Psalms 78:47

יַהֲרֹ֣ג בַּבָּרָ֣ד גַּפְנָ֑ם וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל
He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost.
Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

יַהֲרֹ֣ג
יַהֲרֹ֣ג
Root word slew, slay, slain, kill, killed, …
Dictionary form: הָרַג · haw-RAHɡ

Verb — Qal, Imperfect (Yiqtol), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" not-yet-complete action — try "he will ___" or "he ___s" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: he destroyed
and slew ×18 slew ×15 slay ×6 to slay ×6 and slain ×4 and they slew ×4 they slew ×4 to kill ×3
More options
kill — Broadest, most neutral modern rendering; prefer for general use.
slay — Modernized KJV form; suits poetic or elevated literary contexts.
put to death — Emphasizes deliberate, often authorized execution.
strike down — Vivid; highlights the violent physical act of killing.
murder — Use only when unlawful, intentional killing is clearly implied.
massacre — Best for large-scale or brutal collective killing.

BDB2223 H2026

BDB2222 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2224

הָרַג verb kill, slay (Late Hebrew id., ואהרג MI (1 singular Imperfect consecutive); Arabic fall into war, conflict, disorder, slaughter; Sabean הרג fight Os4, l. 17, kill SabDenkm24. 25) —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳ה Judg 9:24 + 4 t., הָרָ֑ג 2Sam 14:7 + 2 t., וְהָרַג consecutive Isa 27:1 suffix וַהֲרָגָ֑נִי consecutive 1Sam 16:2 + 2 t.; הֲרָגוֺ Gen 4:25 etc.; Imperfect יַהֲרֹג Ps 10:8 + 4 t.; יַהֲרָגֿ Job 5:2 וַיַּהֲרֹג Exod 13:15 + 14 t.; suffix יַהַרְגֵנִי Gen 4:14 1 singular אֶהֱרוֺג Amos 2:3, אֶהֱרֹג Amos 9:1 cohortative וְאַהַרְגָה Gen 27:41 suffix וָאֶהֶרְגֵהוּ 2Sam 4:10; 2Kgs 10:9 3 masculine plural יַהֲרֹ֑גוּ Ps 94:6; Ezek 23:47 וַיַּהַרְגוּ Gen 34:25 + 4 t.; suffix יַהַרְגֻנִי Gen 26:7, etc.; Imperative הֲרֹג Judg 8:20 suffix הָרְגֵנִי Num 11:15 plural הִרְגוּ Num 25:5 + 2 t.; הֲרֹ֑גוּ Num 31:17 Infinitive absolute הָרֹג Num 11:15 + 2 t.; הָרוֺג Esth 9:16 construct הֲרֹג Exod 2:15 + 11 t.; הֲרוֺג Eccl 3:8; Esth 7:4 suffix הָרְגֵנִי Exod 2:14 הָרְגֵנוּ Exod 5:21 הֲרָגְךָ 1Sam 24:11 הָרְגֶ֑ךָ Gen 27:42 + 2 t.; הָרְגוֺ Exod 21:14 Participle active הֹרֵג Gen 4:15 + 4 t.; הוֺרֵג Ezek 21:16 הֹרְגֶ֑ךָ Ezek 28:9 הֹרְגִים Jer 4:31; 2Kgs 17:25 passive הֲרוּגִים Isa 10:4 + 2 t.; הֲרֻגִים Isa 14:19 construct הֲרֻגֵי Jer 18:21 הֲרוּגָיו Isa 27:7 הֲרוּגֶיהָ Isa 26:21 הֲרֻגֶיהָ Prov 7:26 —
1. a. kill, slay, implying ruthless violence, especially private violence Gen 4:8; Gen 4:14; Gen 4:15; Gen 4:23; Gen 4:25; Gen 12:12 (all J), Gen 20:11 (E) Gen 26:7; Gen 27:41; Gen 27:42; Gen 34:25; Gen 34:26; Gen 37:20; Gen 37:26 (all J), Gen 49:6 (poem in J), Exod 2:14 (twice in verse); Exod 2:15 (E), Exod 5:21 (J) Exod 21:14; Exod 23:7 (both J E), Num 31:19 (P) Judg 9:5; Judg 9:18; Judg 9:24 (twice in verse); Judg 9:56; Judg 16:2; Judg 20:5; 1Sam 16:2; 1Sam 22:21; 1Sam 24:11; 1Sam 24:12; 1Sam 24:18; 2Sam 3:30; 2Sam 4:10; 2Sam 4:11; 2Sam 4:12; 2Sam 12:9; 2Sam 14:7; 2Sam 23:21; 1Kgs 2:5; 1Kgs 2:32; 1Kgs 18:12; 1Kgs 18:13; 1Kgs 18:14; 1Kgs 19:1; 1Kgs 19:10; 1Kgs 