Ezekiel 22:27

שָׂרֶ֣יהָ בְקִרְבָּ֔הּ כִּזְאֵבִ֖ים טֹ֣רְפֵי טָ֑רֶף לִשְׁפָּךְ דָּם֙ לְאַבֵּ֣ד נְפָשׁ֔וֹת לְמַ֖עַן בְּצֹ֥עַ בָּֽצַע

Her princes in the midst thereof are like wolves ravening the prey, to shed blood, and to destroy souls, to get dishonest gain.

Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

שָׂרֶ֣י הָ

שָׂרֶ֣י

Root word princes, captains, captain, chief, rulers, …

הָ

Suffix — pronoun her / it

Dictionary form: שַׂר · sahr

Noun — Common, masculine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: her princes

the princes ×55 the captains ×28 and the princes ×21 princes ×18 the captain ×18 captains ×14 and captains ×13 captain ×13

More options

commander — Best for military contexts; clear and modern.

official — Broad civil/administrative use; fits non-military leaders.

prince — Retain for royal/noble rank; modernizes KJV directly.

chief — Good for head of a group or department.

governor — Prefer when regional administrative authority is stressed.

leader — General-purpose; use when rank is vague or inclusive.

BDB5544 H5493 H5494 H3249 H5637 H8269

סוּר and (Hos 9:12) [שׂוּד]₃₀₀ verb turn aside (Late Hebrew Hiph`il cause to turn aside, or apostatize; Tel Amarna sûru, noun rebel Wkl^Gloss); —

Qal₁₆₁ Perfect masculine singular סָר Exod 3:4 +; 3 feminine singular סָ֫רָה 1Sam 16:14 +; 1 singular סָ֑רְתִּי Ps 119:102 3 plural סָרוּ Deut 9:12 +; 2 masculine plural סַרְתֶּם vDeut 9:16 +, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָסוּר Gen 49:10 +, וַיָּ֫מַר Judg 4:18 +; 3 feminine singular תָּסוּר 1Sam 6:3 +; 1 singular cohortative אָסֻ֫רָה Exod 3:3 3 masculine plural יָסֻ֫רוּ Exod 25:15 +, etc.; Imperative masculine singular סוּר 2Sam 2:22 +, etc.; Infinitive absolute סוֺר Dan 9:5, סֹר vDan 9:11 construct סוּר Isa 7:17 +; suffix שׂוּרִי Hos 9:12 (Ges^{«GKC:6k»§ 6k} Now); Participle סָר Job 1:1 +; feminine construct סָרַת Prov 11:22 masculine plural construct סָרֵי Jer 6:28 (or from סרר, or שָׂר); passive feminine סוּרָה Isa 49:21, with intransitive meaning (Ges^{«GKC:50f»§ 50f} Kö^{ii. 1, 137}), plural suffix סוּרַי Jer 17:13 Qr; and construct סוּרֵי Jer 2:21 —

