Proverbs 22:20

הֲ לֹ֤א

הֲ

Prefix — question marker turns the sentence into a question

לֹ֤א

Particle not

Dictionary form: לֹא · loh

הֲ

Question marker This opening ה is not "the" — pointed הֲ (not הַ with a doubling dagesh) it turns the sentence into a question. Read the clause with a "?".

Particle — Negative

In the KJV here: have not

not ×882 neither ×399 no ×282 nor ×215 shall not ×205 thou shalt not ×116 is not ×102 and not ×86

More options

not — Default negation; fits nearly every context.

no — Use before nouns or as a standalone negative.

never — Emphasizes total or timeless negation.

nor — Use in paired or continued negative clauses.

neither — Use when negating two elements together.

none — Negates a noun or quantity; no one/nothing.

BDB4266 H3808

לֹא or לוֺא adverb not (Arabic , Aramaic לָא, , Sabean לא, Ass. lâ; not in Ethiopic: compare Kö^{ii. 1. 236} Walker^{AJSL 1896, 237 ff.}) — לוֺא, according to Masora (Fr^{MM 248}), 35 t., besides בְּלוֺא 6 t., and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much (ib.^{p. 251}), e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 t., הֲלֹא 128 t.; twice, according to Masora, written לו (Qr לֹא), 1Sam 2:16; 1Sam 20:2, once לה Deut 3:11 Kt: — not — denying objectively, like οὐ (not μὴ = אַל): —

1. in predication:
a. with a verb; so most frequently, and nearly always
(a) with the finite tenses, whether perfect (Gen 2:5 b Gen 4:5 etc.) or imperfect (Gen 3:4; Gen 8:21; Gen 8:22 etc.); in short circumstantial clauses, as Gen 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isa 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט, and with a final force Isa 41:7; Exod 28:32 (see Ges^{«GKC:156»§ 156}. 3 R. b, c Dr^{§ 162}). Governing two closely connected verbs (Dr^{§ 115}, לא) Exod 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Lev 19:12; Lev 19:29b Deut 7:25; Deut 7:26; Deut 19:10; Deut 22:1 and elsewhere; and two parallel clauses (Ges^{«GKC:152»§ 152}. 3) Isa 23:4b Ps 9:19; Ps 44:19; Job 3:1 and elsewhere With the imperfect, especially with 2 person, לֹא often expresses (not, like אַל, a deprecation, do not . . ., let not . . ., but) a prohibition, as Gen 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Gen 3:1; Gen 3:3; Exod 20:3 לֹאיִֿהְיֶה לְךָ there shall not be to thee, etc., vExod 20:13 לא תגנב, etc. With the coh. and jussive moods (which are negatived regularly by אַל), it occurs only exceptionally (Ges^{«GKC:109»§ 109}. 1 b R. 1), Gen 24:8; 1Sam 14:36; 2Sam 17:12; 2Sam 18:14; 1Kgs 2:6; Ezek 48:14.
(b) with the infinitive (which is negatived by בִּלְתִּי, q. v.), only once, in בְּלֹא (4 a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot, or must not; Judg 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not (possible) to dispossess, etc. Amos 6:10 לא ׳להזכיר בשׁם י, 1Chr 5:1; 1Chr 15:2 (Dr^{§ 202. 2}); compare Aramaic לָא Dan 6:9; Ezra 6:8. On its use with the participle, see b c.
(c) לא always negates properly the word immediately following: hence, in a verbal sentence, where this is not the verb, some special stress rests upon it, Gen 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב ׳יֵאָמֵר עוֺד וג not Jacob shall thy name be called any more, but Israel, Gen 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי Not ye (in our idiom: It is not ye who) have sent me hither, but God, Exod 16:8; 1Sam 8:7 כִּי לֹא ׳אֹתְךָ מָאָסוּ כִּי אֹתִי וג, Ps 115:17 without a following correcting clause, Gen 38:9; Num 16:29 שְׁלָחָנִי׃ ׳לֹא י Not ׳י (but another) hath sent me, Deut 32:27 לֹא פָּעַל זֹאת ׳י, 1Chr 17:4; Deut 8:9; Isa 28:28 לא לנצח ֗֗֗ not for ever (but only for a while) . . . (so Isa 57:16; Ps 9:19; Ps 49:18; Ps 103:9 but Isa 13:20 לא תשׁב לנצח is, will not be inhabited for ever), Isa 43:22; Job 13:16; Job 32:9 hence rhetorically, insinuating something very different, not named, 2Kgs 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly), Ezra 10:13; Jer 4:11 a wind לֹא לְזָרוֺת וְלוֺא לְהַָבר׃ not to winnow, and not to cleanse (but to exterminate), Isa 45:13; Isa 48:1b Josh 24:12; Dan 11:20; Dan 11:29; Job 34:20 לֹא בְיָד (but by a Divine agency: compare Dan 2:34 also Job 20:26 אֵשׁ לֹא נֻפָּ֑ךְ fire not blown upon [but kindled from heaven], Lam 4:6 and אין Isa 47:14).
(d) standing alone:
(a) אִםלֹֿא if not, Gen 18:21 וְאִםלֹֿא אֵדָֽעָה׃, Gen 29:49; Gen 42:16; Job 9:24; Job 24:25 (β) הֲאִ֗֗֗םלֿא, or not, Gen 24:21 waiting to know דַּרְכּוֺ אִםלֹֿא ׳הַהִצְלִיחַ י, Gen 27:21; Gen 37:32; Exod 16:4; Num 11:23; Deut 8:2; Judg 2:22 (compare אִם אַיִן, אַיִן 2 d β, δ). In answer to a question or request, to deny, or decline, Nay, Nö: Judg 12:5 ויאמר לא, Hag 2:12 לא אדני Gen 23:11; Gen 42:10; 1Sam 1:15 +; often followed by כי, Nö for . . . = Nö but . . ., Gen 18:15 ויאמר לֹא כִּי צָחָ֑קְתְּ, Gen 19:2; Josh 5:14; Josh 24:21; 1Sam 2:16 Qr (see Dr), 1Sam 10:19 (ᵐ5 MSS), 2Sam 16:18; 2Sam 24:24; 1Kgs 3:22 (twice in verse) +; Job 23:6 (strangely). (compare, in deprecation, אַל.)
(e) with an interrogative force, which however does not lie in לא as such, but (as in other cases) in the contrast with a preceding clause, or in the tone of voice (compare וְ 1 f; Ew^{§ 324 a} Ges^{«GKC:150»§ 150}. 1 Dr^{1Sam 11:12}): Jonah 4:11 ׳אַתָּה חַסְתָּוַ֗֗֗אֲנִי לֹא אָחוּס וג, Job 2:10; Job 22:11; Exod 8:22; 2Kgs 5:26; Jer 49:9 (|| Obad 1:5 הֲלוֺא), Mal 2:15; Lam 3:38 and in passages, exegesis or text. doubtful (see Commentaries), 1Sam 20:14; 2Sam 23:5 (but see Bu), Hos 10:9 (Ew We), Hos 11:5 (Ew), Job 14:16b (but ᵐ5 Ew Di תַעֲבֹר), Lam 1:12 (Ew Ke), Lam 3:36 (Ke Bä).
b. with adjectives and substantive:
(a) Gen 2:18 לֹא טוֺב הֱֶיוֺת הָאָדָם לְבַדֹּו not good is man's being alone, Exod 18:17 + often
(b) Exod 4:16 לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, Amos 7:14 לא נביא אנכי, Num 23:9 לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב, Deut 17:15 (see אשׁר