19:14; 2Kgs 9:31; 2Kgs 10:9; 1Chr 7:21; 1Chr 11:23; 2Chr 21:4; 2Chr 21:13; 2Chr 22:8; 2Chr 24:23; 2Chr 24:25; 2Chr 25:3; Neh 4:5; Neh 6:10 (twice in verse); Zech 11:5; Ps 10:8; Ps 94:6 (|| רִצֵּחַ); compare Judg 8:18; Judg 8:19; Judg 8:20; Judg 8:21; Judg 9:54; 1Kgs 12:27; Isa 14:20; 2Chr 22:1; Neh 9:26 so of massacre of Jews planned by Haman Esth 3:13; Esth 7:4 (both לְהַשְׁמִיד לַהֲרֹג וּלְאַבֵּד), and of slaughter of Jews' enemies in defence and revenge Esth 8:11 (same combination) Esth 9:6; Esth 9:10; Esth 9:12; Esth 9:15; Esth 9:16 compare vEsth 9:11 (passive participle the slain).
  b. hence of wholesale slaughter after battle Num 31:7; Num 31:8 (twice in verse); Num 31:17 (twice in verse) (all P), Josh 8:24; Josh 10:11 (both J E), Josh 13:22 (P), Judg 7:25 (twice in verse); Judg 8:17; Judg 9:45; 2Sam 10:18; 1Kgs 9:16; 1Kgs 11:24; 2Kgs 8:12; 1Chr 19:18; 2Chr 28:6; 2Chr 28:7; 2Chr 28:9; 2Chr 36:17; Ezek 26:8; Ezek 26:11, compare Judg 9:26 passive participle the slain Isa 10:4; Isa 14:19 compare Ezek 23:10; Ezek 23:47; Ezek 37:9; Jer 18:21 הֲרֻגֵי מָוֶת (|| מֻכֵּיחֶֿרֶב); further Hos 9:13; Hab 1:17; Jer 4:31; Ezek 21:16; Ezek 28:9 also of slaughter in a revolt 2Kgs 11:8 = 2Chr 23:17.
2. of God's slaying in judgment (stern and inscrutable), Gen 20:4 (E), Exod 4:23; Exod 13:15; Exod 22:23 (all J E), Amos 2:3; Amos 4:10; Amos 9:1; Amos 9:4; Lam 2:4; Lam 2:21; Lam 3:43; Ps 59:12; Ps 78:31; Ps 78:34; Ps 135:10; Ps 136:18 compare Num 11:15 (twice in verse) (JE), Num 22:33 (J), (passive the slain, so Isa 27:7), Jer 15:3 figurative הֲרַגְתִּים בְּאִמְרֵיפִֿ֑י Hos 6:5 (|| בַּנְּבִיאִים חָצַבְתִּי).
3. rarely of judicial killing by men (at God's command), Exod 32:27 (JE), Lev 20:15; Lev 20:16 (H), Num 25:5 (JE), Deut 13:10 (twice in verse) compare Ezek 9:6 תַּהַרְגוּ לְמַשְׁחִית.
4. of killing beasts, Num 22:29 (J; Balaam's ass), Lev 20:15 compare above, Isa 22:13 (oxen; || שָׁחֹט), הִתַּנִּין אֲשֶׁר בַּיָּ֑ם Isa 27:1 also of killing vines, by hail Ps 78:47.
5. of killing by beasts: lions 2Kgs 17:25, viper Job 20:16.
6. quite general is עֵת לַהֲרוֺג וְעֵת לִרְפּוֺא Eccl 3:3.
7. destroy, ruin לֶאֱוִיל יַהֲרָגכָּֿ֑עַשׂ וּפֹתֶה תָּמִית קִנְאָה Job 5:2 מְשׁוּבַת פְּתָיִם תַּהַרְגֵם וְשַׁלְוַת כְּ סִילִים תְּאַבְּדֵם Prov 1:32 also of those ruined by shameless woman Prov 7:26. — Regular construction is with accusative; object sometimes omitted, as Lam 2:21 used absolute Hos 9:13; Jer 4:31; Jer 15:3; Lam 3:43; Ezek 21:16; Eccl 3:3 followed by בְּ slay among, i.e. some of, 2Kgs 17:25; 2Chr 28:6; 2Chr 28:9; Ps 78:31 followed by מִן (part of), + accusative, 1Chr 19:18 followed by direct object with לְ 2Sam 3:30; Job 5:2; Ps 135:11 = Ps 136:19; Ps 136:20 (but in last 3 first object is accusative). Niph`al Imperfect
1. passive of Qal 1 a, יֵהָרֵג Lam 2:20 shall priest and prophet be slain in the sanctuary?
2. passive of Qal 1 b, 3 feminine plural תֵּהָרַגְנָה Ezek 26:6 also Ezek 26:15 בֵּהָרֵג הֶרֶג ( = בְּהֵהָרֵג), but ᵐ5 Co בַּהֲרֹג חֶרֶב. Pu`al Perfect 3 masculine singular הֹרָ֑ג Isa 27:7 be slain (passive of Qal 1 b); compare 1 plural הֹרַגְנוּ Ps 44:23 (|| נֶחְשַׁבְּנוּ כְּצאֹן טִבְחָה).

