Deuteronomy 27:25

אָרוּר֙

Root word cursed, curse, curseth, bitterly, cursest

Dictionary form: אָרַר · aw-RAHR

Verb — Qal, Participle Passive, masculine singular, absolute state simple action — "he did" a settled state — try "___ed"

In the KJV here: cursed

cursed ×30 curse ×6 that causeth the curse ×6 and cursed ×3 are cursed ×2 and curse him ×1 art cursed ×1 but cursed ×1

More options

curse — Most versatile; fits narrative, legal, and poetic contexts.

invoke a curse on — Emphasizes the ritual or speech-act dimension.

place under a curse — Highlights the resulting state; good for legal passages.

condemn — Broader register; useful when curse feels too supernatural.

doom — Conveys finality and divine judgment; vivid in prophetic texts.

execrate — Formal/literary; fits solemn covenantal or liturgical contexts.

BDB782 H779

[אָרַר] verb curse (Assyrian arâru Zim^{BP 68}; on relation of meanings bind & curse in Assyrian see Dl^{Pr 101}) —

Qal Perfect וְאָרוֺתִ֫י, אָרוֺתִיהָ Mal 2:2 Imperfect 2 masculine singular תָּאֹר Exod 22:27; Num 22:6; Num 22:12 אָאֹר Gen 12:3 Imperative אָ֫רָהֿ Num 22:6; Num 23:7 אוֺרוּ, אֹרוּ & Infinitive absolute אָרוֺר all Judg 5:23 Participle אֹרֲרֵי Job 3:8 אֹרֲרֶיךָ Gen 27:29; Num 24:9 אָרוּר Gen 3:14 + 36 t. etc.; — curse || בֵּרֵךְ bless, chiefly in poetic & legal sources of J E D & later imitations: Gen 12:3; Gen 27:29 (J) Num 22:6; Num 22:12; Num 23:7; Num 24:9 (E) Exod 22:27 (E) Mal 2:2 אֹרוּ אָרוֺר ישְׁבֶיהָ = curse for ever her inhabitants Judg 5:23 אֹרֲרֵי יוֺם cursers of the day (magicians whose imprecations made days unlucky) Job 3:8. Passive participle אָרוּר, chiefly as exclamation, || בָּרוּךְ Gen 3:14; Gen 3:17; Gen 4:11; Gen 9:25; Gen 27:29; Gen 49:7; Num 22:12; Num 24:9 (E, poetry) Deut 27:15-26; Judg 21:18; Judg 1:24; Judg 14:28; Judg 26:29; Jer 11:3; Jer 17:5; Jer 20:14; Jer 20:15; Jer 48:10 (twice in verse); Mal 1:14 אֲרוּרִים הַשֹּׁגִים מִמִּצְוֺתֶיךָ cursed be those who wander from thy commands Ps 119:21 (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Jerome De Ri), הָאֲרוּרָה הַזּאֹת this cursed woman 2Kgs 9:34. Niph`al Participle נֵאָרִים cursed Mal 3:9. Pi`el 3 masculine singular suffix אֵרֲרָהּ curse, lay under a curse Gen 5:29 (J); Participle הַמַּיִם הַמְאָרֲרִים the curse-bringing waters Num 5:18-27 (P 6 t. waters destroying the perjured adulteress drinking them). Hoph`al Imperfect יוּאָ֑ר be cursed Num 22:6 (E).

cursed, curse, curseth, bitterly, cursest

ʾārar

to execrate

to curse

(Qal)

to curse

לֹקֵ֣חַ

Root word took, take, taken, away, receive, …

Dictionary form: לָקַח · law-KA

Verb — Qal, Participle Active, masculine singular, absolute state simple action — "he did" ongoing action — try "___ing" or "one who ___s"

In the KJV here: be he that taketh

took ×130 take ×108 and took ×72 and take ×34 and he took ×32 shall take ×25 and they took ×21 and thou shalt take ×19

More options

take — Most versatile; fits nearly any context.

receive — Prefer when subject is a passive recipient.

fetch — Use when retrieval or going-to-get is implied.

seize — Forceful or sudden acquisition; strong register.

acquire — Suits commercial or legal contexts (buying, marriage).

bring — When focus is on conveying something to a destination.

BDB4450 H3947

לָקַח verb take (Late Hebrew id., especially buy, and (Niph`al) be taken in marriage; MI^{17; 20} Imperfect ואקח; Phoenician לקח; Assyrian li‡û, la‡û Dl^{HWB 384}; Arabic conceive (of female), IV. impregnate; Ethiopic receive; Zinjirli לקח DHM^{Sendsch. 59}; Aramaic also Inscription of Carpentras³ (Imperative קחי); compare Cook^Gloss Aramaic Inscr); —

Qal Perfect ׳ל Gen 2:22 +, לָקָח֑ Gen 27:36 + (קָח Ezek 17:5 is textual error; omitted by ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Co, compare Ges^{«GKC:19»§ 19}, 3. a); suffix לְקָחַנִי Gen 24:7, לְקָחָם Jer 27:20 (for קָחָם Hos 11:3 read probably אֶקָּחֵם ᵐ5 ᵑ7 Ew St Sta^{§ 384, 4} Now Che Or We); 2 masculine singular לָקַחְתָּ Gen 20:3 +, etc.; Imperfect יִקַּח Exod 21:10 +, וַיִּקַּח (Num 16:1 read וַיָּקָם Bö We Di Dr^{2Sam 18:18}; 1Sam 30:20 read וַיִּקְחוּ We Dr Kit Bu); suffix יִקָּחֵנִי 2Sam 22:27 +; יִקָּחֲךָ Job 15:12 3 feminine singular תִּקַּח Gen 38:23 +; 1 singular אֶקַּח Gen 14:23 +, וָאֶקְחָה Zech 11:13 1 plural נִקַּח Gen 34:6 +, נִקְחָה 1Sam 4:3 +; וַנִּקַּח Deut 3:8; Deut 29:7 Imperative לְקַח Exod 29:1; Prov 20:16 + Ezek 37:16 (Co וְלָקַחְתָּ֫, after ᵐ5); feminine singular לִקְחִי 1Kgs 17:11 usually קַח Gen 6:21 +, קְחָה Gen 15:9, suffix 3 masculine singular, קָחֶנּוּ 1Sam 16:11 + 2 t.; suffix 3 feminine singular קָחֶנָּה Jer 36:14 suffix 3 masculine plural קָחֶםנָֿא Gen 48:9 (compare Kö^{i. 330} Ges^{«GKC:61»§ 61}, 2); feminine singular קְחִי Isa 23:16 +3 t.; masculine plural קְחוּ Gen 42:33 +, suffix 3 masculine singular קָחֻהוּ 1Kgs 20:33 Infinitive absolute לָקוֺחַ Jer 32:14 + 2 t., לָקֹחַ Deut 31:26 construct קַחַת Jer 5:3 +; קְחַתֿ 2Kgs 12:9 (Kö^{i. 318}); usually with preposition לָקַ֫חַת Gen 4:11 +, מִקַּ֫חַת 1Kgs 22:3 +, etc.; suffix קַחְתִּי Ezek 24:25, קַחְתֵּךְ Gen 30:15 +, etc.; Participle active לֹקֵחַ Gen 27:46 +, etc.; passive plural לְקֻחִים Prov 24:11 —

1. take, take in the hand, followed by accusative of thing, Exod 7:15 (J), Exod 17:5 (E), Num 25:7 (P), 2Kgs 4:29 (all with בְּיַד) 2Sam 18:14 (with בְּכַף), compare Gen 8:9 (J), Exod 4:17; Exod 12:22 (JE), Deut 15:17 + often; Gen 40:11 (E; of plucking grapes. 2Sam 4:6 read סֹקְלָהfor לֹקְחֵי, see חִטָּה, p. 334 above, and סקל). This easily passes into

2. take and carry along with oneself, כֶּסֶף קְחוּ בְיֶדְכֶם Gen 43:12 (J), Josh 9:11 (JE), 1Kgs 14:3; 2Kgs 5:5; 2Kgs 8:8; 2Kgs 8:9; 2Kgs 9:1 all Prov 7:20 (all with בְּיַד); Gen 43:15; Josh 9:4 (both J E), +.

3. a. take from, or out of, followed by active of thing or person, + מִן local: Gen 2:22 (rib from man), Gen 3:22 (man from ground; both J); Deut 19:12; 1Sam 17:49; 1Kgs 17:19 +; וַיִּקַּ ח אֶתהַֿחֶרֶב מֵעַל יֶרֶךְ יִמִינוֺ Judg 3:21 (i.e. drew it); with ב instrumental בְּמֶלְקָחַיִם מֵעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ ׳ל Isa 6:6 followed by מִן partitive 2Sam 12:4.
b. take, carry away: Ezek 3:14 sprit lifited me up and carried me away; figurativeof passion carrying one away Job 15:12.
c. take away from, so as to deprive of, followed by accusative Gen 42:36 (E); followed by accusative+ מִן, Gen 44:29 (מֵעִם; J), 1Kgs 11:34; Ps 51:13 לֹקֵחַ אֶתֿ ׳י אֲדֹנֶיךָ מֵעַל ראֹשֶׁ֑ךָ 2Kgs 2:3 ׳י is about to take away thy lord from over thy head, so v2Kgs 2:5 compare absolute אֵינֶנּוּ אֹתוֺ אלהים ׳כִּילֿ Gen 5:24 (P); more often without מִן, Gen 27:36 (twice in verse); Gen 30:15 (twice in verse); Gen 31:1 (all J), Judg 11:13; Judg 11:15; Judg 15:6; Judg 18:24; 1Sam 12:3 (twice in verse); 2Sam 12:4; 1Kgs 11:34; Job 12:20 absolute Job 1:21 אֶתֶּןלְֿךָ מֶלֶךְ בְּאַפִּי וְאֶקַּח בְּעֶבְרָתִי Hos 13:11 of the sword, taking away its victims Ezek 33:4; Ezek 33:6 figurative of taking away understanding Hos 4:11.
d. especially take away life 1Kgs 19:10; 1Kgs 19:14; Ps 31:14; Prov 1:19; Jonah 4:3.

4. take to or for a person:
a. for oneself, followed by accusative + לְ, = appropriate to oneself Deut 7:25; Num 8:16 (P), Deut 22:7; 2Kgs 12:6 with לְ as dativus commodi [dative of benefit], Zech 11:7 אֶתשְֿׁנֵי יְלָדַי לוֺ לַעֲבָדִים ׳ל 2Kgs 4:1 to take my two sons for himself for slaves; so (without לְ reflexive), תִּקָּחֶנּוּ לְעֶבֶד עוֺלָם Job 40:28 wilt thou take him as slave for ever?
b. = procure, get, followed by accusative + לְ, קְחוּ לָכֶם תֶּבֶןExod 5:11 (J) get you straw; לֹקֵחַ לוֺ קָלוֺן Prov 9:7 getteth to himself shame; so often, especially קַח לְךָ, etc., Gen 6:21; Gen 12:19; Gen 16:21; Gen 45:19 +; without לְ, Neh 5:2 let us procure corn, and eat and live; of acquiring a field Prov 31:16.
c. take possession of, followed by accusative, of land Deut 29:7; Josh 11:16; Josh 11:23 (all D), 2Chr 16:5 compare פְּקֻדָּתוֺ יִקַּח אַחֵר Ps 109:8 his office let another take; figurative הַלַּיְלָה הַהוּא יִקָּחֵהוּ אֹפֶל Job 3:6 that night — let darkness take possession of it!
d. = select, choose, ׳י ׳וְאֶתְכֶם לDeut 4:20, compare vDeut 4:34 ( + לוֺ), 1Kgs 11:37 of men Deut 1:15; Josh 3:12 (J E; + לָכֶם); + מִן Deut 1:23; Josh 4:2 (JE).
e. especially take in marriage: (I) for another, especially a son, with לְ, וְלָקַחְתָּ֫ אִשָּׁה לִבְנִי, Gen 24:4 and thou shalt take a wifefor my son, so vGen 24:7 vGen 24:38 vGen 24:40 vGen 24:48 (all J), Gen 21:21 (E), Jer 29:6b; (2) more often for oneself, usually with לְ reflexive (sometimes + לְאִשָּׁה), Gen 4:19; Gen 6:2; Gen 11:29; Gen 12:19 (all J), + often; without לְ Gen 20:2; Gen 20:3 (E), etc. feminine = receive, accept, especially a bribe, gift, ransom, etc., 1Sam 8:3; 1Sam 12:4 (both followed by מִן), Amos 5:12; 2Kgs 5:15; 2Kgs 5:16; 2Kgs 5:20; 2Kgs 5:23; 2Kgs 5:26 (twice in verse); Ps 15:5 interest-money Ezek 18:13; Ezek 18:17; Ezek 22:12 inheritance Josh 13:8; Josh 18:7(both D), Num 34:14 (twice in verse); Num 34:15 (P); of earth, receiving Abel's blood Gen 4:11(J); chastisement Isa 40:2 of perceiving a sound, Job 4:11 mine ear received a whisper of it; receive mentally: וְלָקַח בְּעָלָיו Exod 22:10 (E) i.e. shall accept the oath as satisfactory; בָּרֵךְ לָקַחְתִּי Num 23:20 (JE), i.e. I have received (commandment by revelation) to bless; receive instruction Prov 24:32; Jer 2:30 +; entanglements of temptation Prov 22:25.
g. take, as preliminary to further action: Gen 31:34(E), she took them and put them; Judg 3:25 take key and open; Josh 2:4 she took the two men and hid them; 1Kgs 18:4 Obadiah took 100 prophets and hid them; 1Kgs 19:21 Elisha took the yoke of oxen and slew them, compare 2Sam 17:19; 2Sam 18:18 sometimes wholly redundant, קְחוּ וַעֲשׂוּ עֲגָלָה חֲדָשָׁה 1Sam 6:7 take and prepare a new cart, etc.; somewhat different is הַלֹּקְחִים לְשׁוֺנָם וַיִּנְאֲמוּ נְאֻם Jer 23:31, i.e. they take (= make use of) their own tongues, and talk oracles.

5. take up, upon =put upon, followed by ׃עַל וַתִּקַּת תָּמָר אֵפֶר עַלרֿאֹשָׁהּ 2Sam 13:19 and Tamar put ashes upon her head; וַיִּקָּחֶהָ עַלהַֿחֲמוֺר Judg 19:28 compare יִפְרשֹׁ כְּנָפָיו יִקָּחֵהוּ Deut 32:11 he spreadeth his wings, he taketh him up.

6. = fetch: קְחִינָֿא לִי מְעַטמַֿיִם 1Kgs 17:10 fetch me, pray, a little water, compare v1Kgs 17:11 v1Kgs 17:11, 2Kgs 2:20; 2Kgs 4:41 וְקַחלִֿי מִשָּׁם שְׁנֵי גְּדָיֵי עִוִּים Gen 27:9 and fetch me thence two kids, compare vGen 27:13 (J); + בְּיָדִי 1Sam 21:9 an offering Lev 12:8 (P; || הֵבִיא vLev 12:6); with human object often nearly = summon, לָקֹב אֹיְבַי לְקַחְתִּיךָ Num 33:11 (JE) to curse mine enemies did I summon thee, Judg 11:5; 1Sam 16:11 שְׁלַח וְקַח אֹתוֺ אֵלַי 1Sam 20:31 send and bring him unto me; 2Kgs 3:15; 2Kgs 6:13 +; of ׳י, summoning his people from exile, מִשָּׁם יְקָּחֶ֑ךָ Deut 30:4.

7. take=lead, conduct (with or without contact): וַיִּקַּח אֶתשְֿׁנֵי בָנָיו עִמּוֺ Gen 48:1 גַּם בְּקַרְכֶם קְחוּ Exod 12:32 (both E); וְאֶתעַֿמּוֺ לָקַח עִמּוֺ Exod 14:6 (J) and his people he took with him; compare vExod 14:7 (J), Josh 8:1 (JE), Judg 4:6 אֶקָּֽחֲךָ אֶלמָֿקוֺם אַחֵר Num 23:27 I will take thee unto another place, compare vNum 23:14 vNum 23:28 (all J E); ׳י subject, וָאֶקַּח אֶתאֲֿבִיכֶם Josh 24:3 (E) and I took your father Abraham from beyond the river; לַמָּוֶת הַצֵּל לְקֻחִים rescue those led to death.

8. take = capture, seize: לָקַחְתִּי בְחָזְקָה 1Sam 2:16 I will take by force, that is, flesh; of spoils, ׳בֶּצַע כֶּסֶף לֹא ל Judg 5:19 gain of silver they took not; of capture of ark 1Sam 5:1 bronze 2Sam 8:3, etc.; territory Gen 48:22 (E), Deut 3:14 cities Num 21:25 (JE),.Deut 3:14; Josh 11:19 (D), 1Sam 7:14; 2Sam 8:1 of capture of hippopotamus Job 40:24 of seductions of woman, וְאַלתִּֿקָּֽחֲךָ בְּעַפְעַפֶּיהָ Prov 6:25 and let her not capture thee with her eyelids.

9. take = carry off:
a. as booty Gen 14:11; 1Sam 27:9; 1Sam 30:16; 1Sam 30:18; 1Sam 30:19; 1Sam 30:20; 1Kgs 14:26 (twice in verse).
b. as prisoners Gen 14:12; 2Kgs 18:32 = Isa 36:17; 2Kgs 23:34 = 2Chr 36:4.

10. inphrase take vengeance: וְנִקְחָה נִקְמָתֵנוּ מִמֶּנּוּ Jer 20:10 and we will take our vengeance upon him; absolute נָקָם אֶקַּח Isa 47:3 vengeance will I take.Niph`al Perfect נִלְקַח 1Sam 4:22 נִלְקָ֑ח 1Sam 4:11; Ezek 33:6 3 feminine singular נִלְקָ֑חָה 1Sam 4:17 Imperfect 3 feminine singular וַתִּלָּקַח Esth 2:8; Esth 2:16 1 singular אֶלָּקַח 2Kgs 2:9 Infinitive construct הִלָּקַח 1Sam 4:19; 1Sam 4:21, suffix הִלָּֽקְחוֺ 1Sam 21:7 —

1. be captured, of ark 1Sam 4:11; 1Sam 4:17; 1Sam 4:19; 1Sam 4:21; 1Sam 4:22.

2. be taken away, removed, of shewbread 1Sam 21:7 of removal by death Ezek 33:6 of translation of Elijah 2Kgs 2:9 (with מֵעִם person)

3. be taken, brought unto (אֶלֿ), only Esth 2:8; Esth 2:16. Pu`al Perfect לֻקַּח Gen 3:23 +, 3 feminine singular לְֻקָֿחָהֿ Gen 2:23, 2 masculine singular לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ Gen 3:19, etc.; —

1. be taken from, out of ( מִן of source) Gen 2:23; Gen 3:19; Gen 3:23 (all J); compare וְלֻקַּח מֵהֶם קְלָלָה Jer 29:22 and there shall be taken from them ( derived from their case) a curse-formula.