2. b) Deut 20:20; Deut 32:47; 1Sam 15:29; 2Sam 18:20 לֹא אִישׁ בְּשׂרָה אַתָּה הַיּוֺם, 2Sam 21:2; 1Kgs 22:33; 2Kgs 6:19 לא זִה הדרך, Mic 2:10; Isa 27:11; Hos 8:6 והמה לא אלהים Jer 2:11; Jer 16:20; 2Kgs 19:18; 1Kgs 19:11 (twice in verse) לֹא ׳בָרַעַשׁ י, Deut 30:12; Deut 30:13; Job 15:9; Job 28:14 לֹא בִי הִיא (|| אֵין עִמָּדִי)s, Ps 74:9; Jer 5:10 המה ׳לוא לי, Jer 10:16; Deut 32:21 בָּנִים לֹא אֵמוּן בָּם, Jer 10:14; Hab 1:14; Job 16:17; Job 38:26 מִדְבָּר לֹא אָדָם בּוֺ; 1Kgs 22:17 לֹא אֲדֹנִים לָאֵלֶּה, Jer 49:31; Ps 22:3 וְלֹא דוּמִיָּה לִי, Job 18:17; Job 18:19; Job 29:12 ולא עֹזֵר לו, Job 30:13; Job 33:9; Jer 2:19 וְלֹא פַחְדָּתִי אֵלַיִךְ and (that) my terror reached not unto thee, Job 21:9 absolute Gen 29:7 לֹאעֵֿתִ הֵאָסֵף הַמִּקְנֶה (Hag 1:2), Num 20:5; 2Kgs 4:23 לא חדשׁ ולא שׁבת, Isa 44:9; Jer 5:12 ויאמרו לוא הוא, Job 9:32; Job 22:16; Job 36:26; Job 41:2; Prov 19:7 (si vera lectio) מְרַדֵּף אֲמָרִים לֹאהֵֿמָּה words which are not, which are nought.
(c) with the participle לֹא is rare, a finite verb being usually preferred (Exod 34:7 וְנַקִּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה: Ew^{§ 320 c} Dr^{§ 162}): 2Sam 3:34 יָדֶיךָ לֹא אֲסֻרוֺת, Ezek 4:14; Ezek 22:24; Deut 28:61; Ps 38:15 כְּאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא שֹׁמֵעַ who is not hearing, Job 12:3; Job 13:2 לֹא נֹפֵל אָנֹכִי מִכֶּם, Zeph 3:5 (very anomalous); 1Kgs 10:21 לא is probably textual error In וְהוּא לֹא שׂנֵא לוֺ or לא שׂנא הוא לו, Deut 4:42; Deut 19:4; Deut 19:6; Josh 20:5 (compare אֹיֵב Num 35:23), שׂנֵא is best construed as a substantive, he being a not-hater to him afore-time. — In most of the cases under b, c, אין could have been employed; but the negation by לֹא is more pointed and forcible.

2. Not in predication:
a. coupled to an adjective to negative it, like the Greek ἀ‐, but usually by way of litotes: Hos 13:13 בן לאחֿכם an unwise son, Ps 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good, Ps 43:1 גוי לא חסיד, Prov 16:29; Prov 30:25; Prov 30:26; Ezek 20:25; 2Chr 30:17 : Isa 16:14 לוֺא כַבִּיר, compare Isa 10:7 לֹא מְעַט.
b. with a participle Jer 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה, Jer 18:15 (the finite verb is more common: see Isa 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה (compare Isa 54:11), Jer 6:8 אֶרֶץ לוֺא נוֺשָׁ֫בָה, Jer 15:18; Jer 22:6; Jer 31:18; Zeph 2:1).
c. Gen 15:13 בארץ לא להם, Jer 5:19; Hab 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹאלֿוֺ, Prov 26:17 רִיב לֹאלֿוֺ.
d. with a substantive, in poetry, forming a kind of compound, expressing pointedly its antithesis or negation (German un- is sometimes used similarly): Deut 32:5(?). 17. 21 a they made me jealous בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God (with what in no respect deserved the name of God), v^b בְּלֹא עָם i.e. with an unorganized horde, Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר i.e. at a thing which is not, an unreality (of their boasted strength), Isa 10:15 כְּהָרִים מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ like a rod's lifting up what is no wood (but the agent wielding it), Isa 31:8 חרב לא אישׁ, חרב לא אדם, Isa 55:2 בלוא לחם for what is not bread, בלוא לשׂבעה for what is not for satiety, Jer 5:7 וַיּשָּֽׁבְעוּ בְּלֹא אֱלֹהִים by not-gods, in late prose 2Chr 13:9 כֹּהֵן לְלֹא אֱלֹהִים; Ps 44:13 תִּמְכֹּר עַמְּךָ בְּלֹאהֿוֺן for no-value (i.e. cheaply), Prov 13:23; Job 10:12 צלמות וְלֹא סְדָרִים darkness and disorder; so לֹאעַֿמִּי Hos 1:9; Hos 2:25: still more pregnantly Job 26:2 a מֶהעָֿזַרְתָּ לְלֹאכֹֿחַ (poetic for לאשׁר אין לו כח) the powerless, vJob 26:2b; vJob 26:3a (Ew^{§ 286 g} Ges^{«GKC:152»§ 152}. 1 n.), Job 39:16 הִקְשִׁיחַ בָּנֶיהָ לְלֹא לָהּ useth hardly her young ones (making them) into none of hers; and even Hab 2:6 הַמַּרְבֶּה לֹאלֿוֺ what is not his own (compare Job 18:15 מִבְּלִי לוֺ). compare with a verb, and ellipse of אשׁר, Isa 65:1 לְלֹא שָׁאָ֑לוּ to those who have not asked, v^b Jer 2:8 אַחֲרִי לֹא יוֺעִילוּ, vJer 2:11b; also לֹא רֻחָ֫מָה Hos 1:6; Hos 1:8; Hos 2:25, and probably Job 31:31 לֹא נִשְׂבָּ֑ע (perfect in p.) one not satisfied.
e. in circumstantial clauses (Dr^{§ 164}), in poetry and rare: qualifying a substantive, 2Sam 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds, Job 12:24 בְּתֹהוּ לֹא דֶרֶךְ in a pathless waste, Job 38:26a; and a verb Job 34:24 יָרֹעַ כַּבִּרִים לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry, Ps 59:4 לא פשׁעי ולא חטאתי (compare vPs 59:4 בלי עון), in late prose, twice, 1Chr 2:30; 1Chr 2:32 וימת לא בנים (אֵין and בְּלִי, q. v., are more usual in such cases).

3. Once (according to many MSS), as a substantive, Job 6:21 כִּיעַֿתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing, Hi De Kö (compare Dan 4:32 (Aramaic) כְּלָה חֲשִׁיבִין, ᵑ7 here כְּלָא הֲוֵיתוּן, and אַל Job 24:25); but reading fluctuates (Orientals לֹא, Qr לו, Westerns, Baer (see pp. 37, 56) לוֺ ['now are ye become that,' namely the נַחַל אַכְזָב of vJob 24:15]; but even לוֺ yields a forced sense; and text is probably wrong: Mich Ew Ol Sgf Bu כֵּןלִ֗֗֗י (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 also read לִי); Bö Di כִּילְ֗֗֗אָ֑יִן. compare Kö^{ii. 1. 236 f}.

4. With prefixes: —
a. בְּלֹא₃₁ (chiefly in poetry or late), according to the varying significance of בְּ:
(a) usually with not = without, Jer 22:13 בונה ביתו בלאֿ צדק without justice (|| בלא משׁפט; so Ezek 22:29; Prov 16:8), Isa 55:1 (twice in verse); Prov 19:2; Job 8:11 הֲיִגְאֶהגֹּֿמֶא בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire || כלי מים, Job 30:28 בְּלֹא חַמָּה (=not through the sun), Lam 1:6 וילכו בלאכֿח, Num 35:22 בְּלֹא אֵיבָה ֗֗֗ בְּלֹא צְדִיָּה, vNum 35:23 (followed by infinitive) בְּלֹא רְאוֺת, 2Chr 21:20; Eccl 10:11; Ps 17:1 תְּפִלָּתִי בְּלֹא שִׂפְתֵי מִרְמָה; used more freely in Chronicles, 1Chr 12:18 בְּלֹא חָמָס בְּכַפָּֽי׃, v.1Chr 12:34 בְּלֹא לֵב וָלֵב, 2Chr 30:18 בְּלֹא כַכָּתוּב. With ellipse of rel., Lam 4:14 בְּלֹא יוּכְלוּ יִגְּעוּ without (that) men are able to touch, etc.
(b) of time, in not, i.e. outside of, Lev 15:25 בלא עֶתנִֿדָּתָהּ, before Job 15:32 בלאיֿומו, Eccl 7:17 בְּלֹא עִתֶּךְ׃.
(c) where לֹא belongs to the following word, and is only accidentally preceded by ב (see above 2 d), Deut 32:21 (twice in verse); Jer 5:7; Prov 13:23 בלא משׁפט through injustice; with בְּ pretii, Ps 44:13; Isa 55:2 (twice in verse); Jer 2:11 בְּלוֺא יוֺעִיל for (that which) profiteth not.