1. turn aside, out of one's course 1Sam 6:12; Deut 2:27, from following, מֵאַחֲרֵי person 2Sam 2:21; 2Sam 2:22, absolute v2Sam 2:23, from attacking, מֵעַל 2Chr 20:10 turn in unto (for shelter, refuge, etc.), with אֶלֿ, Gen 19:2; Gen 19:3 (J) Judg 4:18 (3 t. in verse); Judg 19:11; Judg 19:12; 2Kgs 4:11, with לְ Judg 20:8, with שָׁם Judg 18:3; Judg 19:15, שָׁ֫מָה Judg 18:15; 2Kgs 4:8 ( + infinitive), v2Kgs 4:10 with הֵ֫נָּה Prov 9:4; Prov 9:16 (in figurative); for purpose implied Exod 3:3 (J) Ruth 4:1 (twice in verse), or expressed by infinitive Exod 3:4 (J) Judg 14:8; Jer 15:5 (in figurative); especially figurative turn aside from right path, from ׳י, his commands, etc., usually with מִן Exodus (J) Judg 2:17; Deut 9:12 + 7 t. D, Prov 13:14 + 5 t. Proverbs, + 10 t. elsewhere, + 2Chr 8:15 (insert מִן); with מֵאַחֲרֵי 1Sam 12:20 + 4 t.; with מֵעַל Jer 32:40; Ezek 6:9 מִן + יָמִין etc. Deut 5:29; Deut 17:11; 2Kgs 22:2 = 2Chr 34:2 absolute (sometimes = revolt) Ps 14:3; Jer 5:23; Deut 11:16; Deut 17:17 (subject לֵבָב), וְסוּרַי Jer 17:13 Qr (> יסורי Kt) read probably וְסוּרֶיךָ those revolting from thee (Ew Gie); סוּרֵי הַגֶּפֶן נָכְרִיָּה Jer 2:21 degenerate (shoots) of the foreign vine (figurative); סָרַת טַעַם Prov 11:22 a woman turning aside as to discretion, shewing lack of it; also from wrong path, sins (of Jeroboam), etc., with מִן 2Kgs 3:3; 2Kgs 14:24 + 7 t. 2 Kings; with מֵעַל 2Kgs 10:31; 2Kgs 15:18 with מֵאַחֲרֵי 2Kgs 10:29 סָר מֵרָע (participle) Job 1:1; Job 1:8; Job 2:3 also Isa 59:15 סוּר מֵרָע (infinitive and imperative) Job 28:28; Prov 3:7; Prov 13:19; Prov 16:6; Prov 16:17; Ps 34:16; Ps 37:27.

2. depart, usually with מִן, of frogs Exod 8:7, flies v.Exod 8:25 (both J), sword 2Sam 12:10 sceptre from Judah Gen 49:10 (poem in J): ׳י's hand 1Sam 6:3, his kindness 2Sam 7:15 (ᵑ0, but read אָסִיר ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 || 1Chr 17:13 Th We Dr Klo Bu Kit HPS), his wrath Ezek 16:42 (but strike out Co Siegf Toy), depart from way = get out of the way, cease to obstruct Isa 30:11, etc.; with מִתּוֺךְ 1Sam 15:6 (twice in verse); with מֵעַל Isa 7:17; Judg 16:19; Num 12:10, etc.; of ׳י departing, מִן person, Hos 9:12, מֵעַל Judg 16:20; 1Sam 28:16, מֵעִם 1Sam 18:12 God, with מִן Job 21:14; Job 22:17, with מֵעַל 1Sam 28:16, ׳רוּחֵ י, with מֵעִם 1Sam 16:14 evil spirit, with מֵעַל v1Sam 16:23 absolute depart [from Babylon] Isa 52:11 (twice in verse); = avoid contact Lam 4:15 (3 t. in verse); of wicked Job 15:30 he shall not depart out of (מִנִּי) darkness, i.e. shall not avoid it, escape it; passive participle made to depart, thrust away, of Israel under figure of wife Isa 49:21 (> active, according to Ba^{NB § 124 c}).

3. of lifeless things = be removed, oppressors's yoke, with מֵעַל Isa 14:25 compare vIsa 14:25; Isa 10:27 staves from (מִן) ark Exod 25:16 absolute inquity Isa 6:7 especially of בָּמוֺת 1Kgs 15:14; 1Kgs 22:44; 2Kgs 12:4; 2Kgs 14:4; 2Kgs 15:4; 2Kgs 15:35; 2Kgs 2:17; 2Kgs 20:33.

4. = come to an end, Amos 6:7; Isa 11:13. — For סָר אֶלֿ 1Sam 22:14 read שָׂר עַלֿ ᵐ5 Th Dr Klo Bu Kit Löhr HPS; in 1Sam 15:32 Th HPS strike out סָר (after ᵐ5 ᵑ9 ᵑ6) as dittograph; סָר סָבְאָם Hos 4:18 see סֹבֶא; Hos 7:14 read יָס֫וֺרוּ for יָס֫וּרוּ (√ סרר q. v.); Jer 6:28, it is uncertain whether (סוֺרְרִים) סָרֵי belongs here, revolters among the rebellious, or below סרר, or even = שָׂרֵי princes, chiefs (compare 1Sam 22:14). Pô`lel Perfect 3 masculine singular סוֺרֵר דְּרָכָיו Lam 3:11 he turned aside my ways (my steps).

Hiph`il₁₃₃ Perfect 3 masculine singular הֵסִיר 2Kgs 18:4 +; 2 masculine singular וַהֲסִרֹ֫תָ consecutive (Dr^{§ 110(5) Obs.}) 1Kgs 3:31 1 singular הֲסִירֹ֫תִי 2Kgs 23:27 +, וַהֲסִרֹתִ֫י 1Sam 17:46 +; 3 plural הֵסִ֫ירוּ 2Chr 30:14, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יָסִיר Isa 3:18 +, jussive יָסֵר Exod 8:4 +, וַיָּ֫סַר Gen 8:13 +; suffix וַיְסִרֵהוּ 1Sam 18:13, וַיְסִרֶהָ 1Kgs 15:13, יְסִירֶנָּה Lev 3:4 +; 3 masculine plural יָסִ֫ירוּ Isa 5:23 +, etc.; Imperative masculine singular הָסֵר 1Kgs 20:24 +, הָסִיר Ezek 21:31 (read הָסֵיר, הָסֵר); feminine singular הָסִ֫ירִי 1Sam 1:14, etc.; Infinitive absolute הָסֵר Gen 30:32 +; construct הָסִיר 2Kgs 6:32 +, etc.; Participle מֵסִיר Isa 3:1 + 3 t.; —

1. cause to (turn aside,) depart, common word for remove, take away: with מִן, Exod 8:4; Exod 8:27; Exod 33:23 (all J), Exod 23:25 (E) Deut 7:15; 1Sam 28:3; Josh 7:13 (J) Judg 10:16; Isa 3:1; Ps 18:23 (+ || 2Sam 22:23, read אָסִיר מִמֶּנִּי De Hup-Now HPS); shoulder from burden Ps 81:7 מֵסִיר אָזְנוֺ מִשְּׁמֹעַ Prov 28:9 + often, + Job 33:17 (insert מִן ᵐ5 Ew Di De Hi Bu and others); with מֵעַל, take off ring Gen 41:42 (E) Esth 3:10, also Esth 8:2 (absolute); garments Gen 38:14; Gen 38:19 (J) Deut 21:13; Zech 3:4; 1Sam 17:39 (armour), also Exod 34:34 (P; absolute) and Ezek 26:16 (Co insert מֵעַל); take off head, מֵעַל 1Sam 17:46, absolute 2Sam 4:7; 2Sam 16:9; 2Sam 2:32 with מֵעַל also often figurative (from upon = from resting on, or burdening), plagues Exod 8:4; Exod 10:17 (J), compare Num 21:7 (E), also 1Sam 1:14; Amos 5:23; 1Kgs 2:31 reproach 1Sam 17:26; Isa 25:8 c, מֵעִם = from one's presence 1Sam 18:13, also of ׳י removing kindness 1Chr 16:13 = || 2Sam 7:15 (see

Qal 2.); with מֵעַל פָּנָיו, of ׳י removing Israel 2Kgs 17:18; 2Kgs 17:23; 2Kgs 23:27; 2Kgs 24:3; Jer 32:31 absolute 2Kgs 23:27 often absolute, Gen 8:13 Noah removed the covering; remove = depose with מִן 1Kgs 15:13 = 2Chr 15:16 (see מִן 7 b
(b)), absolute 2Chr 36:3, compare Judg 9:29; Job 34:20 remove בָּמוֺת, etc., 2Kgs 18:4, v2Kgs 18:22 = Isa 36:7 = 2Chr 32:12; 2Kgs 23:19; 2Chr 30:14; 2Chr 14:2, compare 2Chr 14:4; 2Chr 17:5 (both with מִן); = put away strange gods, etc., Gen 35:2; Josh 24:14; Josh 24:23 (all E), 1Sam 7:4, with מִתּוֺךְ v1Sam 7:3; Isa 58:9 once with לְ, מֵסִיר שָׂפָה לְנֶאֱמָנִים Job 12:20.

2. rarer uses are: put aside = leave undone Josh 11:15 (D); retract words Isa 31:2 (of ׳י); reject prayer Ps 66:20 abolish sacrifice Dan 11:31 turn one away מֵאַחֲרֵי, i.e. from following Deut 7:4 with אֶלֿ person, remove the ark unto 2Sam 6:10 = 1Chr 13:13.Hoph`al Perfect 3 masculine singular הוּסַר Lev 4:31; Dan 12:11 Imperfect 3 masculine singular יוּסַר Lev 4:35 Participle מוּסָר Isa 17:1 plural מוּסָרִים 1Sam 21:7 (but final ם probably dittograph before מ We Dr Klo Kit HPS); — be taken away, removed: with מִן Lev 4:35, מֵעַל vLev 4:31, ׳מִלִּפְנֵי י 1Sam 21:7 מוּסָר מֵעִיר Isa 17:1 Damascus is removed from being a city; absolute be abolished Dan 12:11 (compare Dan 11:31 Hiph`il).

BDB8348 H8269 H3256

שַׂר₄₂₀ noun masculine chieftain, chief, ruler, official, captain, prince (Late Hebrew especially of angels; Assyrian šarru, king); — absolute שַׂר 2Sam 3:38 +, הַשַּׂר Mic 7:3 +, שָׂ֑ר Hos 3:4 +; construct שַׂר Judg 4:2 +; suffix שַׂרְכֶם Dan 10:21 plural שָׂרִים 1Kgs 4:2 +; construct שָׂרֵי Gen 12:15 +; suffix שָׂרַי Judg 5:15; Isa 10:8, שָׂרֵיכֶם Jer 44:21, שָׂרֵיהֶם Isa 3:4 +; —

1. chieftain, leader:
a. plural of Israel Num 21:18 (poem in J E; || נְדִיֹב הָעָם), of Issachar Judg 5:15 (poem); שָׂרֵי גִלְעָד Judg 10:18 is dubious (we should expect ׳וְשׂ, and compare ׳זִקְנֵי ג, instead, Judg 11:5-11); of Midian Judg 7:25; Judg 8:3 Philistines 1Sam 29:3 (twice in verse); 1Sam 29:4 (twice in verse); 1Sam 29:9 (apparently = סְרָנִים v1Sam 29:2 v1Sam 29:6 v1Sam 29:7 [We], yet distinguished by HPS and [with reserve] Bu; ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 Th Bu strike out in v1Sam 29:4 b), compare 1Sam 18:30 in poetry, of כְּמוֺשׁ (i.e. the leading Moabites) Jer 48:7, of מָלכם (q. v.; i.e. the leading Ammonites) Amos 1:15 = Jer 49:3.
b. singular David as leader of freebooters 1Sam 22:2 compare גְּדוּד ׳שׂ 1Kgs 11:24, plural 2Sam 4:2.

2. vassal, noble, official, under king (acting, on occasion, as counselor, commander, etc.):
a. plural, in Egypt Gen 12:15 (J) + 3 t. Is + Gen 30:4 Di Du Skinner (>of foreign embassy [compare || מַלְאָכָיו] Che and others reading [Che^Heb.Hpt. Marti] שָׁשׂרִים), Ps 105:22 Moab Num 22:8 + 8 t. 22, 23 (JE), Amos 2:3 Edom Isa 34:12 (|| הֹרִים); Assyrian Isa 10:8; Isa 31:9 Babylonian Isa 21:5 