BDB2100 H3068 H3069 H1961 H430 H589 H2022 H6635
BDB2099 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2101
יהוהc. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (1. ᵑ0 יְהוָֺהC518 (
Qr אֲדֹנָי), or
יֱהוִֺה305 (
Qr אֱלֹהִים), in the combinations
אדני יהוה &
יהוה אדני (see
אֲדֹנֶי), and with preposition
בַּיהוָֺה,
לַיהוָֺה,
מֵיהוָֺה (
Qr בַּאדֹנָי,
לַאדֹנָי,
מֵאדֹנָי), do not give the original form.
ᵐ5 and other
Vrss follow the
Qr. On the basis of
Exod 20:7;
Lev 24:11 יהוה was regarded as a
nomen ineffabile (see Philo
de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529), called by the Jews
הַשֵּׁם and by the Samaritans
שׁימא. The pronunciation
Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare
Bö§ 88). The traditional
Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the
יָֿהוּ,
יְהוֺֿ of compound proper name and the contracted form
יָהּ all favour
יַהְוֶךְ (compare
יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Ps 74:6 תַּהֲרוּ Isa 33:11), see
LagSym i.14 BaudStudien i.179 ff.;
DrStud.Bib.i.1 ff. For
Jeve see
StaZAW 1881, 346 Deib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii. 2. on literature of interpretations see
NesEg.67 Drl.c. — Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph`il of
היה (=
היה)
the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare
חַוָּה Gen 3:20) Schr
HSch;
giver of existence, creator,
Kue Tiele;
he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),
performer of his promises,
Lag,
NesEg.88 (but
NesEg.91 inclines to Qal as RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev see below); or from
היה he who causes to fall, rain or lightning
RSOTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245, compare
WeSkizzen iii.175; '
Fäller,' destroying foes,
StaG.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of
הוה (=
היה);
the one who is: i.e.
the absolute and unchangeable one,
Ri; the
existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable,
Di; or
the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption,
De Oehl; compare also
RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876,
he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare
Ewinfr),
he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Drl.c.17)).
I. יהוה is not used by E in Genesis, but is given Exod 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : אֶהְיֶה עִמָּ֑ךְ I shall be with thee (Exod 3:12), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I shall be the one who will be it vExod 3:14a (i.e: with thee vExod 3:12) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה vExod 3:14b (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה He who will be it vExod 3:15 (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12). compare EwBTh ii. 337, 338 RSl.c., Proph. 385 ff. Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc LagPsalt.Hieron.156); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר = כִּי; AE JDMich WeJD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה sparingly by the side of אלהים and האלהים in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses Exod 6:3 but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that אֵל שַׁדַּי was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, Gen 21:83 by אל עולם, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De Gen 21:33. Elsewhere יהוה is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים and אדני. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and Job 12:9 (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים and האלהים. Daniel uses יהוה only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI18. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT Gen 2:4b DlPa 158 ff. DrStud. Bib. i. 7 ff.
3. יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh
יהוה יראה Gen 22:14 (
J);
יהוה נסי Exod 17:15 (
E)
יהוה שׁלים Judg 6:24 יהוה צדקנו Jer 33:16 (compare
Jer 23:6 where it is applied to the Messiah);
יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה Ezek 48:35. — On combinations such as
׳הַר י,
צְבָאוֺת ׳י etc., see
הַר,
צָבָא, etc.
BDB6904 H6635
BDB6903 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB6905
צָבָא :485 noun masculine2Chr 28:9 (possibly feminine Isa 10:2; Isa 40:2; Dan 8:12, but see AlbrZAW xv (1895), 319; BevDn) army, war, warfare; — absolute ׳צ Num 1:3 + (מִצָּבָה Zech 9:8); construct צְבָא Num 10:15 +; suffix צְבָאִי Job 14:14 צְבָאֲךָ Judg 8:9; Judg 9:29 צְבָיָו Ps 103:21; Ps 148:2 (Kt צבאו; so read probably in both), etc.; plural צְבָאוֺת Num 20:9 + 278 t.; construct צִבְאוֺת Exod 12:41 + 2 t.; suffix צִבְאֹתַי Exod 7:4 צִבְאֹתָם Exod 6:26 +, etc.; — 1. army, host: a. organized for war
Judg 8:6;
Judg 9:29 (
J)
Isa 34:2;
Jer 51:3;
2Chr 28:9 צְבָאוֺ his host Num 2:4;
Num 2:6 + 10 t. 2 (
P),
לְצִבְאֹתָם Num 1:3;
Num 1:52;
Num 2:3;
Num 2:9 + 11 t.