b. הֲלֹא nonne ? Gen 4:7 + often Inviting, as it does, an affirmative answer, it is often used,
(a) especially in conversation, for pointing to a fact in such a way as to arouse the interest of the person addressed, or to win his assent: Gen 13:19 Is not the whole land before thee ? Gen 19:20; Gen 20:5; Gen 27:36; Gen 29:25; Exod 4:11 Who maketh dumb or deaf, etc. Do not I ? Exod 33:16; Judg 4:6; Judg 4:14; Judg 8:2; Judg 9:28; Judg 9:38; 1Sam 9:20; 1Sam 9:21; 1Sam 15:17 etc.; with a verb in 1 person, Josh 1:9 הלא צויתיך, Judg 6:14 הלא שׁלחתיך, 1Sam 20:30; 2Sam 19:23; Ruth 2:9: similarly in a poetical or rhetorical style, Judg 5:30 הלא ימצאו יחלקו שׁלל, Isa 8:19; Isa 10:8; Isa 10:9; Isa 10:11; Isa 28:25; Isa 29:17; Isa 40:21; Isa 40:23; Isa 42:24; Isa 43:19 etc., Job 4:6; Job 4:21; Job 7:1; Job 10:10; Job 10:20, etc. (β) it has a tendency to become little more than an affirm. particle, declaring with some rhetorical emphasis what is, or might be, well known: Deut 3:11 הֲלֹה הִיא בְרַבַּת בְּנֵי עַמּוֺן, Deut 11:30; 1Sam 21:12 הלוא ׳זה דוד וג (compare 1Sam 29:3; 1Sam 29:5; 2Sam 11:3), 2Sam 23:19; 2Sam 26:1; 2Sam 15:35 it is thus nearly = הִנֵּה (ᵐ5 sometimes represents it by ιδου, as Josh 1:9; Judg 6:14; Ruth 2:9; 2Sam 15:35); so especially in the phrase of the compiler of Kings, And the rest of the acts of . . ., הֲלֹא הֵם (הֵמָּה) כְּתוּבִים are they not written in, etc. ? 1Kgs 11:41; 1Kgs 14:29 + often (with which there interchanges הִנָּם כְּתוּבִים 1Kgs 14:19; 2Kgs 15:11; 2Kgs 15:26; 2Kgs 15:31, which is generally used by the Chronicles, 2Chr 16:11; 2Chr 20:34, etc.), Josh 10:13 (compare 2Sam 1:18 הִנֵּה), 1Kgs 8:53 ᵐ5, Esth 10:2; Ps 56:14 (strangely: contr. Ps 116:8). — הֲלֹא הִנֵּה Hab 2:13; 2Chr 25:26 (הִנָּם). — On Judg 14:15, see הֲ 1 end.

c. וָלֹ֕א and not=and if not, 2Sam 13:26; 2Kgs 5:17. compare וָּיֵשׁ.
d. כְּלוֺא Obad 1:16 והיו כלוא היו, poetic for כאשׁר, as though they had not been.

e. לְלֹא without, literally in the condition of no . . . 2Chr 15:3 (compare לְאֵין, also in Chronicles). Elsewhere לא belongs to the following word, Amos 6:13; 2Chr 13:9; Isa 65:1 (twice in verse); Job 26:2; Job 26:3; Job 39:16 (see above 2 d).

Note. — Fifteen times, according to Masora (see De^{Ps 100. 3} Fr^{MM 247} Str^{Prol. Cr. 84}), לא is written by error for לוֺ, namely Exod 21:8; Lev 11:21; Lev 25:30; 1Sam 2:3; 2Sam 16:18; 2Kgs 8:10; Isa 9:2; Isa 63:9; Ps 100:3; Ps 139:16; Job 13:15; Job 41:4; Prov 19:7; Prov 26:2; Ezra 4:2 (always with Qr לוֺ). The passages must be considered each upon its own merits: in some לוֺ yields a preferable sense; but this is not the case in all. There is the same קרי (rightly) on Isa 49:5; 1Chr 11:20 but these were not considered to rest upon equal authority, and are hence not reckoned with the fifteen. — In Judg 21:22 (see GFM), 1Sam 13:13; 1Sam 20:14 (twice in verse), and in Job 9:33 לֹא יֵשׁ, read probably לֻא for לֹא.

BDB4344 H3808

לוֺ (Kt 1Sam 2:16; 1Sam 20:2), לוֺא, see לֹא.

BDB9632 H3808 H3809

לָא (לָה Dan 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא; Aramaic of Têma, Egyptian, etc., לא; Nerab ל (Lzb³⁰¹ Cook^{G1. 67}); ᵑ7 לָא; Syriac ); — not Jer 10:11; Dan 2:5; Dan 2:9; Dan 2:10, etc.; before a participle (so rarely in Biblical Hebrew, 1 b c), Dan 2:27; Dan 2:43; Dan 3:16; Dan 4:4; Dan 4:6; Dan 4:15 +, so v.Dan 4:32 וְכָלדָּֿאְרֵי אַרְעָא כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין; are as men not accounted of (so Bev Behrm Marti, compare Isa 53:8 ᵑ7 בסירין ולא חשׁיבין; > most 'accounted as nothing,' for which no analogy, yet compare Ps 39:6 ᵑ7); followed by אִיתַי, see אִיתַי. With infinitive and לְ Dan 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which it is not to alter = which is not to be altered (compare v.Dan 6:16), Ezra 6:8 (K^{§ 67, 1} Dr^{§ 202, 2}.; compare Isa 35:6 ᵑ7, D^{Aramaic Dialektproben, p. 1}). With interr. הֲלָא Dan 3:24; Dan 4:27; Dan 6:13.

BDB9640 H3809 H3861 H518 H2006 H3808 H3588

II. לָהֵן conjunction except, but (from לָא and הֵן 'not if' (compare Hebrew אם לא Gen 24:38); so Nabataean and Egyptian Aramaic להן Cooke^{217, 219, 241} S-C^{Pap. C 6, 7} +; lâinnî, however Soc^{Arab. Dial.} see Marokko 44, Anm. 103; ᵑ7 אִילָּהֵין Gen 32:28; Gen 43:3 and elsewhere); —

1. after a negative (= Biblical Hebrew כִּי אִם, q. v.):
a. except Dan 2:11; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:8.
b. but (German sondern) Dan 2:30.

2. without a negative: however, but Ezra 5:12.

not, no, neither, nor, none, …

lōʾ

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles

not, no

not (with verb—absolute prohibition)

כָתַ֣בְתִּי

Root word written, write, wrote, describe, described, …

Dictionary form: כָּתַב · kaw-TAHB

Verb — Qal, Perfect (Qatal), first person singular simple action — "he did" completed action — try "he ___ed" or "he has ___ed" the built-in subject is "I"

In the KJV here: i written

written ×44 they are written ×16 wrote ×15 write ×12 as it is written ×11 and he wrote ×7 that is written ×7 and write ×6

More options

write — Direct modern equivalent; best for commands and narratives.

record — Emphasizes official or permanent documentation.

inscribe — Implies engraving or formal monument-style writing.

document — Suits legal or administrative contexts well.

compose — Highlights authorial intent; good for literary texts.

register — Best for lists, censuses, or official enrollment contexts.