slew, slay, slain, kill, killed, …
hārag
to smite with deadly intent
  • to kill, slay, murder, destroy, murderer, slayer, out of hand
    • (Qal)
      • to kill, slay
        • "to destroy, ruin
      (Niphal) to be killed"(Pual) to be killed, be slain

בַּ בָּרָ֣ד
בַּ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with + "the" (the article is absorbed into the prefix)
בָּרָ֣ד
Root word hail, hailstones
Dictionary form: בָּרָד · baw-RAWD

בַּ
Hidden "the" בַּ = the preposition + the article הַ squeezed together: the "a" vowel under the prefix is the swallowed "the". Translate "in the ___".

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: with hail
hail ×8 and hail ×4 and the hail ×4 the hail ×4 also to the hail ×1 and with hail ×1 of hail ×1 of the hail ×1
More options
hail — Standard modern rendering; works in almost all contexts.
hailstone — Prefer when individual chunks of ice are in view.
hailstorm — Emphasizes the storm event rather than the ice itself.
ice storm — Vivid contemporary phrasing for modern general audiences.
pelting ice — Captures violent, active quality of severe hail.

BDB1307 H1259

BDB1306 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB1308

בָּרָד noun masculineExod 9:18 hail (Arabic , Aramaic בְּרַד, ; also Sabean ברדם, cold DHMZMG 1875, 607) — בָּרָד Exod 9:18 + 28 t.; — hail, with ׳המטיר י Exod 9:18; Exod 9:23, with ׳נתן י Exod 9:23 also Exod 9:19; Exod 9:22; Exod 9:24; Exod 9:25 (twice in verse); Exod 9:26; Exod 10:5; Exod 10:12; Exod 10:15 || קֹלֹת thunder Exod 9:23; Exod 9:28; Exod 9:29; Exod 9:33, || קֹלֹת & מָטָר Exod 9:34, || אשׁ lightning Exod 9:24 all J E, Egyptian plague; compare Ps 78:47; Ps 78:48; Ps 105:32 another great hailstorm Josh 10:11 (E), where ׳אַבְנֵי הַבּ; further, in theophany Ps 18:13 (|| גחליאֿשׁ) 2Sam 22:13 omits by error; strike out however in Ps 18:14 compare De Che etc.; ׳אוצרות ב Job 38:22, שׁלג וקיטור ׳אשׁ וב Ps 148:8, ׳ירקון וב Hag 2:17 in simile Isa 28:2 שׁער ׳זרם ב; figurative Isa 28:17; Isa 30:30 (׳אבן ב) — figurative of judgment of ׳י.