Num 2:10;
Num 33:1 (
P);
׳אַלְפֵי הצ Num 31:48 (
P);
ישׂראל ׳צ 2Chr 25:7 ׳חֵיל (ה)צ 1Chr 20:1;
2Chr 26:13 ׳גְּדוּדֵי צ 1Chr 7:4 כלהֿצבא 2Sam 3:23;
2Sam 10:7;
1Chr 19:8;
2Chr 26:14 ׳(ה)צ שַׂר captain of (the)
host Gen 21:22;
Gen 21:32 (
E)
Gen 26:26 (
J)
Judg 4:2;
Judg 4:7;
1Sam 12:9 + 21 t.;
(ה)צבא שָׂרֵי 1Kgs 1:25 (but read
שַׂר),
1Chr 25:1;
1Chr 26:26;
2Chr 33:11 ׳שָׂרִים בצ 1Chr 12:22 (ה)צבאות שָׂרֵי Deut 20:9;
1Kgs 2:5;
1Chr 27:3 ׳רָאשֵׁי הצ 1Chr 12:14 מַלְכֵי צבאות Ps 68:13 ׳(ה)צ עַל over the host (as captain)
Num 10:14;
Num 10:15 + 10 t.
Num 10 (
P),
2Sam 8:16 =
1Chr 18:15;
2Sam 17:25;
1Kgs 2:35;
1Kgs 4:4 אלֿ ׳כל הצ 2Sam 20:23 (
אל for
על);
עַלצִֿבְאֹתָם Exod 6:26;
Exod 12:51 (
P);
הוציא צבאות lead out armies Exod 7:4;
Exod 12:17 (
P);
׳יצא צ army goes forth (to war)
Exod 12:41;
1Chr 7:11 לֹא תֵצֵא בְּצִבְאוֺתֵינוּ Ps 44:10, of
׳י going
with our armies =
Ps 60:12 =
Ps 108:12 figurative of great number,
צבא רב Ps 68:12. — On
חֲלִיפוֺת וְצָבָא Job 10:17 see
Di;
Bu proposes
תַּחֲלֵף צְבָאֲ(ךָׅ i.e.
thou dost renew (
thine)
army against me.
b. host (organized body) of angels (compare
Luke 2:13),
צבא השׁמים (
כל)
all the host of heaven 1Kgs 22:19 =
2Chr 18:18;
Neh 9:6 כל צבאיו Ps 103:21;
Ps 148:2 צבא הַמָּרוֺם Isa 24:21 host of the high (angle-princes; || earthly monarchs);
צבא השׁמים Dan 8:10,
הצבא v
Dan 8:10 (al. v
b figurative of Israel);
׳י ׳שׂר צ captain of the host of ׳י Josh 5:14;
Josh 5:15 (theophanic angel);
שׂר הצבא Dan 8:11 (angel-prince of Israel, others, God).
c. of sun, moon and stars,
כלצבא השׁמים Deut 4:19;
Deut 17:3;
2Kgs 17:16;
2Kgs 21:3;
2Kgs 21:5 =
2Chr 33:3;
2Chr 33:5;
2Kgs 23:4;
2Kgs 23:5;
Jer 8:2;
Jer 19:13 (all as objects of worship),
Isa 34:4 השׁמים ׳צ Jer 33:22;
Zeph 1:5 כל צבאם Neh 9:6;
Ps 33:6;
Isa 34:4;
Isa 45:12 צבאם Isa 40:26. —
Jer 3:19 see I.
צְבִי.
d. of the entire creation,
כל צבאם Gen 2:1.
4. צְבָאוֺת, in name of
׳י as God of war, probably first in time of warlike David (some connect with sacred ark, but ark older), explained
יהוה צבאות אֱלֹחֵי מערכות ישׂראל 1Sam 17:45 ׳י Sebaoth God of the battle array of Israel (the thought of angels and stars as army of God is later);
a. earliest form with article:
אֱלֹהֵי הַצְּבָאוֺת ׳י Amos 3:13;
Amos 6:14;
Amos 9:5 (
אֱלֹהֵי omitted by error, compare
We),
Hos 12:6.
b. without article, definite by usage,
אֱלֹהֵי צְבָאוֺת ׳י 2Sam 5:10;
Amos 5:14;
Amos 5:15;
Amos 5:16;
Amos 6:8;
1Kgs 19:10;
1Kgs 19:14;
Jer 5:14;
Jer 15:16;
Ps 89:9 אֱלֹהֵי צְבָאֹת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ׳י Jer 35:17;
Jer 38:17;
Jer 44:7;
Jer 1:27 =
1Chr 17:24;
Isa 21:10;
Isa 37:16 1st
אֱלֹהֵי omitted
Jer 7:3;
Jer 7:21 + 30 t. Jeremiah;
Zeph 2:9 אלהי ישׂראל ׳אלהים צ ׳י Ps 59:6 (
אלהים variant of
׳י);
שְׁמוֺ ׳צ ׳א ׳י,
׳י God of hosts his name Amos 4:13;
Amos 5:27, later reduced to
׳צ ׳י שְׁמוֺ Isa 47:4;
Isa 48:2;
Isa 51:15;
Isa 54:5;
Jer 10:16;
Jer 31:35 + 6 t. Jeremiah
c. as proper name
Sebaoth: צבאות ׳י,
׳י Sebaoth (
Lord of hosts,
Vrss, owing to
Qr אֲדֹנָי, but this never construct
אֲדֹנֵי; al.
׳י of hosts, but < names in apposition, since
׳י is proper name;
׳צ for earlier
׳אלהי צ; compare
Σαβαωθ Jas 5:4;
Rom 9:29):
1Sam 1:3;
1Sam 1:11;
1Sam 4:4;
1Sam 15:2;
1Sam 17:45;
2Sam 6:2;
2Sam 6:18;
2Sam 7:8;
2Sam 7:26;
1Kgs 18:15;
2Kgs 3:14;
2Kgs 19:31;
1Chr 11:9;
1Chr 17:7;
Ps 24:10 + 6 t. Psalms;
Mic 4:4;
Nah 2:14;
Nah 3:5;
Nah 2:12;
Nah 5:7;
Nah 5:9;
Nah 5:16;
Nah 5:24 + 35 t. Isa 6-39;
Isa2, only
Isa 44:6;
Isa 45:13;
Jer 6:6;
Jer 6:9;
Jer 8:3;
Jer 9:6;
Jer 9:16 + 26 t. Jeremiah;
Hag 1:2;
Hag 1:5 + 12 t. Haggai;
Zech 1:3 (3 t. in verse);
Zech 1:4 + 40 t. Zech 1-8;
Zech 9:15 + 8 t. Zechariah 10-14;
Mal 1:4;
Mal 1:6;
Mal 1:8 + 21 t. Malachi;
׳צ ׳האדון י Isa 1:24 + 4 t. Isaiah (including
Isa 10:16 Baer Gi >
van d. H. אֲדֹנָי for
׳י);
׳צ ׳אֲדֹנָי י Isa 3:15 + (on these phrase see
אָדוֺן 1, 6);
׳אלהים צ (
׳א later
Qr for original
׳י)
Ps 80:8;
Ps 80:15 ׳אלהים צ ׳י (earlier
׳י + later [inserted]
׳א)
Ps 80:5;
Ps 80:20;
Ps 84:9. — compare
DrHastings DB (1900), LORD OF HOSTS and references, Löhr
Amos (Beiheftezur ZAW iv (1900), 38-67).
צְבָאוֺת, צִבְאוֺת, צְבָאִים see further I, II. צְבִי.
צְבֹאִים see צְבֹיִים.