BDB4239 H3789

כָּתַב₂₂₃ verb write (Late Hebrew id.; Phoenician כתב; Aramaic כְּתַב, Nabataean כתב, see especially Nö in Eut^{Nab. p. 43}; thence Arabic Ethiopic book, Di^{Lex. 852} (as loan-words, Frä²⁴⁹ DHM^{VOJ i (1887), 29}); MV Buhl compare Arabic draw or sew together, conjoin (letters), etc., compare Fl^{ZMG 1873, 427}) —

Qal Perfect ׳כ Josh 8:32 +, כָּתַבְתָּ Jer 36:6 +, suffix וּכְתַבְתָּם consecutive Deut 6:9; Deut 11:20, etc. (Perfect 27 t.); Imperfect יִכְתֹּב Isa 44:5, וַיִּכְתֹּב Exod 24:4 +, etc. (Imperfect 39 t.); Imperative כְּתֹב Isa 8:1 + 5 t., כְּתָבֿ Exod 34:27 + 2 t.; suffix כָּתְבָהּ Isa 30:8, כָּתְבֵם Prov 3:3; Prov 7:3 plural כִּתְבוּ Deut 31:9 + 3 t .; Infinitive absolute כָּתוֺכ Jer 32:44 cstr כְּתוֺב Ps 87:8, לִכְתֹּב Deut 31:24; Josh 18:8 suffix כָּתְבוֺ Jer 45:1 Participle active כֹּתֵב Jer 36:18, plural כֹּתְבִים Jer 32:12; Neh 10:1 passive (113 t.), כָּתוּב Josh 1:8 +, feminine כְּתוּבָה 2Sam 1:18 +, plural כְּתוּבִים 1Kgs 15:7 +, כְּתֻבִים 1Kgs 11:41 +; feminine plural כְּתוּבוֺת 2Chr 34:24 —

1. write:
a. with accusative, words Exod 34:27, commandments Exod 24:12, etc.; accusative of congnate meaning with verb מכתב Exod 39:30, compare כַּמִּכְתָּב Deut 10:4 with כְּ, giving purport of writing, also Esth 8:8 but object also a book, סֵפֶר Exod 32:32; Deut 24:1 מְגִלָּה Jer 38:6, compare participle pass, וְהִיא כְּתוּבָה פָּנִים וְאָחוֺר Ezek 2:10 ( of מגלה; i.e. written on both sides); a letter, סֵפָר 2Sam 11:14; 2Kgs 10:1 + 4 t., אִגֶּרֶת 2Chr 30:1 a divorce-certificate סֵפֶר כְּרִיתֻת Deut 24:1, etc.; even לֻחֹת כְּתֻבִים tablets inscribed by the finger of God Exod 31:18 compare Deut 9:10 מִשְּׁנֵי עֶבְרֵיהֶם ׳כ ׳ל Exod 32:15 tables inscribed on both sides (compare Ezek 2:10 above) Here belongs (probably) ׳וְזֶה יִכְתֹּב יָדוֺ לי Isa 44:5 and this one shall inscribe his hand, 'Yahweh's', so ᵐ5 Hi Kn Che Br Du Di, Ges Ew De, shall sign (with) his hand unto ׳י.
b. more often write something on, or in (עַלֿ 85 t., בְ 44 t., אֶלֿ 3 t.) a tablet, roll, book, etc. (object various, as above): — (I) עַלֿ ׳כ followed by סֵפֶר = book Deut 17:18 + 55 t., especially in phrase ׳כתובים עלסֿפר דברי וגו 1Kgs 11:41 + often Kings Chronicles; עַלמְֿגִּלָּה ׳כ Jer 36:2; Jer 36:28; Jer 36:32; Jer 38:29 עַללֿוּח(ותׅ ׳כ Exod 34:1 + 7 t., עַלאֶֿבֶן Deut 27:3 + 2 t., עַלגּֿלָּיוֺן Isa 8:1 עַלמְֿזֻזוֺת בַּיִת Deut 6:9; Deut 11:20 עַלמַֿטֶּה on a rod Num 17:17; Num 17:18 עַלעֵֿץ Ezek 37:16 (twice in verse), עַלצִֿיץ (high priest's plate) Exod 39:30 even (only Chronicles) עַלֿ followed by name of book or its contents: — עַלדִּֿבְרֵי נָתָן ׳כ 2Chr 9:29 compare 2Chr 33:19 ׳עַלמִֿדְרַשׁ וגו 2Chr 24:27 עַלהַֿקִּינוֺת 2Chr 35:25 figurative, עַללִֿבָּם ׳כ Jer 31:83 I will write them upon their heart; compare עַללֿוּחַ לִבֶּ֑ךָ ׳כ Prov 3:3. (2) אֶלֿ ׳כ appears for עַלֿ ׳כ only Jer 36:2 compare Ezek 2:10; Jer 51:60. (3) בְּ ׳כ followed by ספר = book Josh 24:26 (E) + 35 t.; = letter, bill, deed, 1Kgs 21:9 + 5 t.; בִּמְגִלַּת סֵפֶר כָּתוּב עָלָ֑י Ps 40:8 it is prescribed to me, על as 2Kgs 22:13 (

N.B. עלֿ ׳כ not used with סֵפֶר = letter, and בְּ ׳כ not used with לוּחַ, אבן or עֵץ).
c. other uses of perp. with ׳כ are: — בְּ instrumental, בְּחֶרֶט אֱנוֺשׁ ׳כ Isa 8:1, בְּעֵט בַּרְזֶל ׳כ Jer 17:1 כְּתֻבִים בְּאֶצְבַּע אֱלֹהִים Deut 9:10; Exod 31:18 אֶלֿ ׳כ unto, of person to whom letter, etc., is addressed 2Sam 11:14; 2Kgs 10:6; Esth 9:13 עַלֿ substantive for אֶלֿ (late) 2Chr 30:1; Ezra 4:7; Esth 8:8 the fuller construction is ספר וישׁלח (אֶלֿׅ ׳כ 2Kgs 10:1; Esth 8:10; Esth 9:20 +; אֶלֿ ׳כ write down for the benefit or use of some one, Judg 8:14 לְ to or for, Deut 17:18; Deut 24:1 +; note especially אֶכְתָּו֯בלֿוֺ רֻבֵּו֯ תּוֺרָתִי Hos 8:12, i.e. either, I write (keep writing) for them ever so many (We, רֹב, compare Ew and most רִבּוֺ(אׅ a myriad) of my directions, or 'Though I write,' 'Were I to write,' etc.; ׳כ followed by ל with infinitive of purpose 2Chr 32:17; Esth 8:5 with מִן in phrase ׳מִפִּי פ ׳כ write from the mouth of any one i.e. from dictation, Jer 36:2; Jer 36:32; Jer 38:6; Jer 38:17; Jer 38:27; Jer 45:1.

2. = write down describe in writing, אֶתהָֿאָרֶץ ׳כ Judg 18:4; Judg 18:6; Judg 18:8 (3 t. in verse); Judg 18:9.

3. = register enroll Isa 10:19 (= record the number), 1Chr 24:6 especially passive הַכְּתוּבִים Num 11:26 those enrolled compare Neh 12:22 בְּשֵׁמוֺת ׳הַכּ 1Chr 4:41 those recorded by name; in prediction, אֶתהָֿאִישׁ ׳כ הַזֶּה עֲרִירִי Jer 22:30 register this man as childless; with eschatological reference, כָּלהַֿכָּתוּב לַחַיִּים Isa 4:3 all those enrolled (i.e. appointed) unto life; and, more explicitly, כָּלהַֿנִּמְצָא כָּתוּב בַּסֵּפֶר Dan 12:1 יִסְפֹּר בִּכְתוֺבּ עַמִּים ׳י Ps 87:6 ׳י shall reckon, when he registers (note absence of suffix) the peoples, etc.

4. = decree, תִּכְתֹּב עָלַי מְרֹרוֺת Job 13:26 thou (׳י) decrest against me bitter things. Niph`al (chiefly late, especially Esther), Imperfect יִכָּתֵב Esth 1:19 +, 3 feminine singular תִּכָּ֫תֶב זֹאת Ps 102:19 3 masculine plural יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ Jer 17:13 + 3 t., יִכָּֽתְבוּן Job 19:23 Participle נִכְתָּב Esth 3:12 + 2 t.; —

1. be written, subject words Job 19:23, book Mal 3:16 be written בְּסֵפֶר Esth 2:23; Esth 9:23, in, or among ב the laws Esth 1:19 once, with עַלֿ, עַלסִֿפְרְךָ כֻּלָּם יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ Ps 139:16 in thy ׳י's book all of them (my members) are written, i.e. written down, recorded (see below); absolute כְּתָב אֲשֶׁר נִכְתָּב בְּשֵׁם הַמֶּלֶךְ Esth 8:8 a writing which is written in the king's name, compare (impersonal) Esth 3:12 impersonal also וַיִּכָּתֵב כְּכָלאֲֿשֶׁר צִוָּה Esth 3:12; Esth 8:9 ׳יִכָּ followed by לְ = for Ps 102:19 followed by לְ + infinitive (really = a subject-cl., — the contents of the letter) Esth 3:9; Esth 8:5.