hail, hailstones
bārād
hail
  • hail
    • of God's judgment (figuratively)

גַּפְנָ ֑ם
גַּפְנָ
Root word vine, vines, tree
֑ם
Suffix — pronoun their / them
Dictionary form: גֶּפֶן · ɡeh-PEN

Noun — Common, both singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: their vines
the vine ×9 vine ×8 a vine ×3 and the vine ×3 as the vine ×2 his vine ×2 of the vine ×2 their vines ×2
More options
vine — Most natural modern equivalent; fits nearly all contexts.
grapevine — More specific; clarifies the plant when context is ambiguous.
grape plant — Plain descriptive term for non-specialist or children's texts.
vineyard plant — Use when agricultural or vineyard setting is emphasized.
climbing vine — Highlights the plant's growth habit in poetic or figurative passages.

BDB1723 H1612

BDB1722 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB1724

גֶּ֫פֶן noun feminineJudg 9:13 + (masculine only Hos 10:1, perhaps influence of יִשְׂרָאֵל 2Kgs 4:39) vine (Late Hebrew id., Arabic (Yemen), Assyrian gapnu, compare ZehnpfBAS i. 633; Aramaic גּוֺפַן, גֶּפֶן, , plural ) — ׳ג Gen 40:9 + 38 t. (also construct, as Num 6:4; Deut 32:32; Isa 16:8; Isa 16:9), גָּ֑פֶן Judg 9:12 + 2 t.; suffix גַּפְנִי Joel 1:7, גַּפְנְךָ Jer 5:17, גַּפְנוֺ 1Kgs 5:5 = 3 t., גַּפְנָהּ Hos 2:14, גַּפְנָם Deut 32:32 + 2 t.; plural גְּפָנִים Song 2:13; Hab 3:17 — vine (always grape-bearing except 2Kgs 4:39) Gen 40:9; Gen 40:10 (in dream) Gen 49:11; Num 20:5; Deut 8:8; Judg 9:12; Judg 9:13 (in allegory) 1Kgs 5:5; 2Kgs 18:31 = Isa 36:16; Ps 78:47; Ps 105:33; Song 2:13; Song 6:11; Song 7:13; Isa 7:23; Isa 24:7; Isa 32:12; Jer 5:17; Jer 8:13; Hos 2:14; Joel 1:7; Joel 1:12; Joel 2:22; Mic 4:4; Hab 3:17; Hag 2:19; Zech 2:10; Zech 8:12; גֶּפֶן שָׂדֶה a vine bearing poisonous gourds 2Kgs 4:39 גֶּפֶן הַיַּיִן Num 6:4 (compare Gen 40:10; Judg 9:13) Judg 13:14 אֶשְׁכְּלוֺת הַגֶּפֶן Song 8:9 עֵץ הַגֶּפֶן Ezek 15:2; Ezek 15:6 in simile of stars fading away at Yahweh's judgment Isa 34:4 in simile of wicked losing early promise Job 15:33 in simile of wife Ps 128:3 figurative of Israel Ps 80:9; Ps 80:15; Ezek 17:6 (twice in verse); Ezek 17:7; Ezek 17:8; Hos 10:1 compare Ezek 19:10; Jer 2:21; Jer 6:9 also Hos 14:8 figurative of Israel as easily destroyed Ezek 15:2; Ezek 15:6 figurative of godless enemies of Israel Deut 32:32 compare Di; גֶּפֶן שִׂבְמָה figurative for prosperity of Moab Isa 16:8; Isa 16:9; Jer 48:32. — On the vine in Syria compare AnderlindZPV 1888, 160 ff.

