Hebrew Alphabet (אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי)
22 consonant letters
v as in "very"
b as in "boy"
silent
h as in "hello"
d as in "door"
g as in "go"
ch as in "Bach"
z as in "zoo"
v as in "vine"
Kaf Sofit / כַּף סוֹפִית
k as in "king"
y as in "yes"
t as in "tall"
Mem sofit / מֵם סוֹפִית
m as in "moon"
l as in "light"
Khaf Sofit / כַף סוֹפִית
kh as in "Bach"
silent/guttural
s as in "sun"
Nun Sofit / נוּן סוֹפִית
n as in "no"
Tsadi sofit / צַדִי סוֹפִית
ts as in "cats"
Fe Sofit / פֵּא סוֹפִית
f as in "food"
Pe Sofit / פֵּא סוֹפִית
p as in "pen"
sh as in "ship"
r (guttural)
k (guttural)
t as in "time"
s as in "sun"
Vowel Points (נִקּוּד / Nikkud)
Vowel markings for Hebrew pronunciation
Vowel Sounds: Ah, Aye, Ee, Eh, Oh, Oo
(long)
(short)
(very short)
(short)
(short)
(with vav)
(short)
(with vav)
Cantillation Marks (טְעָמִים / Te'amim)
Ancient musical notation system for Biblical Hebrew chanting
Caesars/Emperors (קיסרים)
The highest-ranking accents that divide every verse into two main parts. Silluq marks the end of the verse, while Atnah divides it in the middle.
סִלּוּק / סוֹף פָּסוּק
אֶתְנַחְתָּא
Kings (מלכים)
זָקֵף קָטָן
זָקֵף גָּדוֹל
סְגוֹלְתָּא
שַׁלְשֶׁלֶת
Princes (שרים)
Mid-level disjunctive accents that further divide verse segments, providing secondary logical breaks and melodic phrases.
רְבִיעַ
צַרְקָא
פַּשְׁטָא
יְתִיב
תְּבִיר
טִפְחָא
Shelishim (שלישים)
Lesser disjunctive accents that create smaller subdivisions and add nuance to the verse's logical structure.
פָּזֵר
קַרְנֵי פָרָה
תְּלִישָא גְדוֹלָה
גֵּרֵשׁ
גֵּרְשַׁיִם
Conjunctions/Servants (משרתים)
Conjunctive accents that connect words together, showing which words function as a unified phrase. These are the most frequently occurring accents in Biblical text.
מוּנַח
מַהְפַּךְ
מֵרְכָא
מֵרְכָא כְפוּלָה
דַּרְגָּא
אַזְלָא / קַדְמָא
תְּלִישָא קְטַנָּה
גַּלְגַּל / יֵרַח בֶּן יוֹמוֹ
Additional Marks
Other marks used in Biblical texts including rare poetic accents, punctuation, and notation marks.
פָּסֵק
עוֹלֶה
אִלּוּי
דְּחִי
צִנּוֹר
מָסֹרָה
מֶתֶג
רָפֶה