2. be written down, recorded, Ezra 8:34 enrolled, בִּכְתָב בית ישׂראל לֹא יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ Ezek 13:9 in the enrolement of the house of Israel they are not enrolled (eschatolog.); וְעִםצַֿדִּיקִים אַליִֿכָּתֵ֑בוּ Ps 69:29 (|| חַיִּים יִמָּחוּ מִסֵּפֶר) — בָּאָרֶץ יִכָּתֵ֑בוּ Jer 17:13 is difficult; Gie reads, plausibly, מֵאֶרֶץ יִכָּרֵ֑תוּ (compare Ps 34:17; Ps 101:8, etc.) Pi`el frequently, Perfect and Participle, only כִּתֵּ֑בוּוּמְכַתְּבִים עָמָל Isa 10:1 and busy writers that make a business of writing oppression (i.e. register unjust sentences, compare Qal 4; || הַחֹקֲקִים חִקֲקֵיאָֿוֶן).

BDB9628 H3789 H3790

כְּתַב verb write (see Biblical Hebrew); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳כ Dan 6:26 ל person + oratio recta [direct speech], Dan 7:1 accusative of thing; 3 masculine plural כְּתַ֫בוּ Ezra 4:8 accusative אִגְּרָה; 1 plural נִכְתּוּב Ezra 5:10, accusative of thing; Participle active absolute feminine singular כָּֽתְבָה Dan 5:5, subject יְדָא, feminine plural כָּֽתְבָן vDan 5:5, subject אֶצְבְּעָן. Pe`il (W^{CG 224}) Perfect 3 masculine singular כִּדְנָה כְּ תִּיבEzra 5:7 thus (it) was written, so ׳כֵּן כ Ezra 6:2.

written, write, wrote, describe, described, …

kātab

to grave, by implication, to write (describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe)

to write, record, enrol

(Qal)

to write, inscribe, engrave, write in, write on

to be written

לְ ֭ךָ

לְ

Preposition fathers, father, chief, families, patrimony, …

֭ךָ

Suffix — pronoun your / you (one man)

Dictionary form: אָב · awb

Preposition

his father ×133 of their fathers ×94 his fathers ×86 my father ×80 thy father ×51 of the fathers ×44 the father ×41 their fathers ×30

More options

father — Default choice; direct, natural, widely understood.

ancestor — Prefer when referring to distant forebears or lineage.

forefather — Slightly more formal; good for ancestral or covenantal contexts.

patriarch — Use for tribal or clan heads with religious authority.

family head — Highlights household-leader role in social/legal contexts.

founder — Suits contexts emphasizing originating or establishing a line.

BDB17 H1

אָב₁₁₉₁ noun masculine father (Phoenician אב, Assyrian abu, Arabic , Sabean אב CIS^{iv, 1, 37 1. 2} and others, Ethiopic Aramaic אַבָּא, — absolute אָב Gen 44:19 + 47 t.; construct אַב Gen 17:4; Gen 17:5 (compare in אַבְרָהָם ib. & elsewhere in proper names. On Hal's proposed אֲבִר see אברהם); אֲבִי (compare Ge^{§§ 90, 3b, 96}) Gen 4:20 +; suffix אָבִי Gen 19:34 + (MI אבי); אָבִיךָ Gen 12:1 +; אָבִיו Gen 2:24 +; אָבִ֫יהוּ Judg 14:10 + 6t.; plural אָבוֺת Exod 12:3 +; construct אֲבוֺת Exod 6:25 + 7 t.; suffix אֲבוֺתַי (אֲבֹתַי, אֲבוֺתָ֑י) Gen 47:9 + 15 t.; אֲבוֺתֵיהֶם 1Chr 4:38 + 32 t. (late); אֲבוֺתָם Exod 4:5 + 106 t. etc.; —

1. father of individual Gen 2:24 (+ אֵם) Gen 11:28; Gen 11:29 (twice in verse); Gen 19:31; Gen 19:32; Gen 19:33, + often (mostly J E D); of father as commanding Gen 50:16 (J) Jer 35:6 f Prov 6:20 (compare Gen 18:19 J Gen 28:1; Gen 28:6 P 1Sam 17:20; 1Kgs 2:1); instructing מוסר Prov 1:8; Prov 4:1 (compare Deut 8:5); specifically as begetter, genitor Prov 23:22; Zech 13:3 (twice in verse) (+ אֵם) Isa 45:10 compare Gen 49:4 (J) Lev 18:7; Lev 18:8; Lev 18:11 (P); rebuking Gen 37:10 loving Gen 37:4; Gen 44:20 (J E; compare Gen 22:2; Gen 25:28; Gen 37:3; 2Sam 14:1); pitying Ps 103:13 (in simile compare 2Sam 18:5); blessing Gen 27:41 (J E compare Gen 27:4 also Gen 28:1 P +); as glad Prov 10:1; Prov 15:20 compare Prov 29:3 grieving Gen 37:35 (J E; compare 2Sam 12:22; 2Sam 19:1; 2Sam 19:2 f) etc. Also as object of honour, obedience, love Exod 20:12 (E) = Deut 5:16; Exod 21:15; Exod 21:17 (E) Deut 21:18; Deut 21:19; Gen 28:7 (P) 1Kgs 19:20 (all + אֵם), 1Kgs 50:1; 1Kgs 50:5 (J) Mal 1:6 etc. Hence metaphor of intimate connection Job 17:14 to corruption I cry, My father art thou (|| אִמִּי וַאֲחֹתִי לָֽרִמָּה).

2. of God as father of his people (see RS^{Sem 42}), who constituted, controls, guides and lovingly watches over it: Deut 32:6; Jer 3:4; Jer 3:19; Jer 31:9; Isa 63:16 (twice in verse); Isa 64:7; Mal 1:6; Mal 2:10 (compare Exod 4:22; Exod 19:4 (JE) Deut 32:11; Hos 11:1); compare Jer 2:27 (of idolatrous Israel) אֹמְרִים לָעֵץ אָבִי אַתָּה וְלָאֶבֶן אַתְּ ילדתני׃; especially God as father of Davidic line 2Sam 7:14; Ps 89:27 f. of needy (late) Ps 68:6 (compare Ps 103:13) (in proper name, f. of individual, compare below)

3. head of household, family or clan; בֵּית אָבִי as abode Gen 38:11 (twice in verse); Lev 22:13 +; = family Gen 24:40 (|| מִשְׁפַּחְתִּי) Gen 41:51; Gen 46:31 + compare Num 18:1; Num 18:2; Josh 2:12; Josh 2:18; Josh 6:25 especially techn. of divisions of Israel בֵּית אָב לְמִשְׁפָּחוֺת Num 3:30; Num 3:35 = a father's house, i.e. a family or clan; more often plural (אבותם, אבותיו) בֵית אָבוֺת = father's houses = families, clans (compare Di on Exod 6:14) Exod 6:14; Exod 12:3; Num 1:2; Num 1:18 ff (often in Numbers) Josh 14:1; Josh 19:51; Josh 21:1 (twice in verse); Josh 22:14 (twice in verse) (always P in Hexateuch); also 1Chr 5:13; 1Chr 5:15 + often in Chronicles; compare רָאשֵׁי אבות הלוים (= ׳בית א ׳ר) Exod 6:25 compare 1Kgs 8:1; 1Chr 6:4; 1Chr 7:11 + often Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah.