vine, vines, tree
gepen
a vine (as twining), especially the grape
  • vine, vine tree
    • of Israel (figuratively)
      • "of stars fading at Jehovah's judgment (metaphorically)"of prosperity

וְ ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ ֗ם
וְ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ
Root word trees, fruit, sycomores
֗ם
Suffix — pronoun their / them
Dictionary form: שִׁקְמָה · shik-MAW

Noun — Common, feminine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: and their sycomore trees
he as the sycomore trees ×2 and the sycomore trees ×1 and their sycomore trees ×1 he to be as the sycomore trees ×1 of sycomore fruit ×1 the sycomores ×1
More options
sycamore-fig tree — Most precise modern botanical name for this species.
sycamore fig — Shorter form; useful when 'tree' is implied by context.
sycamore — Common shorthand; familiar to general readers.
fig-mulberry tree — Highlights botanical links to both fig and mulberry.
Ficus sycomorus — Scientific name; best for study notes or technical contexts.

BDB9013 H8256

BDB9012 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB9014

[שִׁקְמָה] noun feminine sycomore tree (Late Hebrew id., Aramaic שִׁיקְמָא ,, LöwNo.332; hence Greek συκάηινος mulberry Lewy Fremdw.23); — plural absolute שִׁקְמִים Amos 7:14 +; suffix שִׁקְמוֺתָם Ps 78:47 — sycomore, ficus sycomorus Linn (TristrNHB397ff. PostFlora of Syria 730; Hast. DB under the word) a common tree Isa 9:9, growing in the Shephela 1Kgs 10:27=2Chr 1:15=2Chr 9:27,1Chr 27:28 as property Ps 78:47 (|| גֶּפֶן); בּוֺלֵס שִׁקְמִים Amos 7:14 a tender of sycomores (see [בַָלס]).

trees, fruit, sycomores
šiqmâ
a sycamore (usually the tree)
  • sycamore tree (bearing figs)

בַּֽ חֲנָמַֽל
בַּֽ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
חֲנָמַֽל
Root word frost
Dictionary form: חֲנָמָל · huh-naw-MAWL

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: with frost
with frost ×1
More options
frost — Standard modern rendering; most broadly useful.
ice crystals — Scientific nuance; suits poetic or descriptive contexts.
hoarfrost — Specifically the white, feathery frozen dew on surfaces.
rime — Poetic/literary term for frost deposited from freezing fog.

BDB2936 H2602

BDB2935 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2937

[חֲנָמֵל] noun [masculine] only בַּחֲנָמַ֑ל Ps 78:47 (on form see DrSm p. 98) as instrument of destroying sycomores (|| בָּרָד); meaning conjectural; ᵐ5 ᵑ9 frost.

frost
ḥănāmāl
perhaps the aphis or plantlouse
  • frost, flood, sleet (meaning uncertain)
    • that which destroyed the sycamore trees

This book is chanted to the poetic accent system (used only in Job, Psalms, and Proverbs). Each group below ends at one of its pausing accents — translate a group as one unit.
יַהֲרֹ֣ג בַּבָּרָ֣ד גַּפְנָ֑ם Atnach — the verse's main pause — take a breath here וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם Revia Mugrash — a lesser break בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל Silluq — end of the verse

יַהֲרֹג בַּבָּרָד גַּפְנָם וְשִׁקְמוֹתָם בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל׃
47
He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost.
Cross References

Psalms 105:32

נָתַן גִּשְׁמֵיהֶם בָּרָד אֵשׁ לֶהָבוֹת בְּאַרְצָֽם׃
32
He gave them hail for rain, and flaming fire in their land.

Exodus 9:18

הִנְנִי מַמְטִיר כָּעֵת מָחָר בָּרָד כָּבֵד מְאֹד אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא-הָיָה כָמֹהוּ בְּמִצְרַיִם לְמִן-הַיּוֹם הִוָּֽסְדָה וְעַד-עָֽתָּה׃
18
Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.
Psalms 78:46
Read Psalms 78
Psalms 78:48