2. = be stolen from, Judg 17:2 ( ל person)

3. be taken captive, Jer 48:46, compare Isa 52:5.

4. be taken away, removed ( = Niph`al 2 ), of Elijah's translation 2Kgs 2:10 (with מֵאֵת person), of death Isa 53:8 (with מִן, probably instrumental) Hoph`al Imperfect יֻקַּח Gen 18:4 +, etc.; —

1. be taken, brought unto Gen 12:15 (J; followed by בֵּית to the house of), Gen 18:4 (absolute)

2. be taken out of Job 28:2 (מִן of source ), from, of Ezek 15:3 (מִן partitive)

3. be taken away from Isa 49:24 (מִן person); absolute vIsa 49:25. Hithpa`el Participle feminine singular אֵשׁ מִתְלַקַּ֫חַת literally fire taking hold of itself, of lightning Exod 9:24 (JE), Ezek 1:4, exact significance dubious; in close succession, incessant Di Sm, infolding itself, i.e. a mass of fire, Thes Rob-Ges A VB SS, > of quivering flashes Buhl, of forked or zigzag lightning Da.

took, take, taken, away, receive, …

lāqaḥ

to take (in the widest variety of applications)

to take, get, fetch, lay hold of, seize, receive, acquire, buy, bring, marry, take a wife, snatch, take away

(Qal)

to take, take in the hand

to be captured

to be taken from or out of

to be taken unto, be brought unto

to take hold of oneself

שֹׁ֔חַד

Root word reward, gift, gifts, bribes, present, …

Dictionary form: שַׁחַד · sha-HAHD

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: reward

reward ×5 a gift ×4 gifts ×3 of bribes ×2 and a reward ×1 bribes ×1 for reward ×1 gift ×1

More options

bribe — Best default; implies corrupt payment for favor.

payoff — Informal; vivid in narrative or prophetic condemnation.

kickback — Modern commercial/legal register; suits systemic corruption.

inducement — Neutral-formal; useful in legal or diplomatic contexts.

hush money — Strong connotation of secrecy and wrongdoing.

corrupt gift — Retains 'gift' sense while signaling moral taint.

BDB8580 H7810

שֹׁ֫חַד noun masculine present, specifically bribe; — ׳שׁ absolute Isa 1:23 + 22 t.; — bribe, usually to pervert justice, object of לָקַח Exod 23:8 a (E), = Deut 16:19a, Deut 10:17; 1Sam 8:3; 2Chr 19:7; Ps 15:5; Prov 17:23 + infinitive, take bribe to do something, Deut 27:25; Ezek 22:12 ׳אָהַב שׁ Isa 1:23 compare also Isa 5:23; Isa 33:15; Exod 23:8b (E) = Deut 16:19b, Mic 3:11; Ps 26:10; Prov 17:8; Prov 21:14 ׳אָהֳלֵישֿׁ Job 15:34, i.e. abode of bribe-givers; ׳שׁ Prov 6:35 (|| כֹּפֶר) is hush-money, or (possibly) legal compensation (compare Toy); ׳שׁ elsewhere (with שָׁהַ) of bribing king to take sides 1Kgs 15:19; 2Kgs 16:8, compare Isa 45:13 (|| מְחִיר).

reward, gift, gifts, bribes, present, …

šaḥad

a donation (venal or redemptive)

present, bribe

לְ הַכּ֥וֹת

לְ

Prefix — preposition to, for

הַכּ֥וֹת

Root word smote, smite, slew, smitten, slain, …

Dictionary form: נָכָה · naw-KAW

Verb — Hiphil, Infinitive Construct, construct state causative — "he made (someone) do" try "to ___" or "___ing"

In the KJV here: to slay

and smote ×52 smote ×52 smite ×23 slew ×22 and he smote ×14 and they smote ×13 and slew ×12 and smite ×12

More options

strike — Broad, everyday term; suits most physical-blow contexts.

slay — Prefer for lethal intent; slightly elevated but not archaic.

beat — Use when repeated blows or punishment are in view.

kill — Plain and direct; best when death is the clear outcome.

wound — Use when the victim survives but is injured.

slaughter — Mass or violent killing; strong register, war or sacrifice.

BDB5192 H5221

[נָכָה]₅₀₁ verb smite (not in Qal) (Late Hebrew Hiph`il id.; Perfect 3 plural הכו SI⁴, Infinitive [ת]להכ ib. 2; Syriac , laesit, nocuit, repugnavit; Aph`el laesit, vulneravit; Ethiopic laesit, nocuit; compare Arabic be defeated, the inflicting of injury on an enemy Lane³⁰³⁸); —

Niph`al Perfect וְנִכָּה וָמֵת consecutive 2Sam 11:15 and he shall be smitten [struck by weapon in battle] and die.

Pu`al Perfect 3 feminine singular נֻכָּ֑תָה Exod 9:31 3 plural נֻכּוּ vExod 9:32 (J), both be smitten down by the hail.

Hiph`il₄₈₂ Perfect 3 masculine singular הִכָּה Exod 9:25 +; suffix וְהִכַּ֫נִי consecutive Gen 32:12, הִכָּם Jer 5:6 2 masculine singular הִכִּ֫יתָ Exod 17:5 +; 1 singular הִכֵּיתִי Judg 15:16 +, וְהִכֵּתִ֫י Exod 3:20 +; 3 plural הִכּוּ Gen 19:11 +; 2 masculine plural הִכִּיתֶם Jer 37:10 + 3 t. consecutive; etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יַכֶּה Exod 21:20 +, יַךְ Hos 6:1 (but read וַיַּךְ We Now GASm); וְיַח Hos 14:6 (see below); וַיַּכֶּה Josh 10:40 +, usually וַיַּךְ Exod 2:12 +; suffix 2 masculine singular יַכֶּ֫כָּה Jer 40:15 + 2 t., 3 masculine singular וַיַּכּוֺ 2Sam 14:6 (but read וַיַּךְ ᵐ5. ᵑ6 ᵑ9 Th We Dr Klo Kit Bu HPS), יַכֶּ֫נּוּ 1Sam 17:25 + 2 t.; usually וַיַּכֵּ֫הוּ Num 21:24 +; 3 feminine singular וַתַּךְ Jonah 4:7; Jonah 4:8 2 masculine singular תַּכֶּה Exod 2:13 +; suffix 3 masculine singular תַּכֶּ֫נּוּ Prov 23:13; Prov 23:14 1 singular אַכֶּה 1Sam 18:11 +; וָאַכֶּה Neh 13:25, וָאַךְ Exod 9:15 3 masculine plural יַכוּ Mic 4:14 usually וַיַּכּוּ Gen 14:5 + (1Sam 4:2 read probably Hoph`al q. v.); 1 plural נַכֶּהֿ Num 22:6 וַנַךְ Deut 2:33, etc.; Imperative הַכֵּה Ezek 6:11, הַךְ Amos 9:1 +; masculine plural הַכּוּ 2Sam 13:28, etc.; Infinitive absolute הַכֵּה Deut 3:16 +, הַכּוֺת 2Kgs 3:24 (Ges^{«GKC:75ff»§ 75ff}); cstr. הַכּוֺת Gen 4:15 +, etc.; Participle מַכֶּה Exod 2:11 +; construct מַכֵּה Exod 21:12 +; plural מַכִּים 1Sam 4:8 +, etc.; —

1. a. literally, smite (with a single, non-fatal, blow), strike, followed by accusative, ass Num 22:23; Num 22:25; Num 22:27 (בְּמַקֵּל), vNum 22:28 vNum 22:32 (all J); man Exod 21:15; Exod 21:19 (E); cheeks Job 16:10 man (on) cheek (2 accusative) Lam 3:30; Ps 3:8 man עַללְֿחִי Mic 4:14 (ב instrumental), 1Kgs 22:24 = 2Chr 18:23 eye Exod 21:26 (E); שֵׁבֶט מַכֵּךְ Isa 14:29 (figurative of conqueror); with (בׅ stone or fist Exod 21:18 (E), compare (figurative) Isa 58:4 (absolute); smite lion or bear 1Sam 17:35 strike river (with rod מַטֶּה) 1Sam 7:17 (with עַל object, + ב instrumental), v1Sam 7:20; Exod 17:5 (E; ב instrumental), also (with mantle) 2Kgs 2:8; 2Kgs 2:14 (twice in verse), compare ׳י smiting Euphrates into (לׅ seven streams Isa 11:15 dust Exod 8:12; Exod 8:13 (P); rock Exod 17:6 (E), Num 20:11 (P; ב instrumental), Ps 78:20 figurative smite earth בְּשֵׁבֶט פִּיו Isa 11:4 (of future Davidic king); strike on ground (אַ֫רְצָה; with arrows) 2Kgs 13:18, also (absolute) v2Kgs 13:18 v2Kgs 13:19 strike weapons out of (מִן) hands, Ezek 39:3 (׳י; figurative of making powerless); lintel of door Amos 9:1 barley-loaf strikes tent Judg 7:13 (in dream); in figure of regret, remorse וַיַּךְ לֵב דָּוִד אֹתוֺ 2Sam 24:10 and David's heart smote him, so 1Sam 24:6 (+ עַלאֲֿשֶׁר because); of goat smiting (butting with horn) the ram, so as to break its horns Dan 8:7 (in vision); smite = hit with missile, sling-stone 1Sam 17:49 (with accusative of person + אֶלמִֿצְחוֺ), compare 2Kgs 3:25 (but text perhaps corrupt, see Benz); arrow, 1Kgs 22:34 = 2Chr 18:33 (with accusative of person + בֵּין), 2Kgs 9:24 (c. id.); of piercing, הַכּוֺת בַּחֲנִית בְּדָוִד וּבַקִּיר 1Sam 19:10 smite with the dart into David and into the wall, pin David to the wall, בַּקִּיר ׳וַיַּךְ אֶתהַֿח v1Sam 19:10, compare 1Sam 18:11, אַכֶּנּוּ בַחֲנִית וּבָאָרֶץ 1Sam 26:8.
b. smite repeatedly, beat, a man Exod 2:11; Exod 2:13 (E), Exod 5:16 (J), Neh 13:25 (מִן partitive), compare Deut 25:11 here probably also 1Kgs 20:35 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 20:37 (twice in verse) (הַכֵּה וּפָצֹעַ beating and bruising him); of Assyria under figure of taskmaster Isa 10:24 beat a woman so as to bruise her (פָּצַע) Song 5:7 beat by authority, scourge Jer 20:2; Jer 37:15; Deut 25:2; Deut 25:3 (with accusative of person + accusative of congnate meaning with verb מַכָּה רַבָּה), vDeut 25:3 compare כִּן הַכּוֺת vDeut 25:2 i.e. worthy of scourging, bastinado, (compare Dr); 2Chr 25:16; Prov 17:10; Prov 19:25; Prov 23:13; Prov 23:14 (ב instrumental); compare גֵּוִי נָחַתִּי לְמַכִּים Isa 50:6 of hail, beat down herbage etc. Exod 9:25 (twice in verse) (compare Pu`al).
c. וַיַּכּוּ כַף 2Kgs 11:12 and they clapped hands (in applause); elsewhere only Ezek., in mockery; כַּף אֶלכַּֿף Ezek 21:19; Ezek 21:22 בְּכַפְּךָ Ezek 6:11 (|| רְקַּע בְּרַגְלְךָ; accusative כַּפִּי Ezek 22:13.
d. give a thrust (with fork) into (ב) pot 1Sam 2:14 strike roots Hos 14:6 (in figurative, but וַיֵּלְכוּ We Now).
e. rarely smite (in battle) so as (merely) to wound 1Kgs 8:28, so (+ accusative of congnate meaning with verb מַכָּה) v1Kgs 8:29; 1Kgs 9:18 = 2Chr 22:6 figurative of ׳י's wounding Israel Hos 6:1 (opposed to חָבַשׁ bind up), Jer 30:14 (with accusative of congnate meaning with verb). compare smite with (ב) the tongue Jer 18:18. feminine smite, of sun, etc., with accusative of person Isa 49:10; Ps 121:6 with עַל Jonah 4:8.

2. Smite fatally:
a. (subject man) smite, with accusative, + word of killing (dying): — object lion and bear 1Sam 17:35 man Exod 21:12; Exod 21:20 (E), Josh 10:26 (JE), Josh 11:17 (D), 1Sam 17:50; 2Sam 1:15; 2Sam 2:31 (מִן partitive + ב among), 2Sam 4:7; 2Sam 14:6; 2Sam 18:15; 2Sam 21:17; 1Kgs 16:10; 2Kgs 12:22; 2Kgs 15:30; 2Kgs 25:21 = Jer 52:27; 2Kgs 25:25; Jer 41:2; Num 35:16; Num 35:17; Num 35:18; Num 35:21 (P; all with ב instrumental); with accusative + אֶלחֹֿמֶשׁ + ב instrumental 2Sam 2:23 smote him (fatally) in the belly with (on text see HPS), 2Sam 20:10, compare 2Sam 3:27; 2Sam 4:6 (but strike out ᵐ5 Ew Th We Dr Bu HPS); וְהִכָּהוּ נֶפֶשׁ Deut 19:11 and he smite him in his life (mortally), and he die, compare (without word of dying) vDeut 19:6; Gen 37:21 (J), Jer 40:14; Jer 40:15 [otherwise Lev 24:17; Lev 24:18; Lev 35:15; Lev 35:30; Josh 20:3; Josh 20:9]; with prolepsis לְהַכּוֺת חֲלָלִים smite the slain Judg 20:31; Judg 20:39 + אַ֫רְצָה smite to the ground i.e. kill 2Sam 2:22; 2Sam 18:11.
b. smite, of worm gnawing or boring so as to kill plant Jonah 4:7.
c. very often = kill, slay, man or beast (c. 150 t.): Gen 4:15; Gen 8:21 (exterminate; both J), Exod 2:12; Num 21:35 (E), Josh 7:5 (מִן partitive), vJosh 7:5 (JE), Deut 19:6; Deut 21:1; Deut 27:24; Deut 27:25; Josh 11:10 (ב instrumental; all D), Lev 24:17; Lev 24:18; Lev 24:21 (twice in verse) (H), Num 35:11; Num 35:15; Num 35:21; Num 35:24; Num 35:30; Josh 9:18; Josh 20:3; Josh 20:9 (all P), Judg 15:16; 1Sam 17:9 (twice in verse); 1Sam 17:36; 2Sam 12:9 (ב instrumental), 2Kgs 9:7 (exterminate), etc.; with ב among 1Sam 23:5, מִן partitive Judg 14:19; Judg 20:45 with ב partitive slay at, work slaughter among 2Sam 23:10 (insert also in || 1Chr 11:13 see Be^{on the passage} Dr^{2Sam 23:10}), but also ב of direct object 1Sam 18:7; 1Sam 21:12; 1Sam 29:5 subject lion 1Kgs 20:36 (twice in verse) compare Jer 5:6 (figurative of judgment); ׳י subject 1Sam 6:19b (ב among, + accusative of congnate meaning with verb; 1Sam 6:19 a וַיַּךְ corrupt see ᵐ5 Th We Dr Kl Kit Bu HPS); slay firstborn Exod 12:2 (J), vExod 12:29; Num 3:13; Num 8:17; Num 33:4 (all P), Ps 78:51; Ps 105:36; Ps 135:8 God slays for (עַל) sin 2Sam 6:7 = 1Chr 13:10 (עַלאֲֿשֶׁר); slay לְפִיחֶֿרֶב Deut 13:16; Deut 20:13; (all D), Judg 18:27; Judg 21:10; 1Sam 22:9; 2Kgs 10:25; Jer 21:7; Job 1:15; Job 1:17 kill, slay, with accusative of congnate meaning with verb (מַכָּה) 1Sam 14:14; 1Kgs 20:21 (ב among), 2Chr 13:17 (בָּהֶם), 2Chr 25:13 (מֵהֶם); with accusative of person + accusative of congnate meaning with verb Josh 10:20 (JE), Esth 9:5, etc.; kill unwittingly, unintentionally הִכָּה בִבְלִי דַ֫עַת Deut 19:4; Josh 20:5 (both D).

3. Smite = attack, attack and destroy a company Gen 32:9; Gen 32:12; Gen 34:30; Josh 8:21; Judg 8:11; Judg 9:43; 2Kgs 8:21; 2Chr 21:9 attack and capture a city Judg 1:8 vJudg 1:12 = Josh 15:16 (JE), Josh 7:3; Josh 10:4 (JE), 1Sam 30:1; 1Kgs 15:20 = 2Chr 16:4; 2Kgs 15:16 (twice in verse); 1Chr 20:1; 2Chr 14:13; Jer 47:1 tents 1Chr 4:41; 2Chr 14:14 = sack a city לְפִיחֶֿרֶב (slaying inhabitants), Josh 8:24; Josh 19:47 (both J E), Josh 10:28; Josh 10:30; Josh 10:32; Josh 10:35; Josh 10:37 compare vJosh 10:39 (all D), Judg 1:25; Judg 20:37; 2Sam 15:14 especially defeat king or army (involving often overthrow, pursuit and slaughter), — approximately 95 t., — Gen 14:5; Gen 14:15; Gen 14:17; Num 14:45; Num 21:24 (JE), Josh 8:12; Josh 10:10 (+ accusative of congnate meaning with verb), vJosh 10:10 (עַד location), Josh 11:8 (twice in verse) (all J E), Deut 1:4; Deut 2:33; Deut 3:3; Deut 4:46; Deut 7:2; Deut 29:6; Josh 10:33; Josh 10:40 (מִןו֯עד location), Josh 12:1; Josh 12:6; Josh 12:12; Josh 13:12 (all D); Judg 1:5; Judg 1:17; 1Sam 11:11 (עד temporal), 1Kgs 13:17 (עַדכַּֿלֵּה), 2Kgs 3:24a + v2Kgs 3:24b (where read וַיָּבֹאוּ בוֺא וְהַכּוֺת and they went on defeating), Isa 10:20; Jer 37:10, etc.; insert וַיַּךְ or הִכָּה in 2Sam 8:13 Th Ke Kit Bu compare Dr, after ᵐ5; with ב object 1Sam 14:31; 1Sam 23:2 (twice in verse) (ה locative — מִן); + לְפִי חֶרֶב Judg 20:48, etc.; of gods causing defeat 2Chr 28:23 smite land = conquer, subjugate, sometimes ravage, Gen 14:7; Josh 10:40 (D), 1Sam 27:9; Jer 43:11; Jer 46:13, compare Isa 14:6 (accusative of congnate meaning with verb); subject ׳י Num 32:4 (P); of ׳י smiting sea וְהִכָּה בַיָּם גַּלִּים Zech 10:11 (Bev^{JPhoenician xviii. 35 (1889), 88} proposes גבלים).

4. Of God,
a. smite with (ב) a plague, disease, etc.: — blindness Gen 19:11 (J), 2Kgs 6:18 (twice in verse) compare Zech 12:4 (twice in verse) (symbolic); of Egyptian plagues Exod 3:20; Exod 9:15 (both J), 1Sam 4:8, without ב Exod 7:25 (J), Exod 12:13 (P), Ps 136:10 (accusative + בִּבְכוֺרֵיהֶם); other plagues Num 14:12 (JE), Deut 28:22; Deut 28:27; Deut 28:28; Deut 28:35; 1Sam 5:6; 2Sam 24:17; Job 2:7; Amos 4:9; Hag 2:17; Mal 3:24 without ב, 1Sam 5:9; 2Kgs 19:35 = Isa 37:26; Num 11:33 (J E; בָּעָם + accusative of congnate meaning with verb); smite vines with (ב) blight Ps 105:33.
b. smite = chastise, or send judgment upon, usually with accusative, 1Kgs 14:15; 1Chr 21:7; Isa 5:25; Isa 9:12; Isa 27:7 (הַכְּמַכַּת מַכֵּהוּ הִכָּהוּ), Isa 30:31 (ב instrumental) Isa 57:17; Isa 60:10 (opposed to רִחַם) Jer 2:30; Jer 5:3; Jer 14:9; Ezek 32:15 (ᵐ5 Co זֵרָה scatter); with עִל punish for, (sin) Lev 26:24 (H).
c. of God's destroying palaces Amos 3:15; Amos 6:11 (2 accusative), compare Zech 9:4.

Hoph`al Perfect הֻכָּה Hos 9:16; Num 25:14, הוּכָּה Ps 102:5 וְהֻכָּה consecutive Exod 22:1 3 feminine singular הֻכְּתָה Ezek 33:21; Ezek 40:1 1 singular הֻכֵּ֫יתִי Zech 13:6 3 pluralהֻכּוּ 1Sam 5:12 Imperfect 3 masculine plural וַיֻּכּוּ Exod 5:14 2 masculine plural תֻּכּוּ Isa 1:5 Participle מֻכֶּה Num 25:14, construct מֻכֵּה Isa 53:4 feminine מֻכָּה Num 25:15; Num 25:18 plural מֻכִּים Exod 5:16, construct מֻכֵּיֿ Jer 18:21 — be smitten:

1. = receive a blow Isa 1:5 (Judah under figure of man).

2. be wounded Zech 13:6.

3. be beaten Exod 5:14; Exod 5:16 (J).

4. be (fatally) smitten + verb of dying Exod 22:1 (E); be killed, slain Num 25:14 (twice in verse); Num 25:15; Num 25:18 (with עַל, for), מֻכֵּיחֶֿרֶב Jer 18:21 (|| הֲרֻגֵי מָ֑וֶת); so also (absolute) probably 1Sam 4:2 (read וַיֻּכּוּ ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 Th Dr Klo Kit, for ᵑ0 וַיַּכּוּ).

5. be attacked and captured, of city Ezek 33:21; Ezek 40:1.

6. be smitten with disease (by God) 1Sam 5:12 absolute, of ׳י's servant Isa 53:4.

7. be blighted, of plant (in figurative) Hos 9:16 (Ehpraimitic source), Ps 102:5 (heart, כָּעֵשֶׂב; both + יָבַשׁ).

smote, smite, slew, smitten, slain, …

nākâ

to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)

to strike, smite, hit, beat, slay, kill

(Niphal) to be stricken or smitten

to smite, strike, beat, scourge, clap, applaud, give a thrust

to receive a blow

נֶ֖פֶשׁ

Root word soul, life, souls, lives, persons, …

Dictionary form: נֶפֶשׁ · neh-PESH

Noun — Common, both singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: person

my soul ×101 soul ×38 his soul ×28 thy soul ×28 the souls ×23 the soul ×21 thy life ×16 my life ×15

More options

soul — Broad default; fits spiritual or inner-self contexts.

life — Prefer when physical existence or survival is in view.

being — Good for 'living being'; avoids religious overtones.

person — Use when נֶפֶשׁ refers to a countable individual or body.

self — Reflexive contexts: 'with all your self / whole self.'

appetite — Fitting for desire, craving, or longing passages.

BDB5310 H5315

נֶ֫פֶשׁ₇₅₆ noun feminine^{Gen 49:6} (so even Gen 2:19; Num 31:28; 1Kgs 19:2 see Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 42} SS) soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Eccl 3:18; Eccl 4:1 (twice in verse); Eccl 4:2 (twice in verse); Eccl 13:12; Eccl 14:11); — ׳נ Gen 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Gen 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Gen 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֺת Ezek 13:18 + 13 t.; נְפָשֹׁת Exod 12:4; Lev 27:2 construct נַפְשׁוֺת Gen 36:6 + 4 t.; נַפְשֹׁת Lev 21:11 נְפָשִׁים Ezek 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים, see Co Berthol Toy); suffix נַפְשׁוֺתָם 2Sam 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Num 17:3 +: —

1. = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:
a. distinguished from ׃בָּשָׂר מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isa 10:18 הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deut 12:23 from שְׁאֵר Prov 11:17 from בֶּטֶן body Ps 31:10.
b. both the inner נפשׁ and the outer בשׂר are conceived as resting on a common substratum: אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃ Job 14:22 only his flesh upon him is in pain, and his soul upon him mourneth; compare Ps 42:5; Ps 42:7; Ps 131:2; Job 30:16; Lam 3:20 [see עַל 1 d], all poetical (compare 6 c).
c. ׳נ departs at death and returns with life: וַיְתִי בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ כִּי מֵתָה Gen 35:18 (E) and it came to pass when her soul was going forth (for she died); נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ Jer 15:9 she breathed out her soul, compare 1Kgs 17:21; 1Kgs 17:22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39.
d. often desired that the נפשׁ may be delivered: from Sh®°ôl Ps 16:10; Ps 30:4; Ps 49:16; Ps 86:13; Ps 89:49; Prov 23:14 from שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl, Isa 38:17; Job 33:18; Job 33:22; Job 33:28; Job 33:30.

2. The נפשׁ becomes a living being: by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into the nostrils of its בשׂר; of man Gen 2:7 (J); by implication of animals also Gen 2:19 (J); so Ps 104:29; Ps 104:30 compare Ps 66:9 man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being Gen 2:7 (J); elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה always of animals Gen 1:20; Gen 1:24; Gen 1:30; Gen 9:12; Gen 9:15; Gen 9:16 (all P), Ezek 47:9 so נפשׁ החיּה Gen 1:21; Gen 9:10 (both P), Lev 11:10; Lev 11:46 (H); נפשׁ השׁרצת Lev 11:46 (H); נפשׁ כל חי Job 12:10. נפשׁ is frequently used with the verb ׃חיה וחיתה נפשׁ Gen 12:13; Gen 19:20 (both J), 1Kgs 20:32 (E), Ps 119:175; Jer 38:17; Jer 38:20 חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1Sam 1:26; 1Sam 17:55; 1Sam 20:3; 1Sam 25:26; 2Sam 11:11; 2Sam 14:9; 2Kgs 2:2; 2Kgs 2:4; 2Kgs 2:6; 2Kgs 4:30 (all J E); compare ׳יְחַיֶּה נ 1Kgs 20:31 (E), Ezek 18:27; Ps 22:30 also Gen 19:19; Isa 55:3; Prov 3:22.

3. The נפשׁ (without חיה noun or verb) is specified:
a. a living being whose life resides in the blood [so in Arabic We^{Skizzen iii. 217 G.} Jacob^{Arab. Dicht. iv. 9 f.}] (hence sacrificial use of blood, and its prohib. in other uses; first in D), Deut 12:23; Deut 12:24 only be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the living being (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ); and thou shalt not eat the living being with the flesh (הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר); thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water; this is enlarged in H, Lev 17:10; Lev 17:11; Lev 17:12; Lev 17:14 and in P Gen 9:4; Gen 9:5, compare Jer 2:34.
b. a serious attack upon the life is an attack upon this inner living being 2Sam 1:9; Jer 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Ps 69:2; Ps 124:4; Ps 124:5; Job 27:3.
c. נפשׁ is used for life itself 171 t., of animals Prov 12:10, and of man Gen 44:30 (J); נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life Exod 21:23 (E), Lev 24:18 (H), 1Kgs 20:39; 1Kgs 20:42; 2Kgs 10:24 נפשׁנו תחתיכם Josh 2:14 (J); נפשׁ בנפשׁ Deut 19:21 בנפשׁ for the life of 2Sam 14:7; Jonah 1:14 שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's own hand Judg 12:3; 1Sam 19:5; 1Sam 28:21; Job 13:14 חרף נפשׁו למות Judg 5:18 risked his life to die; בנפשׁ at the risk of life Num 17:3 (P), 2Sam 23:17 = 1Chr 11:19 (twice in verse), 1Kgs 2:23; Prov 7:23; Lam 5:9 בקּשׁ נפשׁ Exod 4:19 (J), 1Sam 20:21; 1Sam 22:23 (twice in verse); 1Sam 23:15; 1Sam 25:29; 2Sam 4:8; 2Sam 16:11; 1Kgs 19:10; 1Kgs 19:14; Jer 4:30; Jer 11:21; Jer 19:7; Jer 19:9; Jer 21:7; Jer 22:25; Jer 34:20; Jer 34:21; Jer 38:16; Jer 44:30 (twice in verse); Jer 46:26; Jer 49:37; Ps 35:4; Ps 38:13; Ps 40:15; Ps 54:5; Ps 63:10; Ps 70:3; Ps 86:14; Prov 29:10 ׳שׁאל נ 1Kgs 3:11 = 2Chr 1:11; 1Kgs 19:4 = Jonah 4:8 הִכָּה נפשׁ smite mortally Gen 37:21 (J), Deut 19:6; Deut 19:11; Jer 40:14; Jer 40:15 ׳לקח נ 1Kgs 19:4; Jonah 4:3; Ps 31:14; Prov 1:19 הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death Josh 2:13; Ps 33:19; Ps 56:14 מלּט נפשׁ1Sam 19:11; 2Sam 19:6 (4 t. in verse); 1Kgs 1:12 (twice in verse); Jer 48:6; Jer 51:6; Jer 51:45; Ezek 33:5; Amos 2:14; Amos 2:15; Ps 89:49; Ps 116:4 פדה ׳נ 2Sam 4:9; 1Kgs 1:29; Ps 34:23; Ps 49:16; Ps 55:19; Ps 71:23 ׳שׁמר נ Ps 25:20; Ps 97:10; Job 2:6; Prov 13:3; Prov 16:17; Prov 19:16; Prov 22:5.

4. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself:
a. paraphrase for personal pronoun especially in poetry and ornate discourse, 70 t.; (1) נַפְשִׁי = me: אל תבא נפשׁי Gen 49:6 let me not enter (poem in J); מות ישׁרים ׳תָּמֹת נ Num 23:10 let me die, etc. (poem); תָּמוֺת נַפְשְׁי Judg 16:30 (J); אמרה נפשׁי Lam 3:24 I say. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: לְאֻמִּים תַּחַת נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Isa 43:4 peoples instead of thee; אָֽמְרוּ לְנַפְשֵׁךְ Isa 51:23. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = he: נפשׁו בטוב תלין Psalms he will not dwell in good circumstances. (4) נַפְשֵׁנוּ = we: נַפְשֵׁנוּ כְּצִפּוֺר נִמְלְטָה מִפַּח יוֺקְשִׁים Ps 124:7. (5) נַפְשָׁם = they, them: נַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָ֑כָה Isa 46:2 they are gone into captivity; אוי לנפשׁם Isa 3:9.
b. = reflexive, self, 53 t.: אסר על נפשׁ bind oneself Num 30:3; Num 30:5 (twice in verse); Num 30:6; Num 30:7; Num 30:8; Num 30:9; Num 30:10; Num 30:11; Num 30:12 ׳לְעַנֹּת נ Num 30:14 to afflict oneself . (1) נַפְשִׁי = myself: לא אדע נפשׁי Job 9:21 I know not myself. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thyself: ׳שׁמר נ Deut 4:9 keep thyself. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = himself: ׳אהב כנ 1Sam 18:1; 1Sam 18:3; 1Sam 20:17 loved as himself. (4) נַפְשָׁהּ = herself: ׳צדּקה נ Jer 3:11 justified herself. (5) נַפְשָׁם = themselves: ׳הציל נ deliver themselves Isa 47:14; Ezek 14:14; Ezek 14:20. (6) נַפְשְׁכֶם, נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם = yourselves: ׳אַלתַּֿשִּׁאוּ נ Jer 37:9 deceive not yourselves, also Jer 42:20; Jer 44:7 ׳ענּה נ Lev 16:29; Lev 16:31; Lev 23:27; Lev 23:32; Num 29:7 (P); ׳נשׁמרתם לנ Deut 4:15; Josh 23:11 (D). (7) נַפְשׁוֺתֵינוּ = ourselves: ׳על נ Jer 26:19 against ourselves.
c. = person of man, individual, 144 t., first in D²; especially in H, P, and kindred writers: (1) with אָדָם: אדם ׳נ Lev 24:17 opposed to בהמה ׳נ Lev 24:18 (both H), and so אדם ׳נ human persons Num 31:35; Num 31:40; Num 31:46 (P) 1Chr 5:21; Ezek 27:13. Elsewhere without אדם: ברכה ׳נ Prov 11:25 one who blesses; רְמִיָּה ׳נ Prov 19:15 idle person; ׳תחת נ ׳נ person in place of person, Job 16:4 כפּר ׳על נ Exod 30:15; Exod 30:16; Num 15:28; Num 31:50 (all P) Lev 17:11 (H). (2) נפשׁ = person, any one: Deut 24:7; Deut 27:25; Prov 28:17; Ezek 18:4 (3 t. in verse); Ezek 33:6 elsewhere only H P: Lev 2:1; Lev 4:2; Lev 4:27; Lev 5:1; Lev 5:2; Lev 5:4; Lev 5:15; Lev 5:17; Lev 5:21; Lev 7:18; Lev 7:20; Lev 7:21; Lev 7:25; Lev 7:27; Lev 23:29; Lev 23:30 (twice in verse); Num 5:6; Num 15:27; Num 15:30; Num 19:22; Num 31:19; Num 31:28; Num 35:11; Num 35:15; Num 35:30 (twice in verse); Josh 20:3; Josh 20:9 (all P), Lev 17:10; Lev 17:12; Lev 17:15; Lev 20:6 (twice in verse); Lev 22:6; Lev 22:11 (all H); ׳נכרתה הנ הַהִוא מן that person shall be cut off from: only in Gen 17:14; Exod 12:15; Exod 12:19; Exod 31:14; Lev 7:20; Lev 7:21; Lev 7:27; Num 9:13; Num 15:30; Num 15:31; Num 19:13; Num 19:20 (all P), Lev 19:8; Lev 22:3 (both H). (3) נפשׁ collective for persons, in enumerations: Deut 10:22; Josh 10:28; Josh 10:30; Josh 10:32; Josh 10:35; Josh 10:37 (twice in verse); Josh 10:39; Josh 11:11 (all D²) Jer 43:6; Jer 52:29; Jer 52:30 (twice in verse); Ezek 22:25 elsewhere only Gen 12:5; Gen 46:15; Gen 46:18; Gen 46:22; Gen 46:25; Gen 46:26 (twice in verse); Gen 46:27 (twice in verse); Exod 1:5 (twice in verse); Exod 12:16; Num 31:35; Num 31:40 (all P). (4) נְפָשׁוֺת persons Gen 36:6; Exod 12:4; Exod 16:16; Num 19:18 (all P), Lev 18:29; Lev 20:25; Lev 27:2 (all H), 2Kgs 12:5; Prov 11:30; Prov 14:25; Ezek 13:18 (3 t. in verse); Ezek 13:19 (twice in verse); Ezek 13:20 (twice in verse); Ezek 17:17; Ezek 18:4; Ezek 22:27 (נפשׁים Ezek 13:20 see above). (5) נפשׁ = deceased person, sometimes with מֵת, נֶפֶשׁ מֵת Num 6:6 (P), נַפְשֹׁת מֵת (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 נֶפֶשׁ) Lev 21:11 (H); usually without מֵת, נפשׁ (ה)אדם Num 9:6; Num 9:7; Num 19:11; Num 19:13 (P); or simply נפשׁ, Lev 19:28; Lev 21:1; Lev 22:4 (all H) Num 5:2; Num 6:11; Num 9:10 (all P); elsewhere only Hag 2:13.

5. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.) —
a. hunger: רְעֵבָה ׳נ hungry soul Ps 107:9; Prov 27:7 with noun or verb of שׂבע satisfy Isa 56:11; Isa 58:10; Jer 50:19; Ezek 7:19; Ps 63:6; Ps 107:9; Prov 13:25; Prov 27:7 ׳מתוק לנ Prov 16:24 sweet to the taste.
b. thirst: עֲיֵפָה ׳נ weary soul Prov 25:25; Jer 31:25 כארץ עיפה ׳נ Ps 143:6 ׳צמאה נ Ps 42:3; Ps 63:2.
c. appetite in general: יַקִּיפוּ עָלָיו ׳אֹיְבַי בנ Ps 17:9 my enemies compass me about with greed; הִרְחִיבָה שְׁאוֺל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָֽעֲרָה פִיהָ Isa 5:14 Sh®°ôl enlarged her appetite, etc., compare Hab 2:5; Prov 23:2 בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ; Ecclesiastes uses נפשׁ only in the sense of a, b, c; the נפשׁ craves, lacks, and is filled with good things: Eccl 2:24; Eccl 4:8; Eccl 6:2; Eccl 6:3; Eccl 6:7; Eccl 6:9; Eccl 7:28.

6. = ׳נ seat of emotions and passions (151 t.) —
a. desire: ׳אִוְּתָה נ soul desires Deut 12:20; Deut 14:26; 1Sam 2:16; 2Sam 3:21; 1Kgs 11:37; Job 23:13; Prov 13:4; Prov 21:10; Mic 7:1 ׳תַּאֲוַת נ Ps 10:3; Isa 26:8 ׳אַוַּת נ Deut 12:15; Deut 12:20; Deut 12:21; Deut 18:6; 1Sam 23:20; Jer 2:24 so also לנפשׁ according to one's desire Deut 21:14; Ps 78:18; Jer 34:16 כנפשׁ Deut 23:25 האח נפשׁנו ah, our desire Ps 35:25 בנפשׁ at one's desire Ps 105:22; Ezek 16:27 יָָֽצְאָה ׳נ בְדַבְּרוֺ Song 5:6 ׳נשׂא נ lift up the soul, desire Deut 24:15; 2Sam 14:14 (read אליהם, not אלהים), Ps 24:4; Ps 25:1; Ps 86:4; Ps 143:8; Prov 19:8; Jer 22:27; Jer 44:14; Hos 4:8.
b. abhorrence, loathing: ׳געלה נ soul abhorreth Lev 26:11; Lev 26:15; Lev 26:30; Lev 26:43 (H) Jer 14:19 בחלה בי ׳וגם נ Zech 11:8 and their soul also fell a loathing against me.
c. sorrow and distress: ׳מרי נ bitter, gloomy, discontented of soul Judg 18:25 (E) 2Sam 17:8; Job 3:20; Prov 31:6 ׳מר נ 1Sam 22:2 compare Job 7:11; Job 10:1; Isa 38:15; Ezek 27:1 ׳עָֽגְמָה נ Job 30:35 grieved; ׳אגמי נ sad of soul Isa 19:10 ׳תבכה נ my soul shall weep Jer 13:17 ירעה ׳נ his soul trembleth Isa 15:4 ׳צרת נ distress of soul Gen 42:21 (E).
d. joy: תגיל ׳נ my soul rejoiceth Ps 35:9; Isa 61:10 ׳שׂמּח נ rejoice the soul Ps 86:4 also Ps 94:19; Ps 138:3; Prov 29:17.
e. love: ׳אהבה נ my soul loveth Song 1:7; Song 3:1; Song 3:2; Song 3:3; Song 3:4 ׳יְדִדוּת נ darling of my soul Jer 12:7 ׳ב ׳דבקה נ his soul clave unto Gen 34:3 (J), with אחרי Ps 63:9 חשׁקה ׳ב ׳נ soul is attached to Gen 34:8 (P). feminine alienation, hatred, revenge: מן ׳תֵּקַע נ the soul is alienated from Jer 6:8; Ezek 23:17; Ezek 23:18 מן ׳נקעה נ Ezek 23:18; Ezek 23:22; Ezek 23:28 ׳שְׂנֻאי נ hated of soul 2Sam 5:8 (Qr); ׳שׂנאה נ Ps 11:5; Isa 1:14.
g. other emotions and feelings: ׳השׁיב נ bring back soul Lam 1:11; Lam 1:19 (i.e. revive, compare with שׁוּב 1Kgs 17:21f.), hence figurative refresh, cheer, v1Kgs 17:16; Ps 19:8; Prov 25:14; Ruth 4:15 ׳שׁובב נ Ps 23:3 ׳מַחְמַל נ your souls' compassion Ezek 24:21 ׳קצרה נ soul was impatient Num 21:4 (E), Judg 10:16; Judg 16:16; Zech 11:8 כי ׳אאריך נ that I should prolong my patience Job 6:11 הגר ׳ידעתם אתנֿ ye know the feeling of the stranger Exod 23:9 (R^D).

7. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts + לבב (see 10); possibly also alone, owing to unconscious assimilation by late writers; but most, if not all, examples may be otherwise explained: נפשׁי ידעת מאד Ps 139:14 my soul knoweth well (or I know well; compare 4a); בלא לא טוב ׳דעת נ Prov 19:2 that the soul be without knowledge is not good (but RVm desire without knowledge, compare 6 a); ׳דעה חכמה לנ Prov 24:14 know wisdom for thy soul (or according to thy desire, compare 6 a); ׳אל תדמי בנ Esth 4:13 think not in thy soul (or in thyself, compare 4 b); כמו שׁער ׳בג Prov 23:7 as he reckoneth in his soul (but RV in himself, compare 4 b); ׳מה תאמר נ 1Sam 20:4 (but AV RV following ᵐ5 ἐπιθυμεῖ = תְּאַוֶּה; see 6 a).

8. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dubious: אם ישׁ נפשׁכם (את) if it is your purpose Gen 23:8 (P) 2Kgs 9:15 (or if it is your desire, 6 a); ׳בחרה נ my soul chooseth Job 7:15 ׳מאנה נ my soul, refuseth Job 6:7; Ps 77:3 חפצה ׳נ their soul delighteth in Isa 66:3 רצתה ׳נ my soul delighteth in Isa 42:1 (all perhaps emotional, 6 b, d, g).

9. נפשׁ = character is still more dubious: בּוֺ ׳לאֹיָָֽֿשְׁרָה נ Hab 2:4 his soul is not right in him (but ᵐ5 οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν αὐτῷ [εὐδοκεῖ = רצתה], see

6.); נַפְשִׁי לאֹ מְטֻמָּאָה Ezek 4:14 my soul hath not (or I have not, 4 a) been polluted.

10. ׳נin D, when used with לבב, is assimilated to it, and shares with it the meanings of 7, 8, 9; and so in later writers influenced by D (unless we may think that ׳ל is used of intellect, while ׳נ is used of the feelings): thus, בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ (see לבב): with דרשׁ Deut 4:29; 2Chr 15:12 עשׂה Deut 26:16 אהב Deut 6:5; Deut 13:4; Deut 30:6 ידע Josh 23:14 עבד Deut 10:12; Deut 11:13; Josh 22:5 שׁמע בקלו Deut 30:2 שׁוב אל Deut 30:10; 1Kgs 8:48 = 2Chr 6:38; 2Kgs 23:25 שׁמר מצות 2Kgs 23:3 = 2Chr 34:31 הלך לפני1Kgs 2:4 and Deut 11:18; 1Sam 2:35; 1Chr 22:19; 1Chr 28:9; Jer 32:41; Ps 13:8; Prov 2:10; Prov 24:12. Note. — In three cases is generally found closer approach to supposed radical meaning breath: —
a. שׁמן וקטרת ישׂמח לב ומתק רעהו מעצת נפשׁ Prov 27:9. Ges (after Döderlein) renders a. ׳מעצת נ more than odorous trees, so later edds., even Buhl; but ᵑ9 De SS transpose) מֵעֲצַת רֵעֵהוּ ׳וּמֶתֶק נ. ᵐ5 Hi Bi ומתקרעה = the soul is rent asunder by cares. In any case נפשׁis || לב, compare

10. b. נַפְשׁוֺ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵט Job 41:13 his breath kindleth coals (of the crocodile).The piece is one of the latest in the book; primitive meaning hardly in such a passage; context favours reference to passion or fury; perhaps below 6 f, his passion or fury kindleth coals.
c. בָּתֵּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ Isa 3:20 perfume boxes; meaning evident from context; but not necessarily scent (breath)-boxes; may be 6 a, boxes of desire, or 5, boxes exciting the sense of smell; = smelling boxes or bottles. No sufficient evidence in Biblical Hebrew, therefore, for meaning breath, odour. — See, for complete study of נֶפֶשׁ (all passages), Br^{JBL 1897,17 ff}.

BDB7797 H7307 H5315 H3824 H1320 H3820

רוּחַ₃₇₈ noun feminine^{Gen 41:8} (less often masculine^{Exod 10:13} +) breath, wind, spirit; — absolute ׳ר Gen 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 construct רוּחַ Gen 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי vGen 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Ps 104:30 +, etc.; plural רוּחוֺת vPs 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jer 49:36, רוּחֹת Num 16:22; Num 26:16 (see Br^{רוח in O.T., JBL xix (1900), 132 ff.}, full statement of all passages); —

1. breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.):
a. רוּחַ פִּיו Job 15:30 breath of his mouth, compare Job 19:17 רוּחַ אַפֵּינוּ Lam 4:20 (figurative of king), of idols לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jer 10:14 = Jer 51:17, Hab 2:19; Ps 135:17 compare Job 9:18.
b. as mere breath: compare 2 e. דִּבְרֵירֿוּחַ Job 16:3 i.e. windy words; נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6:26, הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jer 5:13.
c. as word of command: (1) of God: (נעשׂו) בְּרוּחַ פִּיו כָּלֿ צְבָאָםPs 33:6, compare Isa 34:16 (|| פֶּה); (2) of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Isa 11:4.
d. as hard breathing through the nostrils in anger: (1) of God: מֵרוּח אַפּוֺ יִכְלוּ Job 4:9; Exod 15:8 (poem), 2Sam 22:16 = Ps 18:16; Isa 30:28; Isa 59:19 (2) of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Isa 25:4.
e. as sign and symbol of life: רוּחַ חַיִּים breath of life Gen 6:17; Gen 7:15 (P); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַפָּיו Gen 7:22 (P); Ezek 37:5, compare vEzek 37:6 vEzek 37:8 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:10 vEzek 37:14 (breath or spirit), Eccl 3:19.

2. wind (117 t.):
a. wind of heaven: Gen 8:1 (P) Exod 15:10 (E) Num 11:31 (J) 1Kgs 18:45 +, Jer 10:13, thence Jer 51:16; Ps 135:7 ׳רוּחַ י Hos 13:15; Isa 40:7, compare Job 26:13 (Di Bu); רוּחַ (ה)קָדִים east wind Exod 10:13 (twice in verse); Exod 14:21 (J) Ps 48:8; Jer 18:17; Ezek 17:10; Ezek 19:12; Ezek 27:26; Jonah 4:8 צָפוֺן ׳ר north wind Prov 25:23 יָם ׳ר sea wind (west wind) Exod 10:19 (J); . הַיּוֺם ׳ר day wind, evening wind Gen 3:8 (J; compare Song 2:17; Song 4:6); אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת four winds Jer 49:36; Ezek 37:9 (quarters?) Dan 8:8; Dan 11:4 (figurative quarters; compare b), Zech 2:10; Zech 6:5 רוּחַ סְעְרָה storm wind Ps 107:25; Ps 148:8; Ezek 1:4 (סְעָרוֺת ׳ר), Ezek 13:11; Ezek 13:13 רוּחַ סֹעָה rushing wind Ps 55:9 (read possibly סערה Hup); בַּעְיָם רוּחוֺ Isa 11:15 (read ׳בְּעֹצֶם ר, see עֲיָם, עֹצֶם), etc; wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2Sam 22:11 = Ps 18:11; Ps 104:3, compare Hos 4:19; Ps 104:4.
b. quarter (of wind), side: רוּחַ הַקָּדִים Ezek 42:16 east side; רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן vEzek 42:17 north side; רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם vEzek 42:18 south side; רוּחַ הַיָּם vEzek 42:19 west side; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת vEzek 42:20; 1Chr 9:24 four sides; ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 on the sides.
c. breath of air: שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jer 14:6 רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41:8.
d. air, gas, from womb (dubious): כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Isa 26:18 (Di, e); רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם (RV breath) Isa 33:11 (Du, 3 c).
e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7:7 my life is wind; דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15:2 רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ נִסְכֵּיהֶם Isa 41:29 רְעוּת רוּחַ striving for wind Eccl 1:14; Eccl 2:11; Eccl 2:17; Eccl 2:26; Eccl 4:4; Eccl 4:6; Eccl 6:9 compare Eccl 1:17; Eccl 4:16; Eccl 5:15.

3. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):
a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֺד רוּחַ 1Kgs 10:5 = 2Chr 9:4 מַהזֶּֿה רוּחֲךָ סָרָה 1Kgs 21:5 וַתְּחִי רוּחַ Gen 45:27 (E); וַתָּשָׁב רוּחוֺ Judg 15:19; 1Sam 30:12.
b. courage: ׳לֹא הָיָה בָם עוֺד ר Josh 5:1 נְגִידִים ׳יִבְצֹר ר Ps 76:13 מִצְרַיִם ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה ר Isa 19:3 תתעטּף רוּחִי Ps 77:4; Ps 142:4; Ps 143:4 לֹא קָמָה ׳עוֺד ר Josh 2:11 אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵהוּ ׳ר Prov 18:14.
c. temper, especially anger: ׳רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין וגו Judg 9:23 אָז רָֽפְתָה רוּחָם Judg 8:3 משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֺ Prov 16:32, compare Prov 25:28; Prov 29:11; Job 15:13 הֵנִיחוּ אֶתרֿוּחִי Zech 6:8; Eccl 7:9; Eccl 10:4.
d. impatience or patience: קֹצֶר רוּחַ Exod 6:9 (P) impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of ׳י) Mic 2:7 קְצַררֿוּחַ Prov 14:29 (|| אֶרֶךְ אַפַיִם); הֱצִיקַתְנִי רוּחַ בִּטְנִי Job 32:18 (Du breath; Di Bu divine spirit, compare vJob 32:8); אִם מַדּוּעַ לֹאתִֿקְצַר רוּחִי Job 21:4 ׳הֲקָצַר רוּחַ י Mic 2:7 ׳אֶרֶךְ ר Eccl 7:8.
e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented; וַתִּפָּעֶם רוּח(וׅ (his) spirit was troubled Gen 41:8 (E) Dan 2:3, compare vDan 2:1 מֹרַת רוּחַ Gen 26:35 (P) bitterness of spirit; ׳עֲצוּבַת ר Isa 54:6, compare Ezek 3:14; Job 6:4. feminine as crushed: וְכִהֲתָה כָלרֿוּחַ Ezek 21:12, compare Isa 61:3; Prov 15:4; Prov 15:13; Prov 17:22; Prov 18:14; Ps 143:7.
g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: הֵעִיר אֶתרֿוּחַ 1Chr 5:26 (twice in verse); 2Chr 21:16; 2Chr 36:22; Ezra 1:1; Ezra 1:5; Jer 51:11; Hag 1:14 (3 t. in verse); הִנְנִי נ(וֺ)תֵן בּוֺ רוּח2Kgs 19:7 = Isa 37:7; Num 14:24 (J; see עִם 4 b), Mal 2:15 (twice in verse); Mal 2:16; Deut 2:30 רוּחַ קִנְאָה jealous disposition Num 5:14 (twice in verse); Num 5:30 (P); רוּחַ וְנוּנִים Hos 4:12; Hos 5:4 רוּחַ עִוְעִיםIsa 19:14 רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Isa 28:6 אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר רוּחַ אֱלהִֹרם בּוֺ (administrative) Gen 41:38 (E); קַר רוּחַ אִישׁ הְּבוּנָה Prov 17:27.
h. prophetic spirit: יְהוֺשֻׁעַ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁרֿ רוּחַ בּזֹNum 27:18 (P; or g, as Gen 41:38); רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע2Kgs 2:15, compare v2Kgs 2:9 רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare Gen 2:21; Gen 15:12, but Di and others g, as Isa 19:14) Isa 29:10; Mic 2:11 רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zech 13:2 (of lying prophets), compare Ezek 13:3.

4. spirit of the living, breathing being, dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, || נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):
a. gift and creation of God: יֹצֵר רוּחַ אָדָם בְּקִרְבּוֺ Zech 12:1 רוּחַ אֱלוֺהַּ בְּאַפִּי Job 27:3, compare Isa 42:5.
b. God preserves it: פְּקֻדָּֽתְךָ שָֽׁמְרָה רוּחִי Job 10:12, compare Job 12:10 אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחֹת לְכָל בָּשָׂ֑ר Num 16:22; Num 27:16 (P); תֹּכֵן רוּחוֺת Prov 16:2.
c. it is therefore God's spirit: Gen 6:3 (J; see דִּין near the end).
d. it departs at death: Ps 78:39 (Dr a wind that passeth away 2 e); חַיֵּי רוּחִי Isa 38:16 (Di principle of life), Ps 146:4 especially Ps 104:29; Ps 104:30; Job 17:1; Job 34:14 (compare vJob 34:15), Isa 57:16; Eccl 8:8 (twice in verse) (wind Wild); אֵינְךָ יוֺדֵעַ מַהדֶּֿרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Eccl 11:5, compare Eccl 3:21 over ag. הָרוּחַ תָּשׁוּב אֶלהָֿאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נְתָנָהּ Eccl 12:7 בְּיָָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי Ps 31:6.
e. disembodied being (dubious, Di Du breath of wind): וְרוּחַ עַלפָּֿנַי יַחֲלֹף Job 4:15.

5. spirit as seat of emotion = נֶפֶשׁ:
a. desire (possibly 3 g), Isa 26:9 (|| נֶפֶשׁ).
b. sorrow, trouble (probably 3 e), Job 7:11 (|| נֶפֶשׁ). — 1Sam 1:15 see קָשֶׁה.

6. occasionally, (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts, || לֵב, or synonym with it: רוּחַ חָכְמָה Exod 28:3; Deut 34:9 (both P; probably 3 g); תּעֵי רוּחַ Isa 29:24, compare Job 20:3 (Hi Bu Du wind of Job's words), Ps 77:7 (ᵐ5 Symm ᵑ6 Jerome troubled disposition); רוּחַ יהוה Isa 40:13 come into mind (compare לֵב Isa 65:17; Jer 3:16 +); 1Chr 28:12.

7. rarely of the will; also = רוּחַ נָכוֺן לֵב Ps 51:12 (= לֵב נָכוֺן Ps 57:8 (twice in verse) +); רוּחַ נְדִיבָה vPs 51:14 נָָֽדְבָה רוּחוֺ Exod 35:21 (P; compare נְדִיב לֵב Exod 35:5; Exod 35:22 (P) 2Chr 29:31).

8. רוּחַ especially of moral character; also = ׃לֵב רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁהEzek 11:19; Ezek 18:31; Ezek 36:26 רוּחִי vEzek 36:27; Isa 59:21 (רוּחִי, || דְּבָרַי; but probably prophetic spirit 9 b); לֵב חָדָשׁ Ezek 18:31; Ezek 36:26 נְכֵה רוּחַ Isa 66:2 דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ Ps 34:19 (compare לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Isa 57:15); מִשֵּׁבֶר רוּחַ Isa 65:14 (compare 3 f); רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרֶה Ps 51:19 (|| לֵב נִשְׁבָּר, compare נִשְׁבְּרֵי לֵב Ps 34:19; Isa 61:1); Ps 32:2; Prov 11:13; Prov 16:18; Ps 78:8; Eccl 7:8 (compare גְּבַהּלֵב Prov 16:5); שְׁפַל רוּחַ Prov 16:19; Prov 29:23; Isa 57:15 רוּחַ שְׁפָלִים vIsa 57:15 (compare 3 f).

9. spirit of God (94 t.; not D or Jeremiah or any Deuteronomic writer; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy probably discredited from abuse by false prophets, see נביא, נבא):
a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy, Num 11:17; Num 11:25 (twice in verse); Num 11:26; Num 11:29 (J), 1Sam 10:6; 1Sam 10:10 (compare v1Sam 10:5), 1Sam 19:20; 1Sam 19:23 as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as אֱלֹהִים רָעָה ׳ר 1Sam 16:15 (twice in verse); 1Sam 16:16, = ׳רָעָה מֵאֵת י ׳ר v1Sam 16:14 = רָעָה ׳א ׳צלח ר 1Sam 18:10 (other narrative) = רָעָה ׳י ׳ר 1Sam 19:9 ׳א ׳ר 1Sam 16:23 = רוּחַ הָרָעָה v1Sam 16:23, compare הָרוּחַ 1Kgs 22:21 = שֶׁקֶר ׳ר v1Kgs 22:22 v1Kgs 22:23 = 2Chr 18:20; 2Chr 18:21; 2Chr 18:22 = ׳רוּחַ י 1Kgs 22:24 = 2Chr 18:23 compare also (in earlier prophets) אִישׁ הָרוּחַ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, || הַנָּבִּיא Hos 9:7 ׳רוּחַ י Mic 3:8 (|| בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (We Now); וְלֹא רוּחִי Isa 30:1 רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.: Ezek 2:2; Ezek 3:12; Ezek 3:14; Ezek 3:24; Ezek 8:3; Ezek 11:1; Ezek 11:5; Ezek 11:24 (Co gloss), Ezek 37:1; Ezek 43:5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah 1Kgs 18:12; 2Kgs 2:16.
b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably Num 24:2; 2Sam 23:2; 1Chr 12:18 elsewhere in Chronicles: 2Chr 15:1; 2Chr 20:14; 2Chr 24:20 distinctly in Isa², Isa 48:16, compare Isa 61:1 so of ancient prophets, Zech 7:12; Neh 9:30 compare, of future prophetic gift, Joel 3:1; Joel 3:2.
c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to שֹׁפְטִים, מוֺשִׁיעִים, מְלָכִים, of ancient Israel: וַתְּהִי רוּחַ על ׳י Judg 3:10; Judg 11:29, compare Judg 6:34; Judg 13:25; Judg 14:6; Judg 14:19; Judg 15:14; 1Sam 11:6; 1Sam 16:13; 1Sam 16:14 so also עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֺם Isa 32:15 (2) resting upon Messianic king: Isa 11:2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of ׳י, Isa 42:1.
d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill Exod 31:3; Exod 35:31 (P); understanding Job 32:8 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); poured out by divine wisdom Prov 1:23.
e. as energy of life: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַלפְּֿנֵי הַמָּ֑יִם Gen 1:2 (P); רוּחַ אֵל עָשָׂ֑תְנִי Job 33:4 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); as vital power, opposed to בָשָׂר: Isa 31:3 in cherubic chariot: Ezek 1:12, compare vEzek 1:20 vEzek 1:21; Ezek 10:17 reviving Israel Ezek 39:29; Zech 12:10; Isa 44:3. feminine = ancient angel of the presence and later Shekina: קָדְשׁוֺ ׳ר Isa 63:10; Isa 63:11 = ׳י ׳ר vIsa 63:14 (= מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו vIsa 63:9), compare Ps 106:33 so also קָדְשְׁךָ ׳ר Ps 51:13 (in national prayer), compare Neh 9:20; Ps 143:10 prophets of restoration conceive of the divine spirit as standing in their midst and about to fulfil all divine promises: רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֺכֲכֶם Hag 2:5; Zech 4:6 this conception culminates in רוּחַ = divine Presence, and as such omnipresent, Ps 139:7 (|| פָּנֶיךָ; compare vPs 139:8).

soul, life, souls, lives, persons, …

nepeš

properly, a breathing creature, i.e., animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

dubious

dubious

dubious

דָּ֣ם

Root word blood, bloody, bloodguiltiness

Dictionary form: דָּם · dawm

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

the blood ×78 blood ×65 of blood ×21 of the blood ×18 his blood ×16 and the blood ×10 in the blood ×9 with blood ×9

More options

blood — Direct, universal default for the physical substance.

bloodshed — Use when referring to killing or violent death.

bloodguilt — Legal/moral contexts; responsibility for a death.

lifeblood — Emphasizes blood as the seat or essence of life.

gore — Vivid, visceral register; shed or spilled blood in battle.

BDB1960 H1818

דָּם₃₆₀ noun masculine^{Gen 9:6} blood (Late Hebrew id., Arabic , Ethiopic Assyrian damu Nor²³⁹ Zim^{BP 72, 76}; Aramaic דַּם, דְּמָא , ) — absolute ׳ד Gen 37:22 + 154 t.; construct דַּם Gen 9:6 + 62 t.; suffix דָּמִי 1Sam 26:20 + 3 t.; דָּֽמְךָ 2Sam 1:16 (Qr; Kt דמיך) + 4 t.; דָּמֵךְ Ezek 16:22 + 3 t.; דָּמוֺ Gen 9:4 + 30 t.; דָּמָהּ Lev 4:30 (twice in verse) + 11 t.; דִּמְכֶם Gen 9:5 דָּמָם Lev 16:27 + 11 t.; plural דָּמִים Exod 4:25 + 35 t.; construct דְּמֵי Gen 4:10 + 18 t.; suffix דָּמֶיךָ 2Sam 1:16 Kt (Qr דָּֽמְךָ); דָּמַיִךְ Ezek 16:6 (3 t. in verse); Ezek 16:9 דָּמָיו Lev 20:9 + 3 t.; דָּמֶיהָ Lev 12:7 + 2 t.; דְּמֵיהֶם Lev 20:11 + 5 t.; —

1. blood of man or animal, = the life (נֶפֶשׁ) Gen 9:4 (P) Deut 12:23; Lev 17:14 (twice in verse) (H); compare נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר בַּדָּם הִוא vLev 17:11 (H) & דִּמְכֶם לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם Gen 9:5 (P); see also Ps 72:14 וְיֵיקַר דָּמָם בְּעֵינָיו; hence blood of animals not to be eaten Lev 3:17; Lev 7:26; Lev 7:27(all P) Lev 17:10 (twice in verse); Lev 17:12 (twice in verse); Lev 17:14; Lev 19:26 (all H) Deut 12:16; Deut 12:23; Deut 15:23; 1Sam 14:32; 1Sam 14:33; 1Sam 14:34; Ezek 33:25 (compare RS^{K 310}), but to be poured out & covered with dust Lev 17:13 (compare RS^{Semitic i. 216 f.}).

2. usually blood become visible,
a. as from a wound הַמַּכָּה ׳ד 1Kgs 22:35 (compare חֲתַן דָּמִים Exod 4:25; Exod 4:26 see below h); licked by dogs 1Kgs 21:19 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 22:38; Ezek 32:6 from the nose Prov 30:33 bloody issue of a woman Lev 15:19 compare vLev 15:25 plural דְּמֵי טָֽהֳרָה Lev 12:4; Lev 12:5, & מְקֹר דָּמֶיהָ vLev 12:7 (all P) Lev 20:18 (H); blood in which child welters Ezek 16:6 (twice in verse); Ezek 16:22 + vEzek 16:6 (strike out A B Co and others); of goat Gen 37:31 (JE); of slain bird Lev 14:6; Lev 14:51; Lev 14:52.
b. often object of שָׁפַךְ, spill, shed Gen 9:6 (P) Gen 37:22 (E) Num 35:33 (P) Lev 17:4 (H) Deut 21:7; 1Sam 25:31; 1Kgs 18:28; 2Kgs 21:16; 2Kgs 24:4; 1Chr 22:8; Ezek 16:38; Ezek 22:4; Ezek 22:6; Ezek 22:9; Ezek 22:12; Ezek 22:27; Ezek 23:45; Ezek 33:25; Ezek 36:18 (strike out B Co) Prov 1:16 also Ps 79:3 שָֽׁפְכוּ דָמָם כַּמַּיִם; שֹׁפֵךְ דָּם a blood-shedder Ezek 18:10 עִיר שֹׁפֶכֶת דָּם Ezek 22:3 compare vEzek 22:4 (also 1Kgs 2:31; Jer 22:3; Jer 22:17; 1Chr 22:8; 1Chr 28:3; Prov 6:17; Lam 4:13); less often subject of passive שָׁפוּךְ, נִשְׁפָּךְ, etc. Gen 9:6; Num 35:33 (both P) Deut 19:10; Zeph 1:17; Ps 79:10.
c. דַּם חָלָל Deut 32:42 (song) blood of slain; חֲלָלִים ׳ד 2Sam 1:22 so Num 23:24 (JE), object of שָׁתָה, of Israel under figure of lion; compare also Ezek 39:17; Ezek 39:18; Ezek 39:19, & 2Sam 23:17 = 1Chr 11:19 (דַּם הָאֲנָשִׁים hyperbole for imperilled life); as food of young eagles Job 39:30.
d. often of innocent blood, i.e. blood shed with injustice & cruelty, דָּם נָקִי Deut 21:8; Deut 21:9; 1Sam 19:5; 2Kgs 21:16; 2Kgs 24:4; Ps 94:21; Ps 106:38 compare vPs 94:38; Prov 6:17; Isa 59:7; Jer 7:6; Jer 22:3 (also Jer 26:15); דָּם נָקִיא Joel 4:19; Jonah 1:14 also in construct דַּם נָקִי Deut 19:10 compare Deut 27:25 לְהַכּוֺת נֶפֶשׁ ׳נ ׳ד; דַּם הַנָּקִי Deut 19:13; Jer 22:17; 2Kgs 24:4 דַּם נְקִיִּים Jer 19:4 דַּם נַפְשׁוֺת אֶבְיוֺנִים נְקִיִּים Jer 2:34 further דַּם צַדִּיקִים Lam 4:13 דְּמֵי חִנָּם 1Kgs 2:31 in Ps 31:10 דָּמִי = my death (|| רִדְתִּי אֶלשַֿׁחַת).
e. evenger of blood גֹּאֵל הַדָּם Num 35:19; Num 35:21; Num 35:24; Num 35:25; Num 35:27 (twice in verse) (all P); Deut 19:6; Deut 19:12; Josh 20:3; Josh 20:5; Josh 20:9; 2Sam 14:11. feminine plural דָּמִים of abundance, blood in quantity, hence sometimes of blood shed by rude violence, and of blood-stains; — Gen 4:10; Gen 4:11(J) as crying from the ground for vengeance (compare RS^{Semitic i. 397}), compare also 2Sam 3:28; 2Sam 16:8; 2Kgs 9:26 (twice in verse); Isa 1:15; Isa 9:4; Isa 26:21; (3 t. in verse); Ezek 16:9; Ezek 16:36 (on text of vEzek 16:6 see above) Zech 9:7; 2Chr 24:25 דְּמֵי אָדָם Hab 2:8; Hab 2:17, and in other connections; but interchangeably with singular 2Sam 3:27; 2Sam 20:12; 2Kgs 9:33; Isa 34:3; Isa 34:6 (twice in verse); Isa 34:7; Ezek 21:37; Ezek 22:13 (plural Co) Ezek 24:8 (twice in verse) and elsewhere; see especially אֶרֶץ אַלתְּֿכַסִּי דָמִי Job 16:18 דְּמֵי ירושׁלם blood-stains of Jerusalem Isa 4:4 = slaughter, singular Gen 37:26 (J) Jer 48:10; Ezek 5:17; Ezek 28:23 (|| דֶּבֶר) Ezek 38:22 (|| id.); דַּםעֲֿבָדָיו Deut 32:43 (song: compare Ps 79:10); plural דְּמֵי עֲבָדַי 2Kgs 9:7 (twice in verse); דְּמֵי יִזְרְעֶאל Hos 1:4 bloodshed at Jezreel; compare דָּמִים בְּדָמִים נָגָ֑עוּ Hos 4:2 דְּמֵי מִלְחָמָה 1Kgs 2:5 (twice in verse); in Ezek 9:9 וַתִּמָּלֵא הָאָרֶץ חָמָס (Baer) read דָּמִים for חָמָס see d. H. Vrss Co Comm.; אָרַב לְדָם lie in wait for blood Prov 1:11 compare vProv 1:18; Prov 12:6; Mic 7:2 דָּמִים of a plan of murder Isa 33:15 (object of שׁמע); מִשְׁפַּט דָּמִים Ezek 7:23 bloody crime; as symbol of oppression, violence Mic 3:10 (|| עַוְלָה), Hab 2:12 (|| id.)
g. דָּמִים = guilt of bloodshed, blood-guiltiness Exod 22:1, then more generally, mortal sin (RS^{OTJC 417, 2nd ed. 441}, compare Ezek 18:13) Ps 51:16 (compare Hos 12:15); also בּוֺא בְדָמִים 1Sam 25:26; 1Sam 25:33.
h. plural also in pharses: חֲתַן דָּמִים bloody bridegroom Exod 4:25; Exod 4:26 also those denoting character, chiefly in poetry, אִישׁ דָּמִים bloody man (sanguinary) 2Sam 16:8; Ps 5:7 אִישׁ הַדָּמִים 2Sam 16:7 אַנְשֵׁי דָּמִים, Ps 26:9; Ps 55:24; Ps 59:3; Ps 139:19; Prov 29:10 ואלבֵּֿית הַדָּמִים bloody house 2Sam 21:1 but read with ᵐ5 We Dr ואל בֵּיתֹה דמים, & on his house is blood; עִיר דָּמִים Nah 3:1 עִיר הַדָּמִים Ezek 22:2; Ezek 24:6 + vEzek 24:9 (strike out B Co).
i. דָּמָיו בּוֺ his blood is in (upon) him, he is responsible for his own death Lev 20:9 compare vLev 20:11 vLev 20:12 vLev 20:13 vLev 20:16 vLev 20:27 (all H), Ezek 18:13 ( + יִהְיֶה); דָּמוֺ בּוֺ Ezek 33:5 דָּמוֺ בְּראֹשׁוֺ Josh 2:19 (twice in verse); so with שָׁבוּ 1Kgs 2:33, יִהְיֶה v1Kgs 2:37; Ezek 33:4 דָּֽמְ֯יךָ עַל ראֹשֶׁ֑ךָ 2Sam 1:16, and אֶתדָּֿמוֺ עַלרֿאֹשׁוֺ ׳הֵשִׁיב י 1Kgs 2:32 also לֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתְךָ Deut 22:8 and דָּמָם לָשׂוּם עַל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ Judg 9:24 נָתַן דָּם על (אלׅ Jer 26:15; Jonah 1:14 וְהָיָה עָלָיךָ דָּמִים Deut 19:10, see 2Sam 21:1 above; also singular Ezek 22:4 בְּדָמֵךְ אָשַׁמְתְּ, and as subject of יֵחָשֵׁב לְ shall be imputed to Lev 17:4 (H); אֵין לוֺ דָמִים Exod 22:1 compare v.Exod 22:2 (both J E) & (singular) Num 35:27 (P).
j. of judicial process in case of bloodshed דָּבָר לַמִּשְׁפָּט בֵּיןדָּֿם לְדָם Deut 17:8 compare 2Chr 19:10 לֹא תַּעֲמֹד עַלדַּֿם רֵעֶ֑ךָ Lev 19:16 (H).
k. in phrase require blood at the hand of, exact vengeance (for it) from, דָּרַשׁ דָּמוֺ מִיַּד Ezek 33:6; Gen 9:5 דָּמוֺ נִדְרָשׁ Gen 42:22 (E); absolute דֹּרשׁ דמים Ps 9:13 אֲבַקֵּשׁ אֶתדָּֿמוֺ מִיֶּדְכֶם 2Sam 4:11 compare Ezek 3:18; Ezek 3:20; Ezek 33:8 עַלֿ ׳פָּקַד ד Hos 1:4 ׳וְנִקֵּיתִי ד Joel 4:21; Ezek 35:6 (4 t. in verse); compare on the other hand ׳אַליִֿפֹּל דָּמִי אַרְצָה מִנֶּגֶד פְּנֵי י 1Sam 26:20 i.e. let it not de unavenged.

1. of blood as defiling a land Num 35:33 (P) compare Ps 106:38 (plural בדמים); עֲקֻבָּה מִדָּם Hos 6:8 of a city foot-printed (VB) with blood; defiling hands Isa 1:15; Isa 59:3; Lam 4:14 compare Ezek 23:37; Ezek 23:45 further, of blood as oppressing one who has shed it עָשֻׁק בְּדַם נֶפֶשׁ Prov 28:17. masculine atonement for blood-guilt is expressed by וְנִכַּפֵּר לָהֶם הַדָּם Deut 21:8 (on form of verb compare Ges^{«GKC:55»§ 55}, 9 & Di).
n. blood (-shedding) as connected with divine wrath וְשָׁפַכְתִּ֫י חֲמָתִי עָלָיהָ בְּדָם Ezek 14:19 דַּם חֵמָה וְקִנְאָה Ezek 16:38 see further אַשְׁכִּיר חִצַּי מִדָּם Deut 32:42, compare Jer 46:10 compare also of human vengeance by divine help יִרְחַץ בְּדַם הָרָשָׁע Ps 58:11 תִּמֲחַץ רַגְלְךָ בְּדָם Ps 68:24 note further Isa 49:26; Ezek 39:19 (in both figurative of being drunk with blood); then of simple human vengeance וְהוֺרַדְתָּ֫ אֶתשֵֿׂיבָתוֺ בְּדָם שְׁאוֺל 1Kgs 2:9.
o. of water turned into blood (singular) in Egypt, by divine power Exod 4:9 (J) Exod 7:17; Exod 7:20 (JE) vExod 7:19 vExod 7:19 vExod 7:21 (P) Ps 78:44; Ps 105:29 compare Isa 15:9 & Ezek 32:6 further, of appearance of blood in sky Joel 3:3, & of colour of moon v.Joel 2:4 specifically of red colour of water אֲדֻמִּים כַּדָּם 2Kgs 3:22 compare v2Kgs 3:23.

3. blood used with religious significance,
a. blood of passover-lamb Exod 12:7; Exod 12:13 (twice in verse) (all P) vExod 12:22 vExod 12:22 vExod 12:23 (all J E); note also דַּם הַבְּרִית, i.e. blood by which covenant was ratified Exod 24:8 (JE) Zech 9:11.
b. blood used in ritual, Lev 17:11 הַדָּם הוּא בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יְכַפֵּר (H); compare 2Chr 29:24 also Ezek 44:7; Ezek 44:15 (both || חֵלָב); further Lev 1:5; Isa 1:11; Ps 50:13 thrown on altar, verb זָרַק usually with עַל Exod 24:6 (JE) Exod 29:16; Exod 29:20; Lev 1:5; Lev 1:11; Lev 3:2; Lev 3:8; Lev 3:13; Lev 7:2; Lev 7:14; Lev 8:19; Lev 8:24; Lev 9:12; Lev 9:18 (all P) Lev 17:6 (H) Num 18:17 (P) Ezek 43:18; 2Kgs 16:13; 2Kgs 16:15 (twice in verse); 2Chr 29:22 (3 t. in verse); compare 2Chr 30:16 sprinkled, verb הִזָּה Lev 5:9; Lev 16:19 (both P); sprinkled toward tent of meeting (verb הִזָּה) Num 19:4 (twice in verse) (P); brought into tent of meeting Lev 4:5; Lev 4:16; Lev 6:23 compare Lev 10:18 (all P); sprinkled toward the holy of holies (verb הִזָּה) Lev 4:6 (twice in verse); Lev 4:17; Lev 16:14 (twice in verse) (all P); brought within the veil on day of atonement Lev 16:15 (3 t. in verse) (compare vLev 16:14) vLev 16:27 (all P); thrown on people Exod 24:8 (J E; זָרַק); sprinkled on priests (הִזָּה) Exod 29:21; Lev 8:30 (both P); on garment (in sanctuary, הִזָּה) Lev 6:20 (P); applied with finger to horns of altar Exod 29:12; Lev 4:7; Lev 4:18; Lev 4:25; Lev 4:30; Lev 4:34; Lev 8:15; Lev 9:9 (3 t. in verse); Lev 16:18 (twice in verse) (all P; also Ezek 45:19) Ezek 43:20 applied to tip of right ear of priest Exod 29:20; Lev 8:23; Lev 8:24 (all P; also Lev 14:14; Lev 14:25 P); poured out at base of altar (שָׁפַךְ אֶלֿ) Exod 29:12; Lev 4:7; Lev 4:18; Lev 4:25; Lev 4:30; Lev 4:34 (all P); compare with מָצָה (Niph`al) Lev 1:15; Lev 5:9 with יָצַק Lev 8:15 (all P); half of blood put in basons Exod 24:6 (JE); blood poured out on altar Deut 12:27 (twice in verse); blood of red heifer burned Num 19:5 (P); see further such terms as דַּם זִבְחִי Exod 23:18; Exod 34:25 (both J E) (compare Deut 12:27; 2Kgs 16:15); דַּם הַשְּׁלָמִים Lev 7:33 (P; compare vLev 7:14); דַּם חַטָּאת הַכִּפֻּרִים Exod 30:10 (P) compare Ezek 45:19 דַּם הָאָשָׁם Lev 14:14; Lev 14:17; Lev 14:25; Lev 14:28 (see זֶבַח, שֶׁלֶם, חַטָּאת, אָשָׁם); דַּםחֲֿזִיר, swine's blood, as heathen offering Isa 66:3 compare נִסְכֵּיהֶם מִדָּם Ps 16:4 (see Che).

4. figurative of wine דַּםעֲֿנָבִים Gen 49:11 (blessing of Jacob || יַיִן); compare Deut 32:14 (song) דַּם עֵנָב תִּשְׁתֶּהחָֿ֑מֶר. — בְּדָֽמְךָ Ezek 19:10 probably textual error compare VB; Da prop: בְּרוּמָהּ in her height.

blood, bloody, bloodguiltiness

dām

blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed (i.e., drops of blood)

blood

of wine (figuratively)

נָקִ֑י

Root word innocent, guiltless, blameless, innocents, quit, …

Dictionary form: נָקִי · naw-KEE

Adjective — masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: an innocent

innocent ×11 and the innocent ×4 the innocent ×3 for the innocent ×2 of the innocent ×2 the guilt of innocent ×2 against innocent ×1 an innocent ×1

More options

innocent — Most natural default; fits legal and moral contexts well.

guiltless — Emphasizes absence of guilt; strong in legal/judicial settings.

blameless — Moral/ethical innocence; suits character descriptions.

free from guilt — Clear idiomatic phrase; good for oath or acquittal contexts.

exempt — Best when the sense is release from obligation or penalty.

acquitted — Formal legal register; suits courtroom or verdict contexts.

BDB5365 H5355

נָקִי adjective clean, free from, exempt; — ׳נ Gen 24:41 + 31 t.; construct נְקִי Ps 24:4 plural נְקִיִּים Jer 2:34 נְקִיִּם Gen 44:10 + 6 t.; —

1. free from guilt, clean, innocent, || נָקִי וְצַדִּיק ׃צַדִּיק Exod 23:7 (E), נָקִי: innocent person Job 4:7; Job 17:8; Job 22:19; Job 22:30; Job 27:17; Ps 10:8; Ps 15:5; Prov 1:11 נקיים Job 9:23 דם נקי innocent blood, first used in D, Deut 19:10; Deut 27:25; 1Sam 19:5; 2Kgs 21:16; 2Kgs 24:4; Ps 94:2; Ps 106:38; Prov 6:17; Isa 59:7; Jer 7:6; Jer 22:3; Jer 26:15 דם חנקי Deut 19:13; 2Kgs 24:4; Jer 22:17 הדם הנקי Deut 21:9 דם נקיים Jer 19:4 נָקִיִ מִדְּמֵי 2Sam 3:28 ( + ׳מֵעִם י); נְקִי כַפַּיִם Ps 24:4 אביונים נקיים Jer 2:34.

2. free from punishment Exod 21:28 (E) 2Sam 14:9.

3. free, exempt from obligations Gen 44:10 (J); from service in war Num 32:22 (P; + מִן person, see מִן 2 d), Deut 24:5; 1Kgs 15:22 (compare Arabic and Wetzst^{ZMG xxii (1868), 129}); with מן, from oaths Gen 24:41 (J) Josh 2:17; Josh 2:19; Josh 2:20 (JE).

BDB5366 H5355

נָקִיא adjective innocent; — דָּם נָקִיא innocent blood Joel 4:19; Jonah 1:14 (both Kt; Qr נָקִי).

innocent, guiltless, blameless, innocents, quit, …

nāqî

innocent

clean, free from, exempt, clear, innocent

free from guilt, clean, innocent

וְ אָמַ֥ר

וְ

Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)

אָמַ֥ר

Root word said, saying, saith, say, spake, …

Dictionary form: אָמַר · aw-MAHR

Verb — Qal, Sequential Perfect (Weqatal), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" carries the story forward — try "and he will ___" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: shall say

said ×947 saying ×718 and said ×688 saith ×527 and he said ×343 then said ×139 say ×122 and say ×119

More options

say — Most versatile; fits nearly any context or register.

declare — Emphasizes formal or authoritative pronouncement.

tell — Prefer when communication to an audience is stressed.

speak — Highlights the act of oral expression itself.

command — Use when the utterance carries directive force.

think — Fits internal or reflective speech contexts.

BDB557 H559

אָמַר₅₂₈₇ verb utter, say (MI, Phoenician אמר, Aramaic אֲמַר, Ethiopic I. 2 shew, declare, Arabic command; perhaps √ אמר originally = be or make prominent, hence Hithpa`el below, אָמִיר; Sabean אמר lofty, epithet of king JHMordtm^{ZMG 1876, 37}; compare Dl^{Pr 28} who thinks original meaning hell, sichtbar sein, whence Assyrian amâru, see, & shew, declare, say) — Qal Perfect ׳א Gen 3:1 +, etc.; Imperfect יאֹמַר Gen 31:8 +; וַיּאֹ֫מֶר Gen 1:3 +; וַיּאֹמַ֑ר Gen 14:19 +; in Job always וַיּאֹ֑מַר Job 3:2 +; 3 feminine singular תּאֹמַר Gen 21:12 +; תּאֹמֵר֑ Prov 1:21 1 singular אֹמַר Gen 22:2 +; אוֺמְרָה Ps 42:10 וָאֹמַר Gen 20:13 +; וָאוֺמַר Neh 2:7; Neh 2:17; Neh 2:20 3 masculine plural יאֹמְדוּ Exod 4:1 + etc.; suffix יֹמְרוּךָ Ps 139:20 2 masculine plural תֹּמְדוּ 2Sam 19:14 ( compare Kö^{i. p. 385}); Imperative (אֱמָרֿ) אֱמֹר Gen 45:17 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָמוֺר Exod 21:5 +; construct אֱמֹר Ezek 25:8 +; (הַ)אֲמֹר Job 34:18 but read הָאֹמֵר ᵐ5 ᵑ9 Di, or better הֶאָמֹר Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative compare Ew :§ 328 d; suffix אָמְרִי Josh 6:10 +; אֲמָרְכֶם Jer 23:38 אֱמָרְכֶם Mal 1:7 +; לֵאמֹר Gen 1:22 +, etc.; Participle active אֹמֵר Gen 32:10 +, etc.; passive הֶאָמוּר Mic 2:7, but this grammatically indefensible, read הֶאָמוֺר, Infinitive absolute with ה interrogative, see Dr^{Expositor, April, 1887, 263}.

1. Say (subject God Gen 3:1 + or man Gen 32:5, serpent Gen 3:1, ass Num 22:28, horse יאֹמַר הֶאָח Job 39:25 etc.; inanimate things, personified Job 28:14 compare vJob 28:22 etc.; so in allegory or fable Judg 9:8; 2Kgs 14:9 etc.; especially in narration, וַיּאֹמֶר etc., Gen 4:6 + very often): mostly followed by thing said, either substantive Jer 14:17 (c. clause app.) Deut 27:16f.; Judg 12:6 pronoun Gen 44:16; 2Kgs 20:14 +; or (usually) clause Gen 1:3; Gen 3:1; Gen 37:20 + often (oratio recta [direct speech]); with adverb thus, so Gen 32:5; Num 20:14; 1Kgs 20:3; 1Kgs 20:5 + often; especially ׳כֹּה אָמַר י Exod 5:1; Exod 7:17; Exod 8:1; Exod 8:20; 1Chr 17:4 + often; the person addressed usually introduced by אֶל Gen 3:1; Gen 15:7; Gen 22:7; Lev 21:1; 2Sam 3:7; 1Kgs 12:5; 1Kgs 12:23, or לְ Gen 3:13; Gen 4:15; 1Sam 20:2; 2Sam 2:21; 1Kgs 14:2 + often; rarer combinations are, בְּאָזְנֵי ׳א Isa 49:20 (compare Isa 5:9 & see דבר); לִפְנֵי ׳א Ezek 28:9 לְעֵינֵי ׳א Deut 31:7; Josh 10:12; Jer 28:11 בְּ ׳א Joel 2:17; Ps 126:2, where בְּ local; in all cases usually followed by direct object of words said, Exod 19:25 being very singular; Gen 4:8 the object-clause has probably fallen out, compare Vrss Di; = mention, name, designate Gen 22:2; Gen 22:3; Gen 43:27; Gen 43:29; Exod 32:13; Num 14:40; 1Sam 10:16; 1Sam 16:3; 2Sam 6:22; Neh 6:19 compare Ps 139:20 יֹמְרוּךָ לִמְזִמָּה speak of thee for falsehood (but many, as Hup Pe Dy Che, read יַמְרוּךָ); = tell, declare, proclaim, (followed by direct object only) Ps 40:11; Ezek 13:7 in reply to question = answer Exod 12:27; Josh 4:7; 1Kgs 9:9; Jer 5:19; Jer 22:9. The object spoken of may be referred to by אֶל 2Kgs 19:32; Jer 22:18; Jer 27:19, or לְ Gen 20:13 אִמְרִי לִֹי say of me, etc. Deut 33:9; Judg 9:54; Isa 5:20; Ps 3:3; Ps 71:10, very rarely by a simple accusative Isa 3:10 (where read probably for אִמְרוּ, אַשְׁרֵי), except after אֲשֶׁר where the words used follow (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d) Gen 3:17; Num 10:29; Num 14:31; Deut 28:68; Judg 7:4; 1Sam 9:17; 1Sam 9:23b 1Kgs 8:29; Lam 4:20 compare Num 21:16; 2Kgs 17:12; 2Kgs 21:4, & (two extreme cases) Isa 8:12; Lam 2:15 (see Dr^{Sm i. 24, 5}); ֶהאָמוּר Mic 2:7 read infinitive absolute with ה interrogative הֶאָמוֺר (see above) shall one say ? shall it be said ? After another verb of saying, introducing thing said: Deut 21:7; Deut 25:9; Deut 27:15; Song 2:10 +, even after אמר Gen 22:7; Lev 21:1; Jer 34:2; Esth 7:5 +; especially infinitive לֵאמֹר, after דבר Gen 8:15, צוה Gen 2:16, ענה Gen 44:16, ברך Gen 1:22, נשׁבע Gen 24:7, נדר Gen 28:20, etc.; after אמר 2Sam 3:18; 1Kgs 12:23; Ruth 4:4; 1Chr 21:18 +; after שׁלח 2Chr 35:21, שׁוּב Gen 32:7 compare also Gen 28:6; Gen 9:5; Gen 13:8; Gen 17:4; Deut 13:7; Judg 8:15; 1Sam 23:2; 1Kgs 13:3; Jer 32:3; Jer 37:9 +; also when subject of לֵאמֹר differs from that of pre-ceding clause Gen 31:1; Gen 38:13; Gen 38:24 etc.; after שׁמע Isa 37:9 = 2Kgs 19:9.

2. Say in the heart (= think) בלבב ׳א Deut 8:17 compare 1Kgs 12:26; Ps 10:6; Ps 10:11; Ps 10:13; Ps 14:1; Ps 35:25; Isa 14:13; Isa 47:8; Isa 47:10; Isa 49:21; Eccl 2:1; Eccl 2:15; Eccl 3:17; Eccl 3:18 לִלְבָבָם ׳א Hos 7:2 אֶללִֿבּוֺ ׳א Gen 8:21 said unto his heart (to himself), subject ׳י, compare 1Sam 27:1 אָֽמְרָה נַפֲשִׁי Lam 3:24 thence ׳א alone Gen 20:11; Gen 26:9; Num 24:11; Ruth 4:4; 1Sam 20:26; 2Sam 5:6; 2Sam 12:22; 2Kgs 5:11 followed by clause with כִּי Judg 15:2 in particular = desire מַהתּֿאֹמַר נַפְשְׁךָ 1Sam 20:4 compare Esth 2:13 followed by infinitive = purpose, Exod 2:14 thinkest thou to kill me, as thou killedst the Egyptian ? Josh 22:33; 1Sam 30:6; 1Kgs 5:19; 2Chr 28:10; 2Chr 28:13 expect 2Sam 21:16 he expected to slay David 2Chr 13:8; 2Chr 32:1.

3. Promise (followed by infinitive) 1Chr 27:23; 2Chr 21:7; Esth 4:7 (id. + ל of person) 2Kgs 8:19; Neh 9:15 (followed by accusative of direct object + ל of person + infinitive of purpose) Neh 9:23.

4. Command (especially late) followed by אֶלֿ of per-son addressed, Num 15:38; 1Chr 21:18 followed by ל Josh 11:9; 2Sam 16:11; 2Kgs 4:24; Job 9:7; Ps 106:34 (see below אֲשֶׁר 8 e); followed by infinitive 1Sam 24:11; 1Chr 21:17; 2Chr 1:18; 2Chr 29:27; 2Chr 29:30; 2Chr 31:11; 2Chr 35:21; Esth 1:17; Esth 4:13; Esth 4:15; Esth 6:1; Esth 9:14 followed by infinitive + ל of pers, 2Chr 14:3; 2Chr 29:21; 2Chr 31:4; followed by accusative direct object 2Chr 29:24 the king commanded the burnt-offering and the sin-offering, compare 1Kgs 5:20; Esth 2:15 followed by clause with אשׁר = that Neh 13:19 id. + ל of person vNeh 13:22 followed by clause with כִּי Job 36:10 absolute 1Sam 16:16 (read however probably יאמרו for יאמר, compare Dr); also Ps 105:31; Ps 105:34; Ps 107:25; 1Chr 14:12; 2Chr 24:8; Neh 13:9; Neh 13:19 (all followed by verb consecutive); command by letter עִםהַֿסֵּפֶר ׳א Esth 9:25 (followed by imperfect); appoint, assign לוֺ ׳לֶחֶם א 1Kgs 11:18 = threaten followed by infinitive Deut 9:25; Ps 106:23. Niph`al Perfect נֶאֱמַר Dan 8:26 Imperfect יֵאָמֵר Gen 22:14 +; יֵאָ֫מֶר לוֺ Isa 4:3 יֵאָמַ֑ר Gen 10:9 +; וַיֵּאָמַ֑ר Josh 2:2 be said, told Gen 10:9; Gen 22:14; Ps 87:5; Jer 4:11; Jer 16:14 (all absolute, indefinite subject, of current saying); so said in a book Num 21:14 be related, told, of vision Dan 8:26 said, told to (followed by ל indirect object) Josh 2:2; Hos 2:1 (twice in verse); Zeph 3:16 either so, or told concerning Num 23:23; Ezek 13:12 (אֶלֿ); יֵאָמֵר לָכֶם = ye shall be called (it shall be said to you) Isa 61:6 (|| תִּקָּרְאוּ), compare Isa 4:3; Isa 19:18; Isa 32:5 (|| יִקָּרֵא ל) Isa 62:4 (twice in verse); hence be called, of Tophet לֹאיֵֿאָמֵר עוֺד הַתֹּפֶת Jer 7:32 subject שֵׁם Gen 32:29; Job 34:31 כִּי אֶלאֵֿל הֶאָמַר, Rabb (compare AV) treat הֵאָמַר as Niph`al Infinitive for לְהֵאָמֵר, but against grammar; the form as it stands is Qal Perfect, אֶלאֵֿל being prefixed to the interrogative for emphasis (compare Jer 22:15; Jer 23:26; Neh 13:27), see Dr^{§ 9} Di and others; Hoffm., however, reads הֵאָמֵר infinitive absolute = imperative 'so must one speak (it be spoken) to God.' Hiph`il Perfect avow, avouch Deut 26:17 הֶאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֺם לִהְיוֺת לְךָ לֵאלֹהִים ׳אֶתיֿ; vDeut 26:18 ׳וי הֶאֱמִירְךָ היום להיות לוֺ לְעַם (literally cause to declare, i.e. through agency of Moses; on this & other interpretations see Di). Hithpa`el Imperfect יִתְאַמְּרוּ Ps 94:4 subject כָּלפֹּֿעֲלֵי אָ֑וֶן act proudly, boast (|| יַבִּיעוּ יְדַבְּרוּ עָתָק probably also 2 masculine plural תִּתְיַמָּ֑רוּ Isa 61:6 (in good sense, followed by בְּ of thing gloried in) ᵑ6 ᵑ9 ᵑ7 & compare ᵐ5; Ges^Comm. so De Che Kö^{i. 457 f.} (from [ימר] exchange Thes Hi Kn Ew Di; but see ימר, מור).

BDB9309 H560 H559

אֲמַר₇₁ verb say, tell, command (Biblical Hebrew אָמַר); —

Pe Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳א Dan 2:12 +, אֲמַ֑ר Dan 7:1 3 feminine singular אֲמֶ֫רֶר Dan 5:10 (K^{§ 38, 1 a}); 1 singular אַמְרֵת Dan 4:5 1 plural אֲאַ֫רְנָא Dan 5:4; Dan 5:9, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יֵאמַר (K^{§ 41}) Dan 2:7 +; 2 masculine plural תֵּאמְרוּן Jer 10:11, etc.; Imperative masculine singular אֱמַר Jer 2:4 +; masculine plural אֱמַרוּ Jer 2:9 Infinitive לְמֵאמַר vJer 2:9, לְמֵמַ֑ר Ezra 5:11 (K^{§ 41 a}); Participle אְמַר Dan 2:5 + often, plural אָֽמְרִין Dan 3:4; Ezra 5:3 +; —

1. say (often in phrase answer and say): followed by oratio recta [direct speech] (only), Dan 2:7; Dan 2:10 + 13 t. Daniel; Ezra 5:11 + ל person Dan 2:5; Dan 3:14 + 14 t. Daniel [plural with indefinite subject for passive Dan 4:28], Ezra 5:15 + קְָדָס person Dan 2:9; Dan 5:17; Dan 6:13; Dan 6:14 + כֵּן Dan 4:11; Dan 7:23, כֵּן with ל person Ezra 5:8; Dan 2:24; Dan 2:25; Dan 6:7, compare Dan 7:5 + כְּנֵמָא with ל person Ezra 5:4; Ezra 5:9 + כִּדְנָךְ with ל person Jer 10:11 followed by accusative of thing + עַל person against whom Dan 3:29.

2. relate, tell: followed by accusative of thing Dan 4:6; Dan 4:15; Dan 7:1, + ל person Dan 2:4; Dan 2:9; Dan 2:7; Dan 7:16 (accusative of thing omitted), + קְָדָם person Dan 2:36; Dan 4:4; Dan 4:5.

3. command: followed by infinitive Dan 2:12; Dan 2:46 + 6 t. Daniel; followed by finite verb Dan 5:29; Dan 6:17; Dan 6:23 followed by ל person + or. rect. Dan 3:4 [pl. with indefinite subject, for passive, K^{§ 76 e}, so Dan 4:23].

said, saying, saith, say, spake, …

ʾāmar

to say (used with great latitude)

to say, speak, utter

(Qal) to say, to answer, to say in one's heart, to think, to command, to promise, to intend

כָּל

Root word all, every, any, whole, one, …

Dictionary form: כֹּל · kole

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: and all

all ×1727 and all ×796 of all ×249 every ×158 in all ×133 according to all ×89 with all ×73 and every ×69

More options

all — Most versatile; fits nearly every syntactic context.

every — Prefer when distributing over individual items.

whole — Emphasizes totality or completeness of a single entity.

any — Best in negative, conditional, or open-ended clauses.

each — Highlights individuality within a set; more precise than 'every'.

entirely — Adverbial use; stresses completeness of an action.

BDB4037 H3605

כֹּל once כּוֺל (Jer 33:8 Kt.), noun masculine the whole, all (Moabite, Phoenician, id.; Aramaic כּוֺל, ; Arabic ; Sabean כל, compare DHM^{Epigr. Denk. 36-38}; Ethiopic Assyrian kullatu) — absolute כֹּל, construct כֹּל Gen 2:5; Gen 2:16; Gen 2:20 + often, once כֹּלֿ Ps 138:2 (see Ba), but more usually כָּלֿ (with makk.: without it, Ps 35:10; Prov 19:7 Kö^{i. 84, 95}); suffix 2 masculine singular in p. כֻּלָּךְ Mic 2:12 2 feminine singular כֻּלֵּךְ Isa 14:29; Isa 14:31, כֻּלָּךְ Isa 22:1; Song 4:7 (perhaps for assonance with accompanying לָךְ, בָּךְ); 3 masculine singular כֻּלֹּה 2Sam 2:9 (see Dr) + 17 t. (never in Pentateuch), כֻּלּוֺ Gen 25:25 + 16 t.; 3 feminine singular כֻּלָּהּ Gen 13:10 + 15 t., כֻּלָּא Ezek 36:5 כֻּלָּנּו (16 t.); כֻּלְּכֶם (18 t.); כֻּלָּם (often), כּוּלָּם Jer 31:34, כֻּלָּ֑הַם 2Sam 23:6 (and probably Jer 15:10 כֻּלְּהֶם); 3 feminine plural כֻּלָּ֫נָה Gen 42:36; Prov 31:29 כֻּלָּֽהְנָה׃ 1Kgs 7:37: — the whole,

1. with following genitive (as usually) the whole of, to be rendered, however, often in our idiom, to avoid stiffness, all or every:
a. Gen 2:2 כָּלצְֿבָאָם the whole of their host, vGen 2:13 כָּלאֶֿרֶץ כּוּשׁ the whole of the land of Kush; כָּלהַֿלַּיְלָה the whole of the night; כָּליִֿשְׂרָאֵל the whole of Israel = all Israel; Deut 4:29 בְּכָללְֿבָֽבְךָ with the whole of thy heart = with all thy heart; + very often With a plural noun, usually determined by the article or a genitive: Gen 5:5 כליֿמי אדם the whole of (= all) the days of Adam, Gen 37:35 כלבֿניו the whole of (= all) his sons, Isa 2:2 כלהֿגוים all the nations; Gen 43:9 + often כל הימים = continually. In poetry, however, the noun may remain undetermined, כָּליָֿדַיִם the whole of hands = every hand, Isa 13:7; Jer 48:37; Ezek 21:12 כלפֿנים i.e. every face Isa 25:8; Joel 2:6 כל שׁלחנות Isa 28:8 כל חוצות Isa 51:20; Lam 2:19 and elsewhere Before an infinitive Gen 30:41; Deut 4:7; 1Kgs 8:52; 1Chr 23:31. frequently with suffixes, as (כֻּלֹּה) כֻּלּוֺ the whole of him Gen 25:25; Job 21:23; Song 5:16, the whole of it Lev 13:13; Jer 2:21; Nah 2:1; Prov 24:31 כֻּלָּהּ the whole of it Gen 13:10; Exod 19:18; Exod 25:36; Amos 8:8 כֻּלָּךְ all of thee Song 4:7 + (see at the beginning); כֻּלָּנוּ the whole of us Gen 42:11; Deut 5:3; Isa 53:6 (twice in verse); כֻּלְּכֶם Deut 1:22; Deut 4:4; 1Sam 22:7 (twice in verse); כֻּלָּם Gen 11:6; Gen 43:34; Josh 8:24 ויפלו כֻּלָּם, Judg 11:6 בְּיַד כֻּלָּם, Isa 7:19; Isa 31:3 + often — Twice, strangely, with hyperb. intensive force, Ps 39:6 כָּלהֶֿבֶל the whole of vanity are all men (? omit כל, as vPs 39:12), Ps 45:14 כָּלכְּֿבוּדָּה the whole of gloriousness is the king's daughter.
b. followed often by a singular, to be understood collectively, whether with or without the article: Gen 1:21 את כל נפשׁ החיה the whole of living souls = every living soul, Gen 2:9 כל עץ נחמד למראה the whole of trees (every kind of tree) pleasant to view, Gen 6:12 + כָּלבָּֿשָׂר, Gen 7:14 כל צפור כל כנף all birds of every kind of wing (so Ezek 17:23), vEzek 17:21 כל האדם the whole of mankind (so Num 12:3; Num 16:29; Judg 16:17 and elsewhere); in poetry כלאֿדם Ps 39:6; Ps 64:10 +; 1Sam 14:52 כל אישׁ גבור וכלבֿןחֿיל, 1Sam 17:19; 1Sam 17:24 כל אישׁ ישׂראל, 1Sam 22:2; Isa 9:16 כל פה the whole of mouths = every mouth, Isa 15:2; Isa 24:10 כָּלבַּֿיִת + often (in Isa 2:12-16 the singular and plural interchange); Ps 7:12 + בכליֿום, Ps 10:5 + בכלעֿת = at all seasons. So כלהֿעץ Gen 1:29, כלהֿבן Exod 1:22 = all the sons, כלהֿמקום Exod 20:24; Deut 11:24 = all the places, כלהֿמרכב Lev 15:9, vLev 15:26; Deut 4:3 כלהֿאישׁ אשׁר = all the men who. . ., Deut 15:19 כלהֿבכור, Jer 4:29 כלהֿעיר עזובה all the cities (notice the following בָּהֶן); כלהֿיום = all the days (see יוֺם 7 f), etc. In late Hebrew extended to such phrases as בְּכָלדּֿוֺר וָדוֺר Ps 45:18; Ps 145:13; Esth 9:28 בכלעֿיר ועיר 2Chr 11:12; 2Chr 28:25; 2Chr 31:19; Esth 8:11; Esth 8:17; Esth 9:28; 2Chr 32:28; Esth 2:11; Esth 3:14; Esth 4:3; Esth 8:13; Esth 8:17; Esth 9:21; Esth 9:27; Esth 9:28 (3 t. in verse) (compare וְ 1 i b).
c. the genitive after כל is often a relative sentence, introduced by אשׁר: Gen 1:31 את כל אשׁר עשׂה the whole of what he had made, Gen 7:22; Gen 13:1 + very often Sts., with a preposition, כל אשׁר has the force of wheresover, whithersoever, as Josh 1:7 בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵךְ wheresoever thou goest, vJosh 1:16 אֶלכָּֿלאֲֿשֶׁר whithersoever (see אֲשֶׁר 4 b γ). Very rarely in such cases is there ellipse of the rel., as Gen 39:4 וְכָליֶֿשׁלֿוֺ נָתַן בְּיָדִי (contrast vGen 39:5 vGen 39:8), Exod 9:4 מכללֿבני ישׂראל, Isa 38:16 וּלְכָּלבָּֿהֶן חַיֵּי רוּחִי, Ps 71:18 לְכָליָֿבוֺא (Ps 74:3, see 2 a), 2Chr 32:31 peculiarly also in Chronicles (Dr^{Intr 505}), 1Chr 29:3 מִכָּלהֲֿכִינוֺתִי, 2Chr 30:18f.; Ezra 1:6 compare with כֹּל (2 a) 1Chr 29:11 a 2Chr 30:17; Ezra 1:5.
d. with a suffix two idiomatic uses of כל have to be noticed:
(a) כל is often made more independent and emphatic by being placed with a suffix after the word which it qualifies, to which it then stands in apposition (compare in Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic), as 2Sam 2:9 יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלּהֹ, Jer 13:19; Jer 48:31; Isa 9:8; Isa 14:29; Isa 14:31 פלשׁת כלך Philistia, all of thee ! Mic 2:12; Hab 2:6; Job 34:13; Ps 67:4; Ps 67:6 especially in Ezekiel, as Ezek 14:5; Ezek 29:2 מצרים כֻּלָּהּ Ezek 32:12; Ezek 32:30 with change of person (compare the idiom in Isa 22:16; Isa 48:1; Isa 54:1 etc.), 1Kgs 22:28 = Mic 1:2 שׁמעו עמים כלם Hear, nations, all of them ! Mal 3:9 הַגּוֺי כֻּלּוֺ. So even with כל preceding: Num 16:3 כָּלהָֿעֵדָה כֻּלָּם, Isa 14:18; Jer 30:16; Ezek 11:15 כל בית ישׂראל כֻּלֹּה the whole of the house of Israel, the whole of it (so Ezek 20:40; Ezek 36:10), Ezek 35:15; Ezek 36:5; Ps 8:8 (compare Sabean DHM^l.c.);
(b) with the suffix of 3 masculine singular, understood as referring to the mass of things or persons meant, כֻּלֹּה or כֻּלּוֺ, literally the whole of it, is equivalent to all of them, every one, Exod 14:7 and captains עַלכֻּֿלּוֺ upon the whole of it (the רֶכֶב collectively) = all of them, Isa 1:23 the whole of it (the people) loveth bribes, Isa 9:16; Isa 15:3; Jer 6:13 (twice in verse); Jer 8:6; Jer 8:10 (twice in verse); Jer 20:7; Hab 1:9; Hab 1:15; Ps 29:9 and in his temple כֻּלּוֺ אֹמֵר כָּבוֺד the whole of it (= every one there) says, Glory ! Ps 53:4 (|| Ps 14:3 הַכֹּל); perhaps Isa 16:7; Jer 48:38 + Prov 19:6 Ew Hi (וְכֻלּהֹ רֵעַ): Jer 15:10 read כֻּלְּהֶם קִלֲלוּנִי.
e. Hebrew idiom in certain cases affirms, or denies, of an entire class, where English idiom affirms, or denies, of an individual of the class; thus in a comparative or hypothetical sentence כל is = any, and with a negative = none:
(a) Gen 3:1 the serpent was more subtil מכל חית השׂדה than all beasts of the field (in our idiom: than any beast of the field), Deut 7:7; 1Sam 9:2
(b) Lev 4:2 a soul when it sins through ignorance מכל מצות יי֞ in all the commandments of Jehovah (= in any of the commandments, etc.), Lev 19:23 when ye . . . plant כלעֿץ מאכל = any tree for food, Num 35:22 or if he have cast upon him כָּלכְּֿלִי = any weapon, 1Kgs 8:37 b; joined with a participle in a hypothetical sense (Dr^{§ 121 n.} Ges^{«GKC:116»§ 116}. 5 R. 5), Gen 4:14 כל מצאי all my finders (= if any one find me), he will slay me, vGen 4:15 a Num 21:8 כָּלהַֿנָּשׁוּךְ = whosoever (= if any one) is bitten, 1Sam 2:13
(c) with a negative, Gen 2:5 all plants of the field טֶרֶם יִהְיֶה were not as yet = no plant of the field as yet was, Gen 4:15 b לבלתי הכותאֿתו כלמֿצאו for the not-smiting him of all finding him = that none finding him should smite him, Exod 10:15 ולאנֿותר כל ירק = and no green things were left, Exod 12:16 כלמֿלאכה לא יעשׂה all work shall not be done = no work shall be done, Deut 28:14; Judg 13:4 אַלתּֿאֹכְלִי כָּלטָֿמֵא eat not of all that is unclean, Judg 19:19 אֵין מַחְסוֺר כָּלדָּֿבָר there is no lack of all things i.e. of any thing, Ps 143:2 כי לאיֿצדק לפניך כלחֿי, + very often (so οὐ πᾶς, as a Hebraism, in the N.T., e.g. Mark 13:20 οὐκ ἂν ἐσώθη πᾶσα σάρξ, Luke 1:37 οὐκ ἀδυνατήσει . . . πᾶν ρἧμα, as Jer 32:17 לֹאיִֿפָּלֵא מִמְּךָ כָּלדָּֿבָר, Gal 2:16 οὐ δικαιωθήσεται . . . πᾶσα σάρξ, etc.) Usually, in such cases, כל (or its genitive) is without the article, being left purposely indefinite: in Ps 49:18 (2 b a) הַכֹּל is emphatic (in Num 23:13 וְכֻלּוֺ לֹא תִרְאֶה the context shews that כֹּל is opposed to a part). feminine very anomalously, severed from its genitive, 2Sam 1:9 כִּיכָֿלעֿוֺד נַפְשִׁי בִי, Job 27:3 כִּיכָֿלעֿוֺד נִשְׁמָתִי בִי, Hos 14:3 (si vera lectio) כָּלתִּֿשָּׂא עָוֺן. On Eccl 5:15 ׳כָּלעֻֿמַּתשֶֿׂ see עֻמָּה.

Note. — When the genitive after כל is a noun feminine or plural, the predicate usually agrees with this (as being the really important idea), e.g. Gen 5:5 ויהיו כל ימי אדם, Num 14:1 וַתִּשָּׂא כָלהָֿעֵדָה, Nah 3:1; Ps 150:6 כָֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל exceptions being very rare, Isa 64:10b Prov 16:2 (Ges^{«GKC:141»§ 141}. 1 R. 2).

2. Absolutely:
a. without the article, all things, all (mostly neuter, but sometimes masculine), the sense in which 'all' is to be taken being gathered from the context, Gen 9:3 נתתי לכם את כֹּל, Gen 16:12 וְיַד כֹּל בּוֺ, Gen 20:16 ואת כֹּל ונוכחת, Gen 33:11 וכי ישׁ לי כֹל, Num 8:16 בכור כֹּל מבני ישׂראל, Num 11:6 אֵין כֹּל nought of all things ! = there is nothing (so 2Sam 12:3; Prov 13:7, compare 2Kgs 4:2), 2Kgs 13:2 כֹּ֖ל נשׂיא בהם (compare 2Sam 23:28; 1Chr 3:9: usually so הַכֹּל), Deut 28:47 מֵרֹב כֹּל, vDeut 28:48 vDeut 28:37 בְּחֹסֶר כֹּל (compare Jer 44:18), Isa 30:5 כֹּל הֹבִאישׁ all exhibit shame, Isa 44:24 עשֶֹׁהכֹּֿל ׳י, Jer 44:12 וְתַמּוּ כֹל (unusual), Zeph 1:2; Ps 8:7; Ps 74:3 (read כֹּל הֵרַע), Ps 145:15 עיני כֹל, Prov 16:4; Prov 26:10; Prov 28:5; Job 13:1 הן כֹּל ראתה עיני, Job 42:2; 1Chr 29:11b 2Chr 32:22 (masculine), Dan 11:37 (see also 1 c end); מִכֹּל Gen 6:19; Gen 6:20b שְׁנַיִם מִכֹּל, Gen 14:20; Gen 27:33; Jer 17:9 עקוב הלב מִכֹּל, Dan 11:2 (masculine) After a negative = anything, Deut 4:25 תְּמוּנַת כֹּל the likeness of anything, Deut 8:9; Deut 28:55; Prov 30:30. In the genitive also, very rarely, to express the idea of all as comprehensively as possible: Ezek 44:30 כָּלבִּֿכּוּרֵי כֹל וְכָלתְּֿרוּמַת כֹּל; Ps 119:128 (si vera lectio) כָּלפִּֿקּוּדֵי כֹל all the statutes about everthing.
b. with art. הַכֹּל:
(a) where the sense is limited by the context to things (or persons) just mentioned, Exod 29:24 ושׂמת הַכֹּל ביד אהרן, Lev 1:9 והקטיר הכהן את הַכֹּל, vLev 1:13; Lev 8:27; Deut 2:36 לפנינו ׳את הַכֹּל נתן י, Josh 11:19 (compare 2Sam 19:31; 1Kgs 14:26 = 2Chr 12:9), 2Chr 21:43 הַכֹּל בָּא (compare 2Chr 23:14), 1Sam 30:19 הַכֹּל השׁיב דוד, 2Sam 17:3 (corrupt: see ᵐ5 Dr), 2Sam 24:23 (1Chr 21:23), 1Kgs 6:18 הַכֹּל ארז (compare 1Kgs 7:33; 2Kgs 25:17 = Jer 52:22), 2Kgs 24:16 הַכֹּל גבורים, Isa 65:8 לבלתי השׁחית הַכֹּל, Ps 14:3 or implied, Gen 16:12 יָדוֺ בַכֹּל, Gen 24:1 ברך את אברהם בַּכֹּל 2Sam 23:5 (poetry) עֲרֻכָה בַכֹּל, Isa 29:11 (peculiarly) חָזוּת הַכֹּל the vision of the whole, Jer 13:7; Jer 13:10 לא יצלח לַכֹּל, Ezek 7:14 וְהָכִין הַכֹּל (but Co וְהָכִינוּ הָכֵן), Ps 49:18 לא במותו יקח הַכֹּל: more frequently later, namely 1Chr 7:5 (as regards all), 1Chr 28:19; 1Chr 29:19; 2Chr 28:6; 2Chr 29:28; 2Chr 31:5; 2Chr 35:7; 2Chr 36:17; 2Chr 36:18; Ezra 1:11; Ezra 2:42; Ezra 8:34; Ezra 8:35; Ezra 10:17 (וַיְכַלּוּ בַכֹּל: see BeRy), Eccl 5:8 (בַּכֹּל, apparently = in all respects), Eccl 10:19; Eccl 12:13.
(b) in a wider sense, all, whether of all mankind or of all living things, the universe (τὸ πᾶν), or of all the circumstances of life (chiefly late), Jer 10:16 = Jer 51:19 כי יוצר הַכֹּל הוא, Ps 103:19 (compare 1Chr 29:12), 1Chr 119:21 הַכֹּל עֲבָדֶיךָ, 1Chr 145:9 לַכֹּל ׳טוֺב י, 1Chr 29:12; 1Chr 29:14; 1Chr 29:16; Dan 11:2, and especially in Ecclesiastes, as Eccl 1:2; Eccl 1:14; Eccl 2:11; Eccl 2:17; Eccl 3:19; Eccl 12:8 הַכֹּל הֶבֶל, Eccl 2:16 הכל נשׁכח, Eccl 3:1 לַכֹּל זְמָן, vEccl 3:11 vEccl 3:19 vEccl 3:20; Eccl 6:6; Eccl 7:15; Eccl 9:1; Eccl 9:2 (twice in verse); Eccl 9:3; Eccl 10:3; Eccl 10:19; Eccl 11:5. כַּכֹּל, Job 24:24 (si vera lectio) כַּכֹּל יִקָָּֽפְצוּן like all men (i.e. like men in general).

BDB9612 H3605 H3606 H6903

כֹּל, כָּלֿ: noun masculine the whole, all (Biblical Hebrew כֹּל); — emphatic כֹּלָּא Dan 2:40 +, construct כֹּל Dan 2:12; Dan 3:2 +, כָּלֿ Dan 2:8 +, suffix 3 masculine plural כָּלְּהוֺן (so Palmyrene Lzb²⁹⁶ Cooke^{No. 117}, Tariff ii.c.19 ii b. 18) Dan 2:38; Dan 7:19 (Qr feminine כָּכְּהֵּן); —

1. כֹּל חַכִּימֵי בָבֶכ the whole of ( = all) the wise men of B. Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3; Dan 3:5, etc.; Dan 6:2 כלמֿלכותא the whole ofthe kingdom, v.Dan 6:4 with suffix the whole of them, Dan 2:38; Dan 7:19.

2. with a singular noun, understood collectively, every, any, or with a negative none (Biblical Hebrew 1 b):Dan 3:29 דִּי כָלעַֿם אֻמָּה וְלִשָּׁן that every people, nation, and language, etc., Dan 6:8 מִןכָּֿלאֱֿלָה of any god, Ezra 6:12 כָּלמֶֿלֶח וְעַם; כל אנשׁ די every man who = whoever, Dan 3:10; Dan 5:7; Dan 6:13; Ezra 6:11; Dan 2:10 שׁאל כל מלך ֗֗֗ לא no king hath asked . . ., vDan 2:35; Dan 4:6; Dan 6:5; Dan 6:24 so כָּלדִּֿי (= Hebrew כָּלאְִֿשֶׁר) whoever Dan 6:8; Ezra 7:26, whatever vEzra 7:23, בְּכָלדִּֿי wherever Dan 2:38(compare אְִשֶׁר 4 b γ).

3. emphatic כֹּלָּא, used absolutely, as Hebrew הַכֹּל (Biblical Hebrew 2 b): Dan 2:40 חָשֵׁל כֹּלָּא crushing all things, Dan 4:9; Dan 4:18 וּמָזוֺן לְכֹלָּאבֵֿהּ and food for all was in it, v.Dan 4:25 כֹּלָּא מְטָא all came upon N. (compare חַכֹּל בָּא Josh 21:43), Ezra 5:7 שְׁלָמָא כֹלָּא all peace (K^{§ 83 d};) compare in Hebrew כֻּלּוּ etc., after their noun : Biblical Hebrew 1 d a). — For כָּלקְָֿבֵל see קְָבֵל.

all, every, any, whole, one, …

kōl

properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)

all, the whole

all, the whole of

הָ עָ֖ם

הָ

Prefix — article the

עָ֖ם

Root word people, nations, nation, peoples, folk, …

Dictionary form: עַם · am

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: the people

the people ×572 people ×220 of the people ×150 my people ×113 and the people ×110 his people ×78 thy people ×58 of my people ×50

More options

people — Most versatile rendering; fits collective and singular contexts.

nation — Emphasizes ethnic or political identity as a unified group.

community — Highlights shared belonging; good for social or covenant contexts.

population — Neutral, demographic tone; useful for census or mass-movement passages.

folk — Informal, grassroots feel; suits ordinary or rural settings.

crowd — Best for gathered assemblies rather than an ongoing social group.

BDB6144 H5971 H5993

I. עַם, עָם₁₈₄₀ noun masculine^{Gen 11:6} (see below) people (Late Hebrew id., plebeian, common man; ᵑ7 עַמָּא people, plural peoples, tribes, etc.; Syriac ; Arabic see above; original meaning probably those united, connected, related, compare We^{GGN 1893, 480}); — absolute עַם Gen 11:6 +, עָם Judg 9:36 +, הָעָם Josh 8:11 +; construct עַם Num 21:29 +; suffix עַמִּי Exod 3:7 +, עַמְּךָ Exod 22:27 +, etc.; plural עַמִּים Isa 2:3 +, עֲמָמִים (compare Biblical Aramaic) Neh 9:22 construct עַמֵּי 1Kgs 8:43 +, עַמְמֵי Neh 9:24 plural with suffix see II. עַם; — (Thes cites following as feminine וְחָטָאת עַמֶּ֑ךָ Exod 5:16 [but corrupt and unintellig.; read perhaps ׳וְחַטָאתָ לְע, so ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Di]; Judg 18:7 [but ישֶׁבֶת must agree with lost word city, or the like, see GFM]; Jer 8:5 [but read שׁוֺבַב for שׁוֺבְבָה Gie]); —

1. a people, nation (sometimes || גּוֺי), collective noun (singular Exod 21:8; Josh 17:14; Josh 17:15; Josh 17:17; 2Sam 17:29 + often, or plural Exod 20:15; Exod 24:2; Jer 5:31 + often, or both in same clause Exod 1:20; 2Sam 13:24): עַם אֶחָד = all mankind Gen 11:6 (J); peoples in general Gen 27:29 (J; || לְאֻמִּים), Exod 19:5 (E), Deut 2:25; Deut 4:6 + often Deuteronomy; Neh 13:24 + often; קְהַל עַמִּים Gen 28:3 (P) an assembly (multitude) of peoples, Gen 48:4 (P), Ezek 23:24; Ezek 32:3 (+ רַבִּים); one's own people Jer 46:16; Ps 45:11; Ruth 1:10; Ruth 1:15; Ruth 1:16 (twice in verse) + (on עַמִּי נָדִיב Song 6:12 see especially Bu); particular peoples, Egypt Gen 41:40 (E), Exod 1:22 (E), Neh 9:10 +; עַםאֲֿרָם Amos 1:5 עַםכְּֿמוֺשׁ (i.e. Moab) Num 21:29 (JE), Jer 48:46 but especially Israel Exod 1:20 (E) + often; ׳עַםבְּֿנֵי יִשׂ vExod 1:9 (J); called יהוה ׳ע Num 11:29 (E), 1Sam 2:24 +, and (by ׳י) עַמִּי Exod 3:7; Exod 5:1 (J) + often (all periods); קְהַל עַםהָֿאֱלֹהִים Judg 20:2, עַםהַֿקָּהָל Lev 16:33 (P), קְהַל עָם Ps 107:32 especially הָעָם הַזֶּה (often in contempt or disgust) Num 11:1; Num 11:12; Num 11:13 +; figurative of ants Prov 30:25, the shaphan vProv 30:26, locusts Joel 2:2, compare לְעַם לְצִיִּים Ps 74:14 (where read לְעַם צִיִּים Hup-Now). — On Judg 1:16 see עֲמָלֵקִי.

2. = smaller units, e.g.
a. inhabitants of a city Gen 19:4 (J), 1Sam 9:12; 1Sam 9:13; Jer 29:16; Jer 29:25; 2Chr 31:4 + (Jer 8:5 strike out ׳יְרוּוּשׁ ᵐ5 Gie Co Rothst).
b. inhabitants of a locality Jer 37:12 [apparently not = tribe, Deut 33:3 read עַמּוֺ ᵐ5 Di Dr, Hos 10:14; Judg 5:8; Judg 5:14 read בְּעָרֶיךָ We Now; see below ד].
c. retainers, followers Gen 14:16; Gen 32:8; Gen 33:15; Gen 35:6; Judg 3:18; Judg 8:5; 2Sam 15:17; Jer 41:13; Jer 41:14 +.
d. people bearing arms 1Sam 11:11; 1Kgs 20:10 +; כָּבֵד ׳ע Num 20:20 (JE), i.e. a powerful force; עַם הַצָּבָא Num 31:32 (P), הַמִּלְחָמָה ׳ע Josh 8:1; Josh 8:3; Josh 8:11; Josh 10:7; Josh 11:7 (all J E); so probably Judg 5:8 a (fighting) band; perhaps also vJudg 5:14 (read singular ? see GFM Bu).

3. = common people Jer 21:7; Jer 22:4; Lev 4:27 (opposed to ruler vLev 4:22), Neh 5:1 (opposed to יְהוּדִים), Neh 7:5 (opposed to rulers).

4. people in general, persons Gen 50:20 (E), so apparently ׳כָּלהָֿעָם אֲשֶׁר וגו Exod 33:16 (J), Num 11:34 (J), Josh 5:5 (twice in verse) (D), Judg 9:36 (as singular), vJudg 9:37 (as plural), Jer 36:9 persons labouring 1Kgs 9:23 superior persons Job 12:2 (iron.); עַם עוֺלָם Ezek 26:30 people of long ago (now in Sh®°ôl).

5. phrases are:
a. (עַמָּהּ, עַמִּי, עַמְּךָ) בְּנֵי עַמּוֺ members of one's people, compatriots, fellow-countrymen, etc. Num 22:5 (E), Gen 23:11 (P) Lev 19:18 (H), Judg 14:16; Judg 14:17; Ezek 33:2; Ezek 33:12 +.
b. בְּנֵי הָעָם = common people (see 3) 2Kgs 23:6; Jer 26:23 +; people in general שַׁעַר בְּנֵי הָעָם Jer 17:19 i.e. public gate 2Chr 35:5; 2Chr 35:12.
c. עַם הָאָרֶץ the people at large, as a body 2Kgs 11:14; 2Kgs 11:18; 2Kgs 11:19; 2Kgs 11:20; 2Kgs 15:5; 2Kgs 16:15; 2Kgs 21:24 (twice in verse) +, Jer 37:2; Jer 44:21; Lev 20:2 (H), Gen 23:7; Gen 23:12; Gen 23:13 (P); common people Jer 34:19, compare ׳הא ׳דַּלַּת ע 2Kgs 24:14 distinguished from prince Ezek 45:22; Ezek 46:3; Ezek 46:9, from priests Hag 2:4; Zech 7:5 = Canaanites Num 14:9 (JE), compare עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ 1Chr 5:25 mixed post-exile population Ezra 4:4.
d. עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ usually peoples of the earth Josh 4:24 (D), 2Chr 32:19 +; of heathen peoples about and in Palestine after exile Ezra 10:2; Ezra 10:11 traders Neh 10:31 עַמֵּי הָאֲרָצוֺת Neh 9:30; Neh 10:29; 2Chr 32:13.
e. מִשְׁפְּחוֺת עַמִּים Ps 96:7 = 1Chr 16:28 (compare Ps 22:28). feminine בַּתעַֿמִּי = people personified Isa 22:4; Jer 4:11 + 7 t. Jeremiah + Jer 6:14 (van d. H.; omit בַּת Baer Gi), Lam 2:11; Lam 3:48; Lam 4:3; Lam 4:6; Lam 4:10 בְּתוּלַת בַּתעַֿמִּי Jer 14:17.
g. designations of Israel are: עַםקָֿרוֺשׁ Deut 7:6 + 3 t., קְדוֺשִׁים ׳ע Dan 8:24, (ה)קֹדֶשׁ ׳ע Isa 62:12; Isa 63:18; Dan 12:7 סְגֻלָּה ׳ע Deut 7:6; Deut 14:2; Deut 26:18.
h. of foreign (non-Israel) peoples: ׳ע נָכְרִי Exod 21:8 (E), אַחֵר ׳ע Deut 28:32, and especially from language, עִמְקֵי שָׂפָה ׳ע Ezek 3:5 compare vEzek 3:6, כִּלְשׁוֺן עַם וָעָם Neh 13:24 compare Esth 1:22 (twice in verse); Esth 3:12, לֹעֵג ׳ע Ps 114:1.
i. עַם עֶבְרָתִי Isa 10:6, חֶרְמִי ׳ע Isa 34:11, מִֿבְחָרָיו׳ע Dan 11:15, עַמֵּי תּוֺעֵבוֺת הָאֵלֶּה Ezra 9:14 לֹא עַם בִּינוֺת Isa 27:11. — For עַםעֿוֺלָם Isa 44:7 read (אֹתִיּוֺת) (מִי הִשְׁמִי)עַ מֵעוֺלָם Oort Du Kit Che^Hpt compare Perles^{Anal. 40, 64}.

BDB6147 H5971

II. [עַם] noun [masculine] kinsman

**later development of I. עַם RS^{K 58; 2nd ed. 72}. (on father's side) (Arabic paternal uncle, etc., see I. עמם; compare perhaps Tel Amarna ammu, kinsmen (?); on Nabataean עם ancestor compare Lzb^{151, 499}; see also especially Nes^{Eg 187, ZAW xvi (1896), 322f.} Krenkel^{ib. viii (1888), 280-84}); — suffix עַמִּי in בֶּןעַֿמִּי (q. v.), and proper name following; elsewhere plural suffix עַמֶּיךָ Num 27:13; Num 31:2 (Lev 19:16 read עַמְּךָ ᵐ5 ⅏), + (possibly) עֲמָָמֶיךָ Judg 5:14 עַמָּיו Gen 25:8 + 15 t., עַמֶּיהָ Gen 17:14 + 3 t.; read עַמֶּי (for ᵑ0 עַמִּי, I. עַם; compare Krenkel^{l.c. 281}) Gen 49:29 and perhaps Judg 14:3 (compare Lev 21:14); according to Buhl Kit also 2Kgs 4:13 — father's kinsmen: וַיֵּאָסֵף אֶלעַֿמָּיו Gen 25:8 (of joining kinsmen in Sh®°ôl), so vGen 25:17; Gen 35:29; Gen 49:33; Num 20:24; Deut 32:50, compare Gen 49:29 (see above), Num 27:13; Num 31:2; Deut 32:50 (all P); וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ מֵעַמֶּיהָ Gen 17:4 (severed from living kinsmen), so Lev 7:20; Lev 7:21; Lev 7:23; Lev 7:27; Lev 19:8; Lev 23:29; Num 9:13, מִקֶּרֶב עַמֶּיהָ Exod 31:14, compare Exod 30:33; Exod 30:38; Lev 17:9 (all PH); מֵעַמָּיו יִקַּח אִשָּׁה Lev 21:14 (H), and perhaps Judg 14:3 (simile I. עַם: [םָ֯, הָּ֯] מִקֶּרֶב עַמּוֺ Lev 17:4; Lev 17:10; Lev 18:29+); other combinations Judg 5:14 (si vera lectio read perhaps בְּעַמֶּ֑ךָ, see I. עַם 2 d ), Lev 21:1; Lev 21:4; Lev 21:15 (H), Ezek 18:18 and (perhaps) 2Kgs 4:13. — בֶּןעַֿמִּי perhaps = son of my kinsman; on proper name with עַם see Gray^{Prop. N. 41 ff}.

BDB9776 H5971 H5972

עַם noun masculine^{Ezra 6:12} people (see Biblical Hebrew I. עמם, עַם); — ׳ע absolute Dan 2:44; Dan 3:29; Ezra 6:12, construct Dan 7:27 emphatic עַמָּה Ezra 5:12, עַמָּא Ezra 7:13; Ezra 7:16; Ezra 7:25 plural emphatic עַמֲמַיָּא (K^{§§ 15d}); 55, 5 a)) Dan 3:4; Dan 3:7 (twice in verse); Dan 3:31; Dan 5:19; Dan 6:26; Dan 7:14.

people, nations, nation, peoples, folk, …

ʿam

a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock

nation, people

people, nation

אָמֵֽן

Adverb amen, truth, it

Dictionary form: אָמֵן · aw-MANE

Adverb

In the KJV here: amen

amen ×24 and amen ×3 of truth ×2 so be it ×1

More options

amen — Universally understood liturgical affirmation; most natural in worship contexts.

so be it — Modernized KJV form; clear in non-liturgical or narrative settings.

truly — Captures the sense of confirmed truth or solemn agreement.

indeed — Informal affirmation; suits conversational or rhetorical emphases.

let it be so — Slight expansion; emphasizes願 volitional assent over mere agreement.

yes, verily — Emphatic double affirmation; use sparingly for heightened solemnity.

BDB529 H543

אָמֵן adverb verily, truly Deut 27:15; Deut 27:26 (12 t.) 1Kgs 1:36; Neh 5:13; Jer 11:5; Jer 28:6 & doxologies 1Chr 16:36 ( = Ps 106:48); אָמֵן (ו) אָמֵן Num 5:22 (P) Neh 8:6, & in the doxologies Ps 41:14; Ps 72:19; Ps 8:9; Ps 48. ἀμήν = Amen: אֱלֹהֵי אָמֵן Isa 65:16 (twice in verse) God of Amen De Che RVm; compare Rev 3:14, or God of faithfulness, God of truth (RV) (perhaps read אֹמֶן Che Di).

amen, truth, it

ʾāmēn

sure; abstract, faithfulness; adverb, truly

verily, truly, amen, so be it

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Vqsmsa

Verb Chart

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H779

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Vqrmsa

Verb Chart

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H3947

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncmsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H7810

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar R/Vhc

Verb Chart

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H5221

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncbsc

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H5315

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncmsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H1818

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Aamsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H5355

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar C/Vqq3ms

Verb Chart

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H559

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncmsc

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H3605

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Td/Ncmsa

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H5971

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar D

English Options

Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H543

Masoretic Phrasing

KJV