4. ancestor (a) of individual; grandfather (instead of precise term) Gen 28:13; Gen 32:10 (J; where used by Jacob of Abraham & then of Isaac); greatgrandfather 1Kgs 15:13 great-greatgrandfather 1Kgs 15:11 etc.; oft plural (= fathers, forefathers) Gen 15:15; Gen 46:34 (JE) 1Kgs 19:4; 1Kgs 21:3; 1Kgs 21:4; 2Kgs 19:12; 2Kgs 20:17 +; particularly שׁכב עם אבותיו 1Kgs 1:21; 1Kgs 2:10; 1Kgs 11:21; 1Kgs 22:40 +; joined with ׳ויקבר עם אב 1Kgs 14:31; 1Kgs 15:24; 1Kgs 22:51; 2Kgs 8:24; 2Kgs 15:38 compare v2Kgs 15:7, 2Kgs 16:20 + (all of kings of Judah); intensive, אֲבֹתֶיךָ וַאֲבוֺת אֲבֹתֶיךָ Exod 10:6 compare Dan 11:24 (b) of people Gen 10:21 (J) Gen 17:4; Gen 17:5 (P) Gen 19:37; Gen 19:38 (J) Gen 36:9; Gen 36:43 (P) Deut 26:5; Isa 51:2; Isa 43:27 (where אביך הראשׁון thy first father, see Che) compare also Ezek 16:3; Ezek 16:45 + often; plural Exod 3:13; Exod 3:15; Exod 3:16 (E) Deut 1:8; Josh 1:6; Judg 2:1; 1Sam 12:6 +; 1Sam 12:15 near the end read וּבְמַלְכְּכֶם ᵐ5 We Dr.

5. originator or patron of a class, profession, or art Gen 4:20; Gen 4:21.

6. figurative of producer, generator Job 38:28 הֲיֵשׁ לַמָּטָר אָ֑ב (|| הוֺלִיד אֶגְלֵיטָֽֿל׃ מִיֿ).

7. figurative of benevolence & protection Job 29:6 אָב אָֽנֹכִי לָֽאֶבְיוֺנִים, compare Job 31:18 of Eliakim Isa 22:21 perhaps also of gracious Messianic king אֲבִי עַד Isa 9:5 everlasting father (Ge Ew De Che Brd Di) — others divider of spoil (Abarb Hi Kn Kue Br^MP).

8. term of respect & honour (Abbas, Pater, Papa, Pope); applied to master 2Kgs 5:13 priest Judg 17:10; Judg 18:19 prophet 2Kgs 2:12 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 6:21; 2Kgs 13:14 (twice in verse); compare 2Kgs 8:9 counsellor Gen 45:8 (E; compare δευτέρου πατρός ᵐ5 add. Esth 3:13 τῷ πατρί 1 Mac Esth 11:32); king 1Sam 24:12 artificer 2Chr 2:12; 2Chr 4:16.

9. specifically, ruler, chief (late) 1Chr 2:24; 1Chr 2:42 (twice in verse); etc. (compare Ew^{§ 273 b}) see also Ew^{Geschichte. i. 524. H i. 365}. On the force of אָב in proper names (in many probably a divine title), see Che^{Ency. Bib., ABI, NAMES WITH} Nö^{ib., NAMES, §§ 44, 45}.

fathers, father, chief, families, patrimony, …

ʾāb

father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application

father of an individual

grandfather, forefathers (of a person)

שלשום

Adverb past, heretofore, before, beforetime, things, …

Dictionary form: שִׁלְשׁוֹם · shil-SHOME

Adverb

past ×5 as heretofore ×2 before ×2 heretofore ×2 as beforetime ×1 from us about these three ×1 that time ×1 they did before ×1

More options

previously — Broad, neutral adverb; fits most prose contexts.

before — Simple and direct; good for conversational register.

formerly — Slightly more formal; suits legal or official contexts.

in the past — Clear idiomatic phrase; useful for explanatory narrative.

as before — Emphasizes repetition or continuity with a prior state.

in days gone by — Warmer, narrative tone; suits poetic or storytelling passages.

BDB8765 H8032 H7991

שִׁלְשֹׁם and (less often) שִׁלְשׁוֺם₂₅ adverb = three days ago, specifically day before yesterday (Kö^{ii. 1. 255 f.} Lag^{BN 20 Anm.} Ba^{NB § 216 b}); — in phrase ׳תְּמוֺל שׁ Exod 5:8 yesterday (and) day before, idiomatic for hitherto, so Ruth 2:11, ׳אֶתְמוֺל שׁ 1Sam 4:7 ׳שׁ ׳כִּת Gen 31:2; Gen 31:5 (E), Exod 5:7; Exod 5:14 (J), 2Kgs 13:5, compare 1Sam 14:21; 1Sam 19:7 ׳גַּםשֿׁ ׳גַּםתֿ Exod 4:10 (J), 2Sam 3:17; 1Chr 11:2, compare 2Sam 5:2 ׳שׁ ׳מִתּ from aforetime, previously Exod 21:29; Exod 21:36 (E), Deut 4:42; Deut 19:4; Deut 19:6; Josh 4:18 (J), Josh 3:4; Josh 20:5 (both R), compare 1Sam 10:11 ׳שׁ ׳כִּת 1Sam 21:6 as formerly (but Bu ׳שׁ ׳מִתּ = for some days). — ׳שׁ Prov 22:20 Kt is difficult; Qr שָׁלִשִׁים (see III. שָׁלִישׁ) is impossible; supply perhaps תְּמוֺל have I not thee heretofore, etc.?

BDB8769 H7991 H8032

III. שָׁלִישׁ noun masculine adjutant or officer (best explained as third man (in chariot), see especially Hpt^{BAS iv. 586 f.} Bender^{ZAW xxiii (1903), 19} WMM^As.u.Eur.329; see also Kau^{M.N.,DPV.1904, 19}; doubted by Di^{Exod 14:7} Baen^ib. Buhl¹⁴); — absolute ׳שׁ of king's personal attendant at court 2Kgs 7:2; 2Kgs 7:17; 2Kgs 7:19, suffix, military officer of king, שָֽׁלִשֹׁח 2Kgs 9:25, ָ(שׁלִישׁוֺ 2Kgs 15:25 (on abnormal ָ֯ see Ges^{«GKC:93xx»§ 93xx} Kö^{ii. 1. 133, 449, 495}); plural שָֽׁלִישִׁים Ezek 23:15 + (sometimes שָֽׁלִשִׁם etc.) vEzek 23:23; Exod 14:7; 2Kgs 10:25 (twice in verse), + (Qr) 2Sam 23:8 (> Kt שׁלשׁי), 1Chr 11:11; 1Chr 12:19 (18 van d. H.; Kt in both, שׁלושׁים), read in all three (ראֹשׁ) הַשִּׁלֹשָׁה chief of the three ᵐ5^L We Dr Bu Now. — שָֽׁלִשִׁים Prov 22:20 Qr see שִׁלְשֹׁם.

BDB9188 H865 H8543 H8032 H8008

תְּמוֺל, (תּמֹלׅ₂₃, אֶתְמוֺל₅, אֹתְּמוֺל 1Sam 10:11, אֶתְּמוֺל Isa 30:33; Mic 2:8 (see infinitive), substantive, used sometimes as adverb accusative, yesterday, figurative recently, formerly (Aramaic אִתְּמָלֵי, תְּמָלֵי, sometimes אִתְּמוֺל, , , Mandean עתמאל Nö^{M 202}; Ethiopic Assyrian timâli, itimâli, ina timâli (Dl^{158, 721}); derivation dubious; according to Mei^{Gr. Syr. 118} Kö^{ii. 264 f.} from Arabic II. prolongavit, IV. longam vitam concessit, tempus, the two times, i.e. night and day, in form an infinitive of VI. ; hence properly long time, (past) time, specialized to yesterday); — yesterday, but usually figurative= recently or formerly:

1. 2Sam 15:20 תְּמוֺל בּוֺאֲךָ yesterday (=only lately) was thy coming, Job 8:9 תמול אנחנו (of) yesterday (Ges^{«GKC:141d»§ 141d}) are we, Ps 90:4 (genitive) בְּיוֺם אֶתְמוֺל.

2. usuually in combination with שִׁלְשֹׁם yesterday (and) the third day, to express the idea of formerly: thus
a. as adverb accusative (a) גַּם תְּמוֺל גַּם הַיּוֺם 1Sam 20:27 (literal), compare Exod 5:14 (sub b); (b) תְּמוֺל שִׁלְשֹׁם Exod 5:8Ruth Exod 2:11, so ׳אֶתְמ ׳שׁ 1Sam 4:7 (c) ׳גַּם שׁ ׳גַּם ת 2Sam 3:17; 1Chr 11:2 (|| 2Sam 5:2 with ׳אֶתְמ).
b. בִּתְמוֺל שִׁלְשֹׁם as formerly Gen 31:2; Gen 31:5; Exod 5:7; Josh 4:18; 1Sam 21:6 (but Bu ׳מִתְּ, as c), 2Kgs 13:5 ׳שׁ ׳כְּאֶתְמ 1Sam 14:21; 1Sam 19:7; Exod 5:14 ׳שׁ ׳כִּת גַּם תְּמוֺל גַּם הַיּוֺם as yesterday (and) the third day (= as formerly), both yesterday and to-day (=so more recently).
c. ׳מִתְּמוֺל שׁ = (form) aforetime, Exod 21:29; Exod 21:36; Josh 3:6, ׳שׁ ׳וְהוּא לֹא שׂנֵא לוֺ מִתְּ Deut 4:42; Deut 19:4; Deut 19:6; Josh 20:5 so ׳מֵאִתְּמוֺל שׁ 1Sam 10:11 גַּס ׳גַּס מִשּׁ ׳מִתְּ Exod 4:10.

3. מֵאֶתְמוּל (alone) Isa 30:33 from yesterday = already; וְאֶתְּמוּל עַמִּי Mic 2:8 corrupt, read וְאַתֶּם לְעַמִּי (WRS, with יָקוּם; עַל עַמִּי We Now, with תָּקוּמוּ), and see שֵׂלְמָה.

past, heretofore, before, beforetime, things, …

šilšôm

trebly, i.e., (in time) day before yesterday

day before yesterday, three days ago

an idiom for 'heretofore in times past'

שָׁלִישִׁ֑ים

Root word past, heretofore, before, beforetime, things, …

Dictionary form: שִׁלְשׁוֹם · shil-SHOME

Adjective — Ordinal Number, masculine plural, absolute state plural — usually add "-s"; an ordinal (first, second, …)

In the KJV here: to thee excellent things

past ×5 as heretofore ×2 before ×2 heretofore ×2 as beforetime ×1 from us about these three ×1 that time ×1 they did before ×1

More options

previously — Broad, neutral adverb; fits most prose contexts.

before — Simple and direct; good for conversational register.

formerly — Slightly more formal; suits legal or official contexts.

in the past — Clear idiomatic phrase; useful for explanatory narrative.

as before — Emphasizes repetition or continuity with a prior state.

in days gone by — Warmer, narrative tone; suits poetic or storytelling passages.

BDB8765 H8032 H7991

שִׁלְשֹׁם and (less often) שִׁלְשׁוֺם₂₅ adverb = three days ago, specifically day before yesterday (Kö^{ii. 1. 255 f.} Lag^{BN 20 Anm.} Ba^{NB § 216 b}); — in phrase ׳תְּמוֺל שׁ Exod 5:8 yesterday (and) day before, idiomatic for hitherto, so Ruth 2:11, ׳אֶתְמוֺל שׁ 1Sam 4:7 ׳שׁ ׳כִּת Gen 31:2; Gen 31:5 (E), Exod 5:7; Exod 5:14 (J), 2Kgs 13:5, compare 1Sam 14:21; 1Sam 19:7 ׳גַּםשֿׁ ׳גַּםתֿ Exod 4:10 (J), 2Sam 3:17; 1Chr 11:2, compare 2Sam 5:2 ׳שׁ ׳מִתּ from aforetime, previously Exod 21:29; Exod 21:36 (E), Deut 4:42; Deut 19:4; Deut 19:6; Josh 4:18 (J), Josh 3:4; Josh 20:5 (both R), compare 1Sam 10:11 ׳שׁ ׳כִּת 1Sam 21:6 as formerly (but Bu ׳שׁ ׳מִתּ = for some days). — ׳שׁ Prov 22:20 Kt is difficult; Qr שָׁלִשִׁים (see III. שָׁלִישׁ) is impossible; supply perhaps תְּמוֺל have I not thee heretofore, etc.?

BDB8769 H7991 H8032

III. שָׁלִישׁ noun masculine adjutant or officer (best explained as third man (in chariot), see especially Hpt^{BAS iv. 586 f.} Bender^{ZAW xxiii (1903), 19} WMM^As.u.Eur.329; see also Kau^{M.N.,DPV.1904, 19}; doubted by Di^{Exod 14:7} Baen^ib. Buhl¹⁴); — absolute ׳שׁ of king's personal attendant at court 2Kgs 7:2; 2Kgs 7:17; 2Kgs 7:19, suffix, military officer of king, שָֽׁלִשֹׁח 2Kgs 9:25, ָ(שׁלִישׁוֺ 2Kgs 15:25 (on abnormal ָ֯ see Ges^{«GKC:93xx»§ 93xx} Kö^{ii. 1. 133, 449, 495}); plural שָֽׁלִישִׁים Ezek 23:15 + (sometimes שָֽׁלִשִׁם etc.) vEzek 23:23; Exod 14:7; 2Kgs 10:25 (twice in verse), + (Qr) 2Sam 23:8 (> Kt שׁלשׁי), 1Chr 11:11; 1Chr 12:19 (18 van d. H.; Kt in both, שׁלושׁים), read in all three (ראֹשׁ) הַשִּׁלֹשָׁה chief of the three ᵐ5^L We Dr Bu Now. — שָֽׁלִשִׁים Prov 22:20 Qr see שִׁלְשֹׁם.

BDB9188 H865 H8543 H8032 H8008

תְּמוֺל, (תּמֹלׅ₂₃, אֶתְמוֺל₅, אֹתְּמוֺל 1Sam 10:11, אֶתְּמוֺל Isa 30:33; Mic 2:8 (see infinitive), substantive, used sometimes as adverb accusative, yesterday, figurative recently, formerly (Aramaic אִתְּמָלֵי, תְּמָלֵי, sometimes אִתְּמוֺל, , , Mandean עתמאל Nö^{M 202}; Ethiopic Assyrian timâli, itimâli, ina timâli (Dl^{158, 721}); derivation dubious; according to Mei^{Gr. Syr. 118} Kö^{ii. 264 f.} from Arabic II. prolongavit, IV. longam vitam concessit, tempus, the two times, i.e. night and day, in form an infinitive of VI. ; hence properly long time, (past) time, specialized to yesterday); — yesterday, but usually figurative= recently or formerly:

1. 2Sam 15:20 תְּמוֺל בּוֺאֲךָ yesterday (=only lately) was thy coming, Job 8:9 תמול אנחנו (of) yesterday (Ges^{«GKC:141d»§ 141d}) are we, Ps 90:4 (genitive) בְּיוֺם אֶתְמוֺל.

2. usuually in combination with שִׁלְשֹׁם yesterday (and) the third day, to express the idea of formerly: thus
a. as adverb accusative (a) גַּם תְּמוֺל גַּם הַיּוֺם 1Sam 20:27 (literal), compare Exod 5:14 (sub b); (b) תְּמוֺל שִׁלְשֹׁם Exod 5:8Ruth Exod 2:11, so ׳אֶתְמ ׳שׁ 1Sam 4:7 (c) ׳גַּם שׁ ׳גַּם ת 2Sam 3:17; 1Chr 11:2 (|| 2Sam 5:2 with ׳אֶתְמ).
b. בִּתְמוֺל שִׁלְשֹׁם as formerly Gen 31:2; Gen 31:5; Exod 5:7; Josh 4:18; 1Sam 21:6 (but Bu ׳מִתְּ, as c), 2Kgs 13:5 ׳שׁ ׳כְּאֶתְמ 1Sam 14:21; 1Sam 19:7; Exod 5:14 ׳שׁ ׳כִּת גַּם תְּמוֺל גַּם הַיּוֺם as yesterday (and) the third day (= as formerly), both yesterday and to-day (=so more recently).
c. ׳מִתְּמוֺל שׁ = (form) aforetime, Exod 21:29; Exod 21:36; Josh 3:6, ׳שׁ ׳וְהוּא לֹא שׂנֵא לוֺ מִתְּ Deut 4:42; Deut 19:4; Deut 19:6; Josh 20:5 so ׳מֵאִתְּמוֺל שׁ 1Sam 10:11 גַּס ׳גַּס מִשּׁ ׳מִתְּ Exod 4:10.

3. מֵאֶתְמוּל (alone) Isa 30:33 from yesterday = already; וְאֶתְּמוּל עַמִּי Mic 2:8 corrupt, read וְאַתֶּם לְעַמִּי (WRS, with יָקוּם; עַל עַמִּי We Now, with תָּקוּמוּ), and see שֵׂלְמָה.

past, heretofore, before, beforetime, things, …

šilšôm

trebly, i.e., (in time) day before yesterday

day before yesterday, three days ago

an idiom for 'heretofore in times past'

בְּ מוֹעֵצֹת

בְּ

Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with

מוֹעֵצֹת

Root word counsels, devices

Dictionary form: מוֹעֵצָה · moh-ay-TSAW

Noun — Common, feminine plural, absolute state plural — usually add "-s"

In the KJV here: in counsels

by their own counsels ×1 in counsels ×1 in the counsels ×1 in their counsels ×1 in their own counsels ×1 them because of their own counsels ×1 with their own devices ×1

More options

plan — Broad, neutral; fits most contexts naturally.

scheme — Implies deliberate, often self-serving plotting.

strategy — Prefer when a coordinated course of action is in view.

counsel — Modernized KJV form; retains advisory/deliberative nuance.

design — Highlights intentional, premeditated character of the act.

device — Modernized KJV form; suits crafty or manipulative contexts.

BDB3638 H4156

[מוֺעֵצָה] noun feminine counsel, plan, principle, device; — plural absolute מֹעֵצוֺת Prov 22:20 (|| דַּעַת) in good sense; in bad sense מוֺעֵצוֺת Jer 7:24 (|| שְׁרִרוּת לִבָּם הָרָע); מֹעֲצוֺתֵיהֶם Hos 11:6; Ps 5:11 מוֺעֲצוֺתֵיהֶם Ps 81:13 מֹעֲצֹתֵיהֶם Prov 1:31 מֹעֲצוֺתָם Mic 6:16.

יַעֲקֹב, יַעֲקֹ֫בָה see below עקב.

יַעֲקָן see עֲקָן.

counsels, devices

môʿēṣâ

a purpose

counsel, plan, principal, device

וָ דָֽעַת

וָ

Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)

דָֽעַת

Root word knowledge, know, knowest, cunning, knew, …

Dictionary form: דַּעַת · da-AT

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: and knowledge

knowledge ×34 of knowledge ×10 and knowledge ×8 the knowledge ×4 and in knowledge ×3 by his knowledge ×3 to know ×3 and the knowledge ×2

More options

knowledge — Modernized KJV; broadest, most versatile rendering.

understanding — Emphasizes comprehension and insight over mere facts.

awareness — Prefer when the nuance is conscious recognition or perception.

discernment — Highlights wise, discriminating judgment; good in wisdom contexts.

expertise — Use when skilled or technical knowledge (e.g. craftsmanship) is implied.

knowing — Verbal-noun form; suits relational or experiential knowledge.

BDB3458 H1847

דַּ֫עַת noun feminine^{Ps 139:6} Dan 12:4 (masculine Prov 2:10; Prov 14:6, possibly Job 33:3 Ew^{§174 g}) knowledge (properly Infinitive, which appears clearly Gen 2:9; Gen 2:17; Jer 22:16) — absolute דַּ֫עַת Gen 2:9 + 35 t.; דָּ֑עַת Josh 20:3 + 35 t.; construct דַּ֫עַת Num 24:16 + 10 t.; suffix דַּעְתִּי Prov 22:17 דַּעְתְּךָ Job 10:7 דַּעְתֵּךְ Isa 47:10 דַּעְתּוֺ Prov 3:20; Isa 53:11 דַּעְתְּכֶם Job 13:2 דַּעְתָּם Isa 44:25 —

1. a. knowledge, perception in phrase ׳בִּבְלִי ד Deut 4:42 = unintenionally, Deut 19:4; Josh 20:3 (where P's synonym is בִּשְׁגָגָה vJosh 20:3 vJosh 20:9, compare Num 35:11; Num 35:15), vNum 35:5 without knowing ׳מִבְּלִי ד Isa 5:13 ( = before they knew it, suddenly).
b. = skill (in work-manship) Exod 31:3; Exod 35:31 (both P; both || תְּבוּנָה and חָכְמָה), 1Kgs 7:14 (followed by infinitive); creative skill Isa 40:14 (|| אֹרַח מִשְׁפָּט, דֶּרֶךְ תְּבוּנוֺת).
c. of prophetic knowledge עליון ׳יֹדֵעַ ד Num 24:16 (JE), compare Ps 19:3.
d. especially knowledge with moral quality Gen 2:9; Gen 2:17 (J; in both verbal force, טוֺב וָרַע ׳הַדּ the knowing good and evil).
e. knowledge possessed by God Job 10:7; Ps 139:6; Prov 3:20 (|| חָכְמָה and תְּבוּנָה), Prov 21:12 taught by God to men Ps 94:10; Ps 119:66 (|| טוּב טַעַם), Prov 2:6 (|| תְּבוּנָה and חָכְמָה). feminine דַּעַתרֿוּחַ = windy (unreal) knowledge Job 15:2.

2. especially in Wisdom Literature = discernment, understanding, wisdom:
a. Job 13:2; Job 33:3 (שְׂפָתַי ׳ד), לֹא בְּדַעַת Job 34:35(|| חכמה), Prov 8:9; Prov 8:10 (|| מוסר), Prov 10:4; Prov 11:9; Prov 18:15 (twice in verse); Prov 22:12; Prov 29:7, compare Isa 32:4; Isa 53:11; Jer 10:14 = Jer 51:17 בבלי דעת Job 35:16; Job 36:12 ׳בלי ד Job 38:2; Job 42:3, ׳בְּלֹא ד Prov 19:2 || תְּבוּנָה Prov 17:27; Isa 44:19 ׳ת + חכמה Prov 24:4, || מְזִמָּה Prov 1:4; Prov 5:2 מְזִמּוֺת ׳ד Prov 8:12 || verb עָרַם Prov 19:25 || מֹצֵעוֺת Prov 22:20 || מוּסָר Prov 12:1; Prov 19:27; Prov 23:12 || תּוֺרָה Mal 2:7 || חכמה Prov 14:6; Eccl 1:16; Eccl 1:18; Eccl 2:21; Eccl 2:26; Eccl 7:12; Eccl 9:10: connected with חָכָם Prov 21:11; Eccl 12:9 דברי חכמים Prov 22:17; Isa 33:6 (חכמת) Isa 44:25 (חכמים); wisdom of magicians Isa 47:10; Dan 1:4 (|| חָכְמָה and מַדָּע).
b. in highest sense, knowledge of God (including obedience) Hos 4:1; Hos 4:6 (מִבְּלִי הַדַּעַת), vHos 4:6; Hos 6:6; Job 21:14; Prov 2:5 (|| ׳יראת י), so Isa 11:2; Isa 58:2; Jer 22:16 (verbal force, with accusative), Prov 9:10 (קדשׁים ׳ד, || ׳יראת י), Prov 30:3 (id., || חָכְמָה); see also ׳ראשׁית ד ׳יִרְאַת י Prov 1:7 (|| חָכְמָה מוּסָר), vProv 1:22 vProv 1:29 (|| ׳יִרְאַת י) Prov 2:10 (|| חָכְמָה).
c. opposed to אִוֶּלֶת Prov 12:23; Prov 13:16; Prov 14:18; Prov 15:2 compare vProv 15:7, also vProv 15:14.
d. ׳שִׂפְתֵידֿ Prov 14:7; Prov 20:15 ׳אישׁ ד Prov 24:5 (|| גֶּבֶר חָכָם). — Dan 12:4 is dubious; ᵐ5 Bev read ותרכה הָרָעֹת.

knowledge, know, knowest, cunning, knew, …

daʿat

knowledge

knowledge

knowledge, perception, skill

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ti/Tn

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H3808

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Vqp1cs

Verb Chart

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H3789

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar R/Sp2ms

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H1

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar D

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H8032

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Aompa

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H8032

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar R/Ncfpa

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H4156

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar C/Ncfsa

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H1847

Masoretic Phrasing

KJV