Psalms 78:47

יַהֲרֹ֣ג בַּבָּרָ֣ד גַּפְנָ֑ם וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל
He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost.
Connections

Psalms 105:32

נָתַן גִּשְׁמֵיהֶם בָּרָד אֵשׁ לֶהָבוֹת בְּאַרְצָֽם׃
32
He gave them hail for rain, and flaming fire in their land.

Exodus 9:18

הִנְנִי מַמְטִיר כָּעֵת מָחָר בָּרָד כָּבֵד מְאֹד אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא-הָיָה כָמֹהוּ בְּמִצְרַיִם לְמִן-הַיּוֹם הִוָּֽסְדָה וְעַד-עָֽתָּה׃
18
Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.
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Psalms 78:47
Masoretic Phrasing
This book is chanted to the poetic accent system (used only in Job, Psalms, and Proverbs). Each group below ends at one of its pausing accents — translate a group as one unit.
יַהֲרֹ֣ג בַּבָּרָ֣ד גַּפְנָ֑ם Atnach — the verse's main pause — take a breath here וְ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ֗ם Revia Mugrash — a lesser break בַּֽחֲנָמַֽל Silluq — end of the verse
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Word Parts
יַהֲרֹ֣ג
יַהֲרֹ֣ג
Root word slew, slay, slain, kill, killed, …
Dictionary form: הָרַג · haw-RAHɡ
Vowels & Accents
Hebrew Alephbet
Grammar Vqi3ms
Verb — Qal, Imperfect (Yiqtol), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" not-yet-complete action — try "he will ___" or "he ___s" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"
יַהֲרֹג Speech Verb Stem Qal Type Imperfect (Yiqtol) Person Third Person Gender Masculine Number Singular
In English
In the KJV here: he destroyed
and slew ×18 slew ×15 slay ×6 to slay ×6 and slain ×4 and they slew ×4 they slew ×4 to kill ×3
More options
kill — Broadest, most neutral modern rendering; prefer for general use.
slay — Modernized KJV form; suits poetic or elevated literary contexts.
put to death — Emphasizes deliberate, often authorized execution.
strike down — Vivid; highlights the violent physical act of killing.
murder — Use only when unlawful, intentional killing is clearly implied.
massacre — Best for large-scale or brutal collective killing.
Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

BDB2223 H2026

BDB2222 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2224

הָרַג verb kill, slay (Late Hebrew id., ואהרג MI (1 singular Imperfect consecutive); Arabic fall into war, conflict, disorder, slaughter; Sabean הרג fight Os4, l. 17, kill SabDenkm24. 25) —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳ה Judg 9:24 + 4 t., הָרָ֑ג 2Sam 14:7 + 2 t., וְהָרַג consecutive Isa 27:1 suffix וַהֲרָגָ֑נִי consecutive 1Sam 16:2 + 2 t.; הֲרָגוֺ Gen 4:25 etc.; Imperfect יַהֲרֹג Ps 10:8 + 4 t.; יַהֲרָגֿ Job 5:2 וַיַּהֲרֹג Exod 13:15 + 14 t.; suffix יַהַרְגֵנִי Gen 4:14 1 singular אֶהֱרוֺג Amos 2:3, אֶהֱרֹג Amos 9:1 cohortative וְאַהַרְגָה Gen 27:41 suffix וָאֶהֶרְגֵהוּ 2Sam 4:10; 2Kgs 10:9 3 masculine plural יַהֲרֹ֑גוּ Ps 94:6; Ezek 23:47 וַיַּהַרְגוּ Gen 34:25 + 4 t.; suffix יַהַרְגֻנִי Gen 26:7, etc.; Imperative הֲרֹג Judg 8:20 suffix הָרְגֵנִי Num 11:15 plural הִרְגוּ Num 25:5 + 2 t.; הֲרֹ֑גוּ Num 31:17 Infinitive absolute הָרֹג Num 11:15 + 2 t.; הָרוֺג Esth 9:16 construct הֲרֹג Exod 2:15 + 11 t.; הֲרוֺג Eccl 3:8; Esth 7:4 suffix הָרְגֵנִי Exod 2:14 הָרְגֵנוּ Exod 5:21 הֲרָגְךָ 1Sam 24:11 הָרְגֶ֑ךָ Gen 27:42 + 2 t.; הָרְגוֺ Exod 21:14 Participle active הֹרֵג Gen 4:15 + 4 t.; הוֺרֵג Ezek 21:16 הֹרְגֶ֑ךָ Ezek 28:9 הֹרְגִים Jer 4:31; 2Kgs 17:25 passive הֲרוּגִים Isa 10:4 + 2 t.; הֲרֻגִים Isa 14:19 construct הֲרֻגֵי Jer 18:21 הֲרוּגָיו Isa 27:7 הֲרוּגֶיהָ Isa 26:21 הֲרֻגֶיהָ Prov 7:26 —
1. a. kill, slay, implying ruthless violence, especially private violence Gen 4:8; Gen 4:14; Gen 4:15; Gen 4:23; Gen 4:25; Gen 12:12 (all J), Gen 20:11 (E) Gen 26:7; Gen 27:41; Gen 27:42; Gen 34:25; Gen 34:26; Gen 37:20; Gen 37:26 (all J), Gen 49:6 (poem in J), Exod 2:14 (twice in verse); Exod 2:15 (E), Exod 5:21 (J) Exod 21:14; Exod 23:7 (both J E), Num 31:19 (P) Judg 9:5; Judg 9:18; Judg 9:24 (twice in verse); Judg 9:56; Judg 16:2; Judg 20:5; 1Sam 16:2; 1Sam 22:21; 1Sam 24:11; 1Sam 24:12; 1Sam 24:18; 2Sam 3:30; 2Sam 4:10; 2Sam 4:11; 2Sam 4:12; 2Sam 12:9; 2Sam 14:7; 2Sam 23:21; 1Kgs 2:5; 1Kgs 2:32; 1Kgs 18:12; 1Kgs 18:13; 1Kgs 18:14; 1Kgs 19:1; 1Kgs 19:10; 1Kgs 19:14; 2Kgs 9:31; 2Kgs 10:9; 1Chr 7:21; 1Chr 11:23; 2Chr 21:4; 2Chr 21:13; 2Chr 22:8; 2Chr 24:23; 2Chr 24:25; 2Chr 25:3; Neh 4:5; Neh 6:10 (twice in verse); Zech 11:5; Ps 10:8; Ps 94:6 (|| רִצֵּחַ); compare Judg 8:18; Judg 8:19; Judg 8:20; Judg 8:21; Judg 9:54; 1Kgs 12:27; Isa 14:20; 2Chr 22:1; Neh 9:26 so of massacre of Jews planned by Haman Esth 3:13; Esth 7:4 (both לְהַשְׁמִיד לַהֲרֹג וּלְאַבֵּד), and of slaughter of Jews' enemies in defence and revenge Esth 8:11 (same combination) Esth 9:6; Esth 9:10; Esth 9:12; Esth 9:15; Esth 9:16 compare vEsth 9:11 (passive participle the slain).
  b. hence of wholesale slaughter after battle Num 31:7; Num 31:8 (twice in verse); Num 31:17 (twice in verse) (all P), Josh 8:24; Josh 10:11 (both J E), Josh 13:22 (P), Judg 7:25 (twice in verse); Judg 8:17; Judg 9:45; 2Sam 10:18; 1Kgs 9:16; 1Kgs 11:24; 2Kgs 8:12; 1Chr 19:18; 2Chr 28:6; 2Chr 28:7; 2Chr 28:9; 2Chr 36:17; Ezek 26:8; Ezek 26:11, compare Judg 9:26 passive participle the slain Isa 10:4; Isa 14:19 compare Ezek 23:10; Ezek 23:47; Ezek 37:9; Jer 18:21 הֲרֻגֵי מָוֶת (|| מֻכֵּיחֶֿרֶב); further Hos 9:13; Hab 1:17; Jer 4:31; Ezek 21:16; Ezek 28:9 also of slaughter in a revolt 2Kgs 11:8 = 2Chr 23:17.
2. of God's slaying in judgment (stern and inscrutable), Gen 20:4 (E), Exod 4:23; Exod 13:15; Exod 22:23 (all J E), Amos 2:3; Amos 4:10; Amos 9:1; Amos 9:4; Lam 2:4; Lam 2:21; Lam 3:43; Ps 59:12; Ps 78:31; Ps 78:34; Ps 135:10; Ps 136:18 compare Num 11:15 (twice in verse) (JE), Num 22:33 (J), (passive the slain, so Isa 27:7), Jer 15:3 figurative הֲרַגְתִּים בְּאִמְרֵיפִֿ֑י Hos 6:5 (|| בַּנְּבִיאִים חָצַבְתִּי).
3. rarely of judicial killing by men (at God's command), Exod 32:27 (JE), Lev 20:15; Lev 20:16 (H), Num 25:5 (JE), Deut 13:10 (twice in verse) compare Ezek 9:6 תַּהַרְגוּ לְמַשְׁחִית.
4. of killing beasts, Num 22:29 (J; Balaam's ass), Lev 20:15 compare above, Isa 22:13 (oxen; || שָׁחֹט), הִתַּנִּין אֲשֶׁר בַּיָּ֑ם Isa 27:1 also of killing vines, by hail Ps 78:47.
5. of killing by beasts: lions 2Kgs 17:25, viper Job 20:16.
6. quite general is עֵת לַהֲרוֺג וְעֵת לִרְפּוֺא Eccl 3:3.
7. destroy, ruin לֶאֱוִיל יַהֲרָגכָּֿ֑עַשׂ וּפֹתֶה תָּמִית קִנְאָה Job 5:2 מְשׁוּבַת פְּתָיִם תַּהַרְגֵם וְשַׁלְוַת כְּ סִילִים תְּאַבְּדֵם Prov 1:32 also of those ruined by shameless woman Prov 7:26. — Regular construction is with accusative; object sometimes omitted, as Lam 2:21 used absolute Hos 9:13; Jer 4:31; Jer 15:3; Lam 3:43; Ezek 21:16; Eccl 3:3 followed by בְּ slay among, i.e. some of, 2Kgs 17:25; 2Chr 28:6; 2Chr 28:9; Ps 78:31 followed by מִן (part of), + accusative, 1Chr 19:18 followed by direct object with לְ 2Sam 3:30; Job 5:2; Ps 135:11 = Ps 136:19; Ps 136:20 (but in last 3 first object is accusative). Niph`al Imperfect
1. passive of Qal 1 a, יֵהָרֵג Lam 2:20 shall priest and prophet be slain in the sanctuary?
2. passive of Qal 1 b, 3 feminine plural תֵּהָרַגְנָה Ezek 26:6 also Ezek 26:15 בֵּהָרֵג הֶרֶג ( = בְּהֵהָרֵג), but ᵐ5 Co בַּהֲרֹג חֶרֶב. Pu`al Perfect 3 masculine singular הֹרָ֑ג Isa 27:7 be slain (passive of Qal 1 b); compare 1 plural הֹרַגְנוּ Ps 44:23 (|| נֶחְשַׁבְּנוּ כְּצאֹן טִבְחָה).

Strong's Definition H2026
slew, slay, slain, kill, killed, …
hārag
to smite with deadly intent
  • to kill, slay, murder, destroy, murderer, slayer, out of hand
    • (Qal)
      • to kill, slay
        • "to destroy, ruin
      (Niphal) to be killed"(Pual) to be killed, be slain
Variations 101 forms of this word
Translations 105 English renderings
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Word Parts
בַּ בָּרָ֣ד
בַּ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with + "the" (the article is absorbed into the prefix)
בָּרָ֣ד
Root word hail, hailstones
Dictionary form: בָּרָד · baw-RAWD
Vowels & Accents
בַּ
Hidden "the" בַּ = the preposition + the article הַ squeezed together: the "a" vowel under the prefix is the swallowed "the". Translate "in the ___".
Hebrew Alephbet
Grammar Rd/Ncmsa
Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state
בַּ Speech Preposition Type Definite Article
בָּרָד Speech Noun Type Common Gender Masculine Number Singular State Absolute
In English
In the KJV here: with hail
hail ×8 and hail ×4 and the hail ×4 the hail ×4 also to the hail ×1 and with hail ×1 of hail ×1 of the hail ×1
More options
hail — Standard modern rendering; works in almost all contexts.
hailstone — Prefer when individual chunks of ice are in view.
hailstorm — Emphasizes the storm event rather than the ice itself.
ice storm — Vivid contemporary phrasing for modern general audiences.
pelting ice — Captures violent, active quality of severe hail.
Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

BDB1307 H1259

BDB1306 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB1308

בָּרָד noun masculineExod 9:18 hail (Arabic , Aramaic בְּרַד, ; also Sabean ברדם, cold DHMZMG 1875, 607) — בָּרָד Exod 9:18 + 28 t.; — hail, with ׳המטיר י Exod 9:18; Exod 9:23, with ׳נתן י Exod 9:23 also Exod 9:19; Exod 9:22; Exod 9:24; Exod 9:25 (twice in verse); Exod 9:26; Exod 10:5; Exod 10:12; Exod 10:15 || קֹלֹת thunder Exod 9:23; Exod 9:28; Exod 9:29; Exod 9:33, || קֹלֹת & מָטָר Exod 9:34, || אשׁ lightning Exod 9:24 all J E, Egyptian plague; compare Ps 78:47; Ps 78:48; Ps 105:32 another great hailstorm Josh 10:11 (E), where ׳אַבְנֵי הַבּ; further, in theophany Ps 18:13 (|| גחליאֿשׁ) 2Sam 22:13 omits by error; strike out however in Ps 18:14 compare De Che etc.; ׳אוצרות ב Job 38:22, שׁלג וקיטור ׳אשׁ וב Ps 148:8, ׳ירקון וב Hag 2:17 in simile Isa 28:2 שׁער ׳זרם ב; figurative Isa 28:17; Isa 30:30 (׳אבן ב) — figurative of judgment of ׳י.

Strong's Definition H1259
hail, hailstones
bārād
hail
  • hail
    • of God's judgment (figuratively)
Variations 10 forms of this word
Translations 12 English renderings
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Word Parts
גַּפְנָ ֑ם
גַּפְנָ
Root word vine, vines, tree
֑ם
Suffix — pronoun their / them
Dictionary form: גֶּפֶן · ɡeh-PEN
Vowels & Accents
Hebrew Alephbet
Grammar Ncbsc/Sp3mp
Noun — Common, both singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word
גַּפְנָ Speech Noun Type Common Gender Both Number Singular State Construct
ם Speech Suffix Type Pronominal Person Third Person Gender Masculine Number Plural
In English
In the KJV here: their vines
the vine ×9 vine ×8 a vine ×3 and the vine ×3 as the vine ×2 his vine ×2 of the vine ×2 their vines ×2
More options
vine — Most natural modern equivalent; fits nearly all contexts.
grapevine — More specific; clarifies the plant when context is ambiguous.
grape plant — Plain descriptive term for non-specialist or children's texts.
vineyard plant — Use when agricultural or vineyard setting is emphasized.
climbing vine — Highlights the plant's growth habit in poetic or figurative passages.
Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

BDB1723 H1612

BDB1722 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB1724

גֶּ֫פֶן noun feminineJudg 9:13 + (masculine only Hos 10:1, perhaps influence of יִשְׂרָאֵל 2Kgs 4:39) vine (Late Hebrew id., Arabic (Yemen), Assyrian gapnu, compare ZehnpfBAS i. 633; Aramaic גּוֺפַן, גֶּפֶן, , plural ) — ׳ג Gen 40:9 + 38 t. (also construct, as Num 6:4; Deut 32:32; Isa 16:8; Isa 16:9), גָּ֑פֶן Judg 9:12 + 2 t.; suffix גַּפְנִי Joel 1:7, גַּפְנְךָ Jer 5:17, גַּפְנוֺ 1Kgs 5:5 = 3 t., גַּפְנָהּ Hos 2:14, גַּפְנָם Deut 32:32 + 2 t.; plural גְּפָנִים Song 2:13; Hab 3:17 — vine (always grape-bearing except 2Kgs 4:39) Gen 40:9; Gen 40:10 (in dream) Gen 49:11; Num 20:5; Deut 8:8; Judg 9:12; Judg 9:13 (in allegory) 1Kgs 5:5; 2Kgs 18:31 = Isa 36:16; Ps 78:47; Ps 105:33; Song 2:13; Song 6:11; Song 7:13; Isa 7:23; Isa 24:7; Isa 32:12; Jer 5:17; Jer 8:13; Hos 2:14; Joel 1:7; Joel 1:12; Joel 2:22; Mic 4:4; Hab 3:17; Hag 2:19; Zech 2:10; Zech 8:12; גֶּפֶן שָׂדֶה a vine bearing poisonous gourds 2Kgs 4:39 גֶּפֶן הַיַּיִן Num 6:4 (compare Gen 40:10; Judg 9:13) Judg 13:14 אֶשְׁכְּלוֺת הַגֶּפֶן Song 8:9 עֵץ הַגֶּפֶן Ezek 15:2; Ezek 15:6 in simile of stars fading away at Yahweh's judgment Isa 34:4 in simile of wicked losing early promise Job 15:33 in simile of wife Ps 128:3 figurative of Israel Ps 80:9; Ps 80:15; Ezek 17:6 (twice in verse); Ezek 17:7; Ezek 17:8; Hos 10:1 compare Ezek 19:10; Jer 2:21; Jer 6:9 also Hos 14:8 figurative of Israel as easily destroyed Ezek 15:2; Ezek 15:6 figurative of godless enemies of Israel Deut 32:32 compare Di; גֶּפֶן שִׂבְמָה figurative for prosperity of Moab Isa 16:8; Isa 16:9; Jer 48:32. — On the vine in Syria compare AnderlindZPV 1888, 160 ff.

Strong's Definition H1612
vine, vines, tree
gepen
a vine (as twining), especially the grape
  • vine, vine tree
    • of Israel (figuratively)
      • "of stars fading at Jehovah's judgment (metaphorically)"of prosperity
Variations 23 forms of this word
Translations 31 English renderings
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Word Parts
וְ ֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ ֗ם
וְ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
֝שִׁקְמוֹתָ
Root word trees, fruit, sycomores
֗ם
Suffix — pronoun their / them
Dictionary form: שִׁקְמָה · shik-MAW
Vowels & Accents
Hebrew Alephbet
Grammar C/Ncfpc/Sp3mp
Noun — Common, feminine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word
וְ Speech Conjunction
שִׁקְמוֹתָ Speech Noun Type Common Gender Feminine Number Plural State Construct
ם Speech Suffix Type Pronominal Person Third Person Gender Masculine Number Plural
In English
In the KJV here: and their sycomore trees
he as the sycomore trees ×2 and the sycomore trees ×1 and their sycomore trees ×1 he to be as the sycomore trees ×1 of sycomore fruit ×1 the sycomores ×1
More options
sycamore-fig tree — Most precise modern botanical name for this species.
sycamore fig — Shorter form; useful when 'tree' is implied by context.
sycamore — Common shorthand; familiar to general readers.
fig-mulberry tree — Highlights botanical links to both fig and mulberry.
Ficus sycomorus — Scientific name; best for study notes or technical contexts.
Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

BDB9013 H8256

BDB9012 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB9014

[שִׁקְמָה] noun feminine sycomore tree (Late Hebrew id., Aramaic שִׁיקְמָא ,, LöwNo.332; hence Greek συκάηινος mulberry Lewy Fremdw.23); — plural absolute שִׁקְמִים Amos 7:14 +; suffix שִׁקְמוֺתָם Ps 78:47 — sycomore, ficus sycomorus Linn (TristrNHB397ff. PostFlora of Syria 730; Hast. DB under the word) a common tree Isa 9:9, growing in the Shephela 1Kgs 10:27=2Chr 1:15=2Chr 9:27,1Chr 27:28 as property Ps 78:47 (|| גֶּפֶן); בּוֺלֵס שִׁקְמִים Amos 7:14 a tender of sycomores (see [בַָלס]).

Strong's Definition H8256
trees, fruit, sycomores
šiqmâ
a sycamore (usually the tree)
  • sycamore tree (bearing figs)
Variations 5 forms of this word
Translations 6 English renderings
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Word Parts
בַּֽ חֲנָמַֽל
בַּֽ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
חֲנָמַֽל
Root word frost
Dictionary form: חֲנָמָל · huh-naw-MAWL
Vowels & Accents
Hebrew Alephbet
Grammar R/Ncmsa
Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state
בַּֽ Speech Preposition
חֲנָמַֽל Speech Noun Type Common Gender Masculine Number Singular State Absolute
In English
In the KJV here: with frost
with frost ×1
More options
frost — Standard modern rendering; most broadly useful.
ice crystals — Scientific nuance; suits poetic or descriptive contexts.
hoarfrost — Specifically the white, feathery frozen dew on surfaces.
rime — Poetic/literary term for frost deposited from freezing fog.
Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

BDB2936 H2602

BDB2935 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2937

[חֲנָמֵל] noun [masculine] only בַּחֲנָמַ֑ל Ps 78:47 (on form see DrSm p. 98) as instrument of destroying sycomores (|| בָּרָד); meaning conjectural; ᵐ5 ᵑ9 frost.

Strong's Definition H2602
frost
ḥănāmāl
perhaps the aphis or plantlouse
  • frost, flood, sleet (meaning uncertain)
    • that which destroyed the sycamore trees
Variations 1 forms of this word
Translations 1 English renderings
Psalms 78:46
Read Psalms 78
Psalms 78:48