priests (rightful due, according to Th We Dr and most); מִשְׁפָּטוֺ 1Sam 27:11 his (David's) custom; ׳מ הגוים 2Kgs 17:33 manner of the nations, compare 2Kgs 17:26; 2Kgs 17:27 (Rssem. 1, 24, 2nd ed. 23); ׳כמ after the manner, custom, fashion (of) Gen 40:13; Exod 21:9 (E) Judg 18:7; 1Kgs 18:28; 2Kgs 11:14; 2Kgs 17:34; 1Chr 6:17; Ezek 42:11; Ps 119:132.
  c. מה משׁפט Judg 13:12 what manner of a boy, compare 2Kgs 1:7.
  d. plan . . . of the tabernacle Exod 26:30 (P); temple 1Kgs 6:38 palace Jer 30:18.

judgment, judgments, manner, right, cause, …
mišpāṭ
properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, individual or collective), including the act, the place, the suit, the crime, and the penalty; abstractly, justice, including a participant's right or privilege (statutory or customary), or even a style
  • judgment, justice, ordinance
    • judgment
      • act of deciding a case
        • "place, court, seat of judgment"process, procedure, litigation (before judges)"case, cause (presented for judgment)"sentence, decision (of judgment)"execution (of judgment)"time (of judgment)
      justice, right, rectitude (attributes of God or man)"ordinance"decision (in law)"right, privilege, due (legal)"proper, fitting, measure, fitness, custom, manner, plan

אַשְּׁר֣וּ
אַשְּׁר֣וּ
Root word blessed, go, guide, happy, lead, …
Dictionary form: אָשַׁר · aw-SHAHR

Verb — Piel, Imperative, second person masculine plural intensive — "he really / thoroughly did" a command — try "___!" the built-in subject is "you (a group)"

In the KJV here: relieve
and go ×2 and call her blessed ×1 and guide ×1 and he shall be blessed ×1 and they that are led ×1 call ×1 for the leaders ×1 her and blessed ×1
More options
bless — Declare or consider someone fortunate; most common sense.
call happy — Pronounce someone enviably well-off; beatitude contexts.
lead — Guide or conduct forward; physical or moral direction.
guide — Steer along a path; emphasizes ongoing direction.
commend — Speak favorably of someone; softer, approval-focused register.
direct — Set on the right course; suits instructional or wisdom texts.

BDB834 H833

BDB833 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB835

[אָשַׁר] verb go straight, go on, advance (Assyrian ašâru ZimBP 11; Arabic, Aramaic in derivatives) —

Qal Imperative אִשְׁרוּ Prov 9:6 אִשְׁרוּ בְדֶרֶךְ בִּינָה go straight on in the way of understanding. Pi`el Perfect אִשְּׁרוּ Mal 3:12; Gen 30:13 Imperfect תְּאַשֵּׁר Prov 4:14 + 4 t.; Imperative אַשֵּׁר Prov 23:19 Participle plural מְאַשְּׁרִים Mal 3:15 + 2 t.; —
1. intensive go straight on, advance Prov 4:14.
2. causative lead on Prov 23:19; Isa 3:12; Isa 9:15.

3. set right, righten Isa 1:17.
4. pronounce happy, call blessed Gen 30:13 (J) Job 29:11; Ps 72:17; Prov 31:28; Song 6:9; Mal 3:12; Mal 3:15. Pu`al Imperfect יְאֻשַּׁר Ps 41:3 Participle מְאֻשָּׁר Prov 3:18; Isa 9:15.
1. be led on Isa 9:15.
2. be made happy, blessed Ps 41:3; Prov 3:18.

blessed, go, guide, happy, lead, …
ʾāšar
to be straight (used in the widest sense, especially to be level, right, happy); figuratively, to go forward, be honest, prosper
  • to go straight, walk, go on, advance, make progress
    • (Qal) to go straight on, make progress
      • "(Piel)
      • to go straight on, advance
        • "to lead on (causative)"to set right, righten"to pronounce happy, call blessed
      (Pual)
      • to be advanced, be led on
        • "to be made happy, be blessed

חָמ֑וֹץ
חָמ֑וֹץ
Root word oppressed
Dictionary form: חָמוֹץ · haw-MOHTS

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: the oppressed
the oppressed ×1
More options
oppressed person — Most direct modern equivalent; clear for general audiences.
victim of oppression — Emphasizes the relational dynamic of being wronged.
exploited person — Highlights economic or power-based abuse contexts.
downtrodden person — Vivid, slightly literary; good for poetic passages.

BDB2882 H2541

BDB2881 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2883

חָמוֺץ noun [masculine] collective the ruthless — only ׳אַשְּׁרוּ ח Isa 1:17 set right the ruthless, so Hi EW Kn De Che Di; Vrss give passive (perhaps חָמוּץ) hence AV relieve the oppressed; but on form חָמוֺץ = doer of action see Ew§ 152 b.

oppressed
ḥāmôṣ
properly, violent; by implication, a robber
  • the oppressor, the ruthless

שִׁפְט֣וּ
שִׁפְט֣וּ
Root word judge, judges, judged, plead, judgeth, …
Dictionary form: שָׁפַט · shaw-PAHT

Verb — Qal, Imperative, second person masculine plural simple action — "he did" a command — try "___!" the built-in subject is "you (a group)"

In the KJV here: judge
judge ×16 to judge ×11 judged ×10 the judge ×8 judges ×7 shall judge ×6 and he judged ×5 the judges ×5
More options
judge — Most versatile; fits legal, divine, and civic contexts.
render judgment — Formal; emphasizes the act of issuing a verdict.
govern — Best when the role involves ruling or leading a community.
defend — Use when the judging protects the vulnerable or oppressed.
decide — Neutral, contemporary; good for dispute-resolution contexts.
vindicate — Highlights declaring someone innocent or upholding their cause.

BDB8955 H8199

BDB8954 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB8956

שָׁפַט185 verb judge, govern (Late Hebrew in derivatives; Phoenician שפט = שֹׁפֵט, also in proper name; Punic sufet Lzb381; Biblical Aramaic שָֽׁפְטִין; Assyrian šapâtu (t = ת), synonym dânu (דִּין), judge DlWB 684, šip‰u (ט), probably judgment [and šapi‰u, caption?] JenZA iv (1889), 278 f.; on possible connection with Arabic see NöZMG xi (1886), 724; on usage of verb See FergusonJBL viii (1888), 130 ff.); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳שׁ Judg 16:31 +, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁפֹּט Gen 16:5, יִשְׁפּוֺט Isa 11:3 3 masculine plural יִשְׁפְּטוּ Gen 31:53 +, יִשְׁפּ֫וּטוּ Exod 18:26 (Ki יִשְׁפּוּט֫וּ; compare Ges«GKC:47g»§ 47g), etc.; Infinitive absolute שָׁפוֺט Gen 19:9 construct שְׁפֹט Ruth 1:1, לַשְׁפֹּט Exod 8:13 +, etc.; Imperative שְׁפָטֿ Prov 31:9, שָׁפְטָה Ps 82:8; Lam 3:59, שִׁפְטוּ Isa 1:17 +, שְׁפֹ֑טוּ Zech 7:9, etc.; Participle שֹׁפֵט 1Sam 3:13 +, etc.; —
1. act as law-giver, judge, governor (giving law, deciding controversies and executing law, civil, religious, political, social; both early and late):
  a. of God only, שֹׁפֵט כל הארץ Gen 18:25 (J), || מֶלֶךְ,מְחֹקֵק Isa 33:22.
  b. of man, Gen 19:9 (twice in verse) (J), Moses deciding cases Exod 18:13 (E), making known statutes vExod 18:16 (E); so his assistants vExod 18:22 vExod 18:22 vExod 18:26 vExod 18:26 (E), || Deut 1:16 of שׁפטי ישׂראל Num 25:5 (executioners); ׳י set שֹׁפְטִים over Israel Judg 2:16; Judg 2:18; 2Sam 7:11 = 1Chr 17:10, to deliver Israel, שׁפט ישׂדאל Judg 3:10; Judg 4:4; Judg 10:2; Judg 10:3 + 9 t. Judges; 1Sam 4:18; 1Sam 7:15; 1Sam 7:16; 1Sam 7:17; 2Kgs 23:22, compare 1Sam 7:6 Participle שֹׁפֵט as substantive also Judg 2:17; Judg 2:18; Judg 2:19; 1Sam 8:1; 1Sam 8:2; 2Kgs 23:22 ׳שֹׁפְטֵי יִשׂ 1Chr 17:6 (|| 2Sam 7:7 שִׂבְטֵי), בִּימֵי שְׁפֹט הַשֹּׁפְטִים Ruth 1:1 (twice in verse) (compare מוֺשִׁיעִים Obad 1:21); שׁפט, || מֶלֶךְ 1Sam 8:5; 1Sam 8:6; 1Sam 8:20; Hos 7:7; Hos 13:10 שֹׁפֵט ישׂראל Mic 4:14 (= king); king judges people 1Kgs 3:9 (twice in verse) = 2Chr 1:10; 1Kgs 15:5 = 2Chr 26:21; 2Chr 1:11 absolute 1Kgs 7:7; Isa 16:5 || שׂרים Exod 2:14 (E) Amos 2:3; Zeph 3:3 || יוֺעַץ Isa 1:26; Job 12:17, compare Isa 3:2 שֹׁפְטֵי אָרֶץ Isa 40:23 (|| רוֺזְנִים), Prov 8:16 (|| שׂרים), Ps 2:10; Ps 148:11 (|| מלכים); שׁפטינו אשׁר שׁפטונו Dan 9:12 (twice in verse).
2. specifically decide controversy, discriminate between Persons, in civil, political, domestic and religious questions:
  a. of God Ps 82:1: בֵּיןוּ֗֗֗בֵין ׳שׁ Gen 16:5 (J; domestic), Judg 11:27 (twice in verse); 1Sam 24:13; 1Sam 24:16 (all of war), Ezek 34:20 (relig.); with בֵּיןלְ֗֗֗ Ezek 34:17; Ezek 34:22 (religious); with בֵּנֵינוּ Gen 31:53 (E; domestic), Isa 2:4 = Mic 4:3 (of war); with בְּ 2Chr 20:12 (war); with accusative 1Kgs 8:32 = 2Chr 6:23; Eccl 3:17, condemning wicked and justifying righteous Job 21:22 (|| ידע), Job 23:7 absolute Exod 5:21 (J) Job 22:13 צֶדֶק ׳שׁ Jer 11:20; Ps 9:5 ׳י is שׁוֺפֵט צַדִּיק Ps 7:12.
  b. of man, בֵּיןוּ֗֗֗בֵין ׳שׁ Exod 18:16 (E) Num 35:24 (P) Deut 1:16 (all civil), Isa 5:3 (relig.); with accusative Lev 19:15 (H) Deut 25:1 (all civil), Ezek 20:4 (twice in verse); Ezek 22:2 (twice in verse); Ezek 23:36 מִשְׁפָּט ׳שׁ Deut 16:18; 1Kgs 3:28 (Solomon); במשׁפטים Ezek 44:24, with ל 2Chr 19:6 absolute Ezek 44:24; Isa 11:3 (king); influenced by bribes Mic 3:11; Mic 7:3; Job 9:24 Absalom desires to decide cases as שֹׁפֵט 2Sam 15:4 (implying lack of such in his time); according to 2Chr 19:5. 6 Jehoshaphat set up שׁפטים, apparently for the first as judges in this specific sense; code of Deuteronomy recognizes them: הַשֹּׁפֵט declares דְּבַר הַמִּשְׁפָּט Deut 17:9; Deut 17:12; Deut 25:2 שׁפטים + שֹׁטְרִים Deut 16:18; 1Chr 23:4; 1Chr 26:29; Josh 8:33 (+ זְקֵנִים), Josh 23:2; Josh 24:1 (D; both + זקנים, רָאשִׁים), + זקנים only Deut 21:2; Ezra 10:14, + כֹּהֲנִים Deut 19:17; Deut 19:18, שׂרים 2Chr 1:2.
3. execute judgment:
  a. discriminating, of man only, משׁפט אמת Zech 7:9, ׳מֵישָׁרִים שׁ Ps 58:2 judge uprightly; משׁפט שׁלום Zech 8:16, צֶדֶק Prov 31:9, עָוֶל Ps 82:2.
  b. vindicating, with accusative: (I) subject God, יתום Ps 10:18, accusative of person Ps 26:1; Ps 43:1; Ps 58:12 (read שֹׁפְטָם for שׁפטים), משׁפט ׳שׁ Lam 3:59 מִיַּד vindicate by delivering from hand of 1Sam 24:16; 2Sam 18:19; 2Sam 18:31 שָׁפְטֵנִי כְּ צִדְקִי ׳י Ps 7:9 שָׁפְטֵנִי כְּ צִדְקְךָ Ps 35:24. (2) subject man, with accusative יתום Isa 1:17; Isa 1:23 דל(יםׅ Isa 11:4; Prov 29:14; Ps 82:3 עניי עם Ps 72:4 משׁפט אביונים Jer 5:28.
  c. condemning and punishing, (I) God ׳כְּדַרְכֵי פ according to ways of Ezek 7:3; Ezek 7:8; Ezek 18:30; Ezek 24:14; Ezek 33:20; Ezek 36:19 במשׁפטים Ezek 7:27; Ezek 23:24 משׁפטי נאפות Ezek 16:38 (= Ezek 23:45 of human judges); with accusative 1Sam 3:13; Ps 51:5; Ezek 11:10; Ezek 11:11; Ezek 21:35; Ezek 35:11. (2) of man, only שֹׁפְטֵי נַפְשׁוֺ Ps 109:31 and Ezek 23:45 above, probably also Ps 141:6 (corrupt).
  d. at theophanic advent for final judgment: God is שֹׁפֵט Ps 50:6; Ps 75:8 שׁפט הארץ Ps 94:2, with accusative בא לשׁפט הארץ Ps 96:13 = 1Chr 16:33; Ps 98:9 הארץ ׳שׁ Ps 82:8 כל הנוים Joel 4:12 עמים Ps 67:5 תבל Ps 9:9; Ps 96:13 = Ps 98:9 מישׁרים ׳שׁ Ps 75:3. Niph`al Perfect 1 singular נִשְׁפַּטְתִּי Ezek 20:36 + 4 t.; Imperfect 1 singular אִשָּׁפֵט Ezek 20:36 אִשָּֽׁפְטָה 1Sam 12:7, etc.; Infinitive construct חִשָּׁפֵט 2Chr 22:8 suffix הִשָּֽׁפְטוֺ Ps 37:33; Ps 109:7 Participle נִשְׁפָּט Isa 59:4 + 4 t.; —
1. reciprocal, (Ges«GKC:51d»§ 51d), enter into controversy, plead: with אֵת with, of God Jer 2:35; Ezek 17:20; Ezek 20:35; Ezek 20:36 (twice in verse); Ezek 38:22 of man 1Sam 12:7 (+ וְאַגִּידָה לָכֶם ᵐ5 We Dr BuHpt Now), Prov 29:9 with עִם, of God Joel 4:2, of man 2Chr 22:8 with ל, of God Jer 25:31 יחד ׳נשׁ Isa 43:26 have controversy together; באשׁ by fire (of God) Isa 66:16 באמונה Isa 59:4.
2. passive be judged, Ps 9:20; Ps 37:33; Ps 109:7. Pô`el Participle suffix מְשֹׁפְטִי (dubious; Hi Bu מִשְׁפָּטִי), = my apponent-at-law (Ges«GKC:55b»§ 55b) Job 9:15 + Zf Job 3:15; Ps 109:31 We and others

BDB9978 H8199 H8200

BDB9977 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9979

[שְׁפַט] verb judge (Biblical Hebrew שָׁפַט); — Participle as plural noun absolute שָֽׁפְמִין Ezra 7:25 judges.

שַׁפִּיר see שׁפר. below

judge, judges, judged, plead, judgeth, …
šāpaṭ
to judge, i.e., pronounce sentence (for or against); by implication, to vindicate or punish; by extenssion, to govern; passively, to litigate (literally or figuratively)
  • to judge, govern, vindicate, punish
    • (Qal)
      • to act as law-giver or judge or governor (of God, man)
        • to rule, govern, judge
        to decide controversy (of God, man)"to execute judgment
        • discriminating (of man)
          • "vindicating"condemning and punishing"at theophanic advent for final judgment
      (Niphal)
      • to enter into controversy, plead, have controversy together
        • "to be judged
      (Poel) judge, opponent-at-law (participle)

יָת֔וֹם
יָת֔וֹם
Root word fatherless, children, orphans, child
Dictionary form: יָתוֹם · yaw-TOME

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: the fatherless
the fatherless ×13 of the fatherless ×7 and the fatherless ×6 fatherless ×3 for the fatherless ×3 and fatherless ×1 his fatherless children ×1 in thee the fatherless ×1
More options
orphan — Most direct modern equivalent; broadly understood.
fatherless child — Emphasizes paternal loss; useful in poetic or legal contexts.
parentless child — More inclusive; good when full parental loss is implied.
vulnerable child — Captures social helplessness; suits advocacy or wisdom passages.
bereaved child — Highlights grief dimension; fits lament or prophetic rhetoric.

BDB3844 H3490

BDB3843 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB3845

יָתוֺם noun [masculine] orphan (Late Hebrew id.; Aramaic יַתְמָא, ; Phoenician יתם; Arabic pupil, orphan) — יָתוֺם Exod 22:21 + 29 t.; plural יְתוֺמִים v.Exod 22:23 + 8 t.; suffix יְתֹמֶיךָ Jer 49:11 יְתֹמָיו Isa 9:16 לִיתוֺמָיו Ps 109:12 — orphan, i.e. fatherless (|| אַלְמָנָה) Exod 22:23; Ps 109:9; Lam 5:3 (|| אַין אָב); Job 24:9; Ps 109:12 probably also Exod 22:21; Deut 10:18; Deut 14:29; Deut 16:11; Deut 16:14; Deut 24:17; Deut 24:19; Deut 24:20; Deut 24:21; Deut 26:12; Deut 26:13; Deut 27:19; Ps 94:6; Ps 146:9; Jer 7:6; Jer 22:3; Zech 7:10; Mal 3:5 (in all these, mentioned as helpless, exposed to injury, || אַלְמָנָה and גֵּר); similarly, || אַלְמָנָה Job 22:9; Job 24:3; Job 29:12; Job 31:17; Ps 68:6; Isa 1:17; Isa 1:23; Isa 9:16; Isa 10:2; without אלמנה Hos 14:4; Job 6:27; Job 31:21; Ps 10:14; Ps 10:18; Prov 23:10; Jer 5:28 (in no case clear that both parents are dead).

fatherless, children, orphans, child
yātôm
a bereaved person
  • an orphan, fatherless

רִ֖יבוּ
רִ֖יבוּ
Root word plead, strive, contend, contended, chide, …
Dictionary form: רִיב · reeb

Verb — Qal, Imperative, second person masculine plural simple action — "he did" a command — try "___!" the built-in subject is "you (a group)"

In the KJV here: plead
plead ×10 contend ×3 strive ×3 and plead ×2 chide ×2 will plead ×2 and chode ×1 and did strive ×1
More options
contend — Best for legal or formal disputes; widely applicable.
argue — Everyday register; suits interpersonal conflict scenes.
dispute — Emphasizes opposing claims; good for property or covenant contexts.
quarrel — Highlights emotional friction; suits interpersonal strife.
lodge a complaint — Formal register; fits legal or courtroom settings.
plead a case — Modernizes KJV 'plead'; retains forensic/legal nuance.

BDB7897 H7378 H693

BDB7896 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB7898

רִיב [NöZMG xxxvii (1883). 530, 534 Ges«GKC:73b»§ 73b] verb strive, contend (compare Arabic () agitate (the mind), disquiet; compare also Syriac cry, shout, Aph`el also quarrel noisily, shouting, clamour (see Nöl.c.); on Sabean proper name ריב = Arabic see DHMib. 14); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular רָב Judg 11:25; 1Sam 25:29 2 masculine singular רַבְתָּ Lam 3:58, רִיבוֺתָ Job 33:13, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָרִיב Judg 6:31 +, jussive יָרֵב Hos 4:4; 1Sam 24:16, יָ֫רֶב לוֺ(בּוֺׅ Judg 6:31; Judg 6:32 וַיָּ֫רֶב Gen 31:36 +; 2 masculine singular תרוב Prov 3:30 Kt, תָּרִיב Qr; 3 masculine plural יְרִיבֻן Exod 21:18, etc.; Imperative masculine singular רִיב Mic 6:1; Prov 25:9, רִיבָה Ps 35:1 +, masculine plural רִיבוּ Isa 1:17; Hos 2:4 Infinitive absolute רוֺב Judg 11:25, רֹב Job 40:2 רִיב Jer 50:34 (Ges«GKC:73d»§ 73d Köi. 509 BaNB 80); construct רִיב Isa 3:13; Job 9:3 + Judg 21:22 Qr (Kt רוב), רִב Amos 7:4; Prov 25:8 Participle רָב Isa 19:20 +; — strive:
1. involving bodily struggle Exod 21:18 (that is, one with another; E); public hostilities, יָרָיוּ רָב לוֺ Deut 33:7 (with) his hands he strove for it, with עִם of Israel, הֲרוֺב רָב Judg 11:25 (|| נִלְחַם).
2. with words, with ב person Gen 31:36 (E), Exod 17:2 a (J) Judg 6:32, so (in figurative) Hos 2:4 compare v.Hos 2:4 often = quarrel, with עִם person, Gen 26:20; Exod 17:2b Num 20:3 (all J), Neh 13:25 subject God Job 9:3; Job 13:19; Job 23:6 also Job 40:2 (עִם of God; on infinitive absolute see Ges«GKC:113ee»§ 113ee), in general Prov 3:30 with אֵת person Judg 8:1; Neh 5:7; Neh 13:11; Neh 13:17, subject ׳י Isa 49:25 (compare I. יָרִיב below), Ps 35:1 (|| לָחַם); אֵת of ׳י Isa 45:9 (participle one striving), Num 20:13 (P); with עַל of thing Gen 26:21; Gen 26:22 absolute = find fault Hos 4:4 (|| הוֺכִיחַ). Especially
3. conduct a (legal) case, suit, usually figurative, ׳י subject; Isa 3:13 (|| דִּין), Isa 57:16 (|| קָצַף), Ps 103:9 (נָטַר[אַף]), compare קֹרֵא לָרִב בָּאֵשׁ Amos 7:4 with accusative of person with whom (unfriendly sense), Job 10:2; Isa 27:8 with accusative of congnate meaning with verb רִיב in good sense, = take one's part, 1Sam 24:15 (Gi; v.1Sam 24:16 van d. H. Baer; || שָׁפַט), Mic 7:9; Jer 50:34 (רִיב יָרִיב אֶתרִֿיבָם, infinitive construct = infinitive absolute, see above), Jer 51:36 (|| נקם), Lam 3:58; Prov 22:23; Ps 43:1 (+ מִגּוֺי; || שָׁפַט), Ps 119:154 (+ גָּאַל), also Ps 74:22 (God, his own cause); + מִיַּד person against whom 1Sam 25:39 (of vengeance); + אֵת person against whom Prov 23:11, so (without accusative of congnate meaning with verb) Isa 50:8; Jer 2:9 (twice in verse); compare אֶתֿ הֶהָרִים Mic 6:1 (II. אֵת 1 c; ᵐ5 πρός, whence We Now אֶלֿ in the presence of, but on רִיב אֶל see
4.); ׳ר = plead, with ל person for whom Judg 6:31 (3 t. in verse); Job 13:8, with accusative of person for whom Isa 1:17, of God Isa 51:22, compare Deut 33:8 (obscure, see Dr); of human disputes Prov 25:8, אֶתרֵֿעֶ֑ךָ ׳רִיבְךָ ר vProv 25:9.
4. = make complaint, with אֶל person unto and against whom Judg 21:22; Jer 2:29; Jer 12:1; Job 33:13. Hiph`il Participle suffix מריבו 1Sam 2:10 Kt (Qr מְרִיבָיו), i.e. (those) displaying contention against him (׳י), compare plural construct ְ ועַמְּךָ כִמְרִיבֵי כֹהֵן Hos 4:4, obscure; RSProph. 406 מָרוּ בִי thy people have rebelled against me, O priest ! Beck Wü We GASm וְעַמִּי כִּכְמָרָיו הַכֹּהֵן (׳הַכּ as voc., and [by some] joined to vHos 4:5); HermannSK, 1879, 516 {abbrev}וְעִמְּךָ מְרִיבִי הַכּ, compare Oort (רִיבִי); RubenCrit, Rem. on the passage ׳ְ ועַמִּי כָמוֺךָ הַכּ, so Now. — וַיָּרֶכ 1Sam 15:5 see ארב Hiph`il

plead, strive, contend, contended, chide, …
rîb
properly, to toss, i.e., grapple; mostly figuratively, to wrangle, i.e., hold a controversy; (by implication) to defend
  • to strive, contend
    • (Qal)
      • to strive
        • physically
          • "with words
        to conduct a case or suit (legal), sue"to make complaint"to quarrel
      (Hiphil) to contend against

אַלְמָנָֽה
אַלְמָנָֽה
Root word widow, widows, houses, palaces
Dictionary form: אַלְמָנָה · al-maw-NAW

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: for the widow
a widow ×8 and the widow ×6 the widow ×5 and for the widow ×3 and widow ×3 of the widow ×3 widows ×3 as a widow ×2
More options
widow — Standard modern term; broadly suitable in nearly all contexts.
widowed woman — Emphasizes status explicitly; useful in legal or social contexts.
bereaved wife — Highlights the loss dimension; suits lament or poetic passages.
woman without a husband — Descriptive and culturally transparent for modern readers.
desolate woman — Captures rare metaphorical or architectural uses (e.g., empty palaces).

BDB497 H490

BDB496 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB498

אַלְמָנָה54 noun feminine widow (Mishna id., Assyrian almattu Dl in ZimBP 114) — ׳א Gen 38:11 +; no construct; plural אַלְמָנוֺת Exod 22:23 +; plural suffix אַלְמְנוֺתָיו Job 27:18, etc. — widow 1Kgs 17:20 ׳אִשָּׁה אַ 2Sam 14:5 (|| וַיָּ֫מָת אִישִׁי) 1Kgs 7:14; 1Kgs 11:26; 1Kgs 17:9; 1Kgs 17:10; Gen 38:11 (J; living in father's house) compare Lev 22:13 (H; || גְּרוּשָׁה); Lev 21:14 (H), where widow forbidden as wife of high priest, like גְּרוּשָׁה, חֲלָלָה, זֹנָה compare Ezek 44:22 (3 t. in verse) (id. of all priests, except widow of priest); Num 30:10 (P; of widow's vow, || גְּרוּשָׁה); נְשֵׁיכֶם אַלְמָנוֺת = ye shall be slain Exod 22:23 (|| בְּנֵיכֶם יְתֹמִים) compare Ps 109:9; Jer 15:8; Jer 18:21; Ezek 22:25, also Lam 5:3 (simile); of those snatched away by pestilence אַלְמְנוֺתָיו לֹא תִבְכֶּינָה Job 27:15 by sword, id., Ps 78:64 ᵐ5 We read אַלְמָנוֺת חַיּוֺת 2Sam 20:3 (see אַלְמָנוּת below) of imprisoned concubines; figurative of Jerusalem Lam 1:1 Babylon Isa 47:8 especially widow as helpless, exposed to oppression & harsh treatment (often || יָתוֺם, & גֵּר); Isa 1:23; Isa 10:2; Job 22:9; Job 24:3; Job 31:16; Ps 94:6; Mal 3:5 harshness forbidden, & care for them enjoined Exod 22:21 (E) Deut 14:29; Deut 16:11; Deut 16:14; Deut 24:17; Deut 24:19; Deut 24:20; Deut 24:21; Deut 26:12; Deut 26:13; Deut 27:19; Isa 1:17; Jer 7:6; Jer 22:3; Zech 7:10, compare Job 29:13 under especially care of God Deut 10:18; Jer 49:11; Prov 15:25; Ps 68:6; Ps 146:9 once of severity of judgment in not sparing widow Isa 9:16. (׳אַל Isa 13:22 see below אַרְמוֺן; Ezek 19:7 see ib. & also below מעון.)

widow, widows, houses, palaces
ʾalmānâ
a widow; also a desolate place
  • widow

The cantillation accents are the Masoretes' punctuation: each group below ends at a pausing accent. Translate a group as one unit.
לִמְד֥וּ הֵיטֵ֛ב Tevir — a lesser break דִּרְשׁ֥וּ מִשְׁפָּ֖ט Tipeha — a lesser break אַשְּׁר֣וּ חָמ֑וֹץ Etnahta — the verse's main pause — take a breath here שִׁפְט֣וּ יָת֔וֹם Zaqef Qatan — a strong break רִ֖יבוּ Tipeha — a lesser break אַלְמָנָֽה Silluq — end of the verse

לִמְדוּ הֵיטֵב דִּרְשׁוּ מִשְׁפָּט אַשְּׁרוּ חָמוֹץ שִׁפְטוּ יָתוֹם רִיבוּ אַלְמָנָֽה׃
17
Learn to do well; seek judgment, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow.
Cross References

Micah 6:8

הִגִּיד לְךָ אָדָם מַה-טּוֹב וּמָֽה-יְהוָה דּוֹרֵשׁ מִמְּךָ כִּי אִם-עֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וְאַהֲבַת חֶסֶד וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת עִם-אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃
8
He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?

Jeremiah 22:3

כֹּה׀ אָמַר יְהוָה עֲשׂוּ מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה וְהַצִּילוּ גָזוּל מִיַּד עָשׁוֹק וְגֵר יָתוֹם וְאַלְמָנָה אַל-תֹּנוּ אַל-תַּחְמֹסוּ וְדָם נָקִי אַֽל-תִּשְׁפְּכוּ בַּמָּקוֹם הַזֶּֽה׃
3
Thus saith the LORD; Execute ye judgment and righteousness, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor: and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow, neither shed innocent blood in this place.

Psalms 82:3

שִׁפְטוּ-דַל וְיָתוֹם עָנִי וָרָשׁ הַצְדִּֽיקוּ׃
3
Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy.

Proverbs 31:9

פְּתַח-פִּיךָ שְׁפָט-צֶדֶק וְדִין עָנִי וְאֶבְיֽוֹן׃
9
Open thy mouth, judge righteously, and plead the cause of the poor and needy.

Isaiah 1:23

שָׂרַיִךְ סוֹרְרִים וְחַבְרֵי גַּנָּבִים כֻּלּוֹ אֹהֵב שֹׁחַד וְרֹדֵף שַׁלְמֹנִים יָתוֹם לֹא יִשְׁפֹּטוּ וְרִיב אַלְמָנָה לֹֽא-יָבוֹא אֲלֵיהֶֽם׃
23
Thy princes are rebellious, and companions of thieves: every one loveth gifts, and followeth after rewards: they judge not the fatherless, neither doth the cause of the widow come unto them.

Zechariah 7:9

כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת לֵאמֹר מִשְׁפַּט אֱמֶת שְׁפֹטוּ וְחֶסֶד וְרַֽחֲמִים עֲשׂוּ אִישׁ אֶת-אָחִֽיו׃
9
Thus speaketh the LORD of hosts, saying, Execute true judgment, and shew mercy and compassions every man to his brother:

Jeremiah 22:15

הֲתִֽמְלֹךְ כִּי אַתָּה מְתַחֲרֶה בָאָרֶז אָבִיךָ הֲלוֹא אָכַל וְשָׁתָה וְעָשָׂה מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה אָז טוֹב לֽוֹ׃
15
Shalt thou reign, because thou closest thyself in cedar? did not thy father eat and drink, and do judgment and justice, and then it was well with him?

Daniel 4:27

לָהֵן מַלְכָּא מִלְכִּי יִשְׁפַּר עֲלָיךְ וַחֲטָיָךְ בְּצִדְקָה פְרֻק וַעֲוָיָתָךְ בְּמִחַן עֲנָיִן הֵן תֶּֽהֱוֵה אַרְכָה לִשְׁלֵוְתָֽךְ׃
27
Wherefore, O king, let my counsel be acceptable unto thee, and break off thy sins by righteousness, and thine iniquities by shewing mercy to the poor; if it may be a lengthening of thy tranquillity.

Zechariah 8:16

אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר תַּֽעֲשׂוּ דַּבְּרוּ אֱמֶת אִישׁ אֶת-רֵעֵהוּ אֱמֶת וּמִשְׁפַּט שָׁלוֹם שִׁפְטוּ בְּשַׁעֲרֵיכֶֽם׃
16
These are the things that ye shall do; Speak ye every man the truth to his neighbour; execute the judgment of truth and peace in your gates:

Zephaniah 2:3

בַּקְּשׁוּ אֶת-יְהוָה כָּל-עַנְוֵי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר מִשְׁפָּטוֹ פָּעָלוּ בַּקְּשׁוּ-צֶדֶק בַּקְּשׁוּ עֲנָוָה אוּלַי תִּסָּתְרוּ בְּיוֹם אַף-יְהוָֽה׃
3
Seek ye the LORD, all ye meek of the earth, which have wrought his judgment; seek righteousness, seek meekness: it may be ye shall be hid in the day of the LORD's anger.
Isaiah 1:16
Read Isaiah 1
Isaiah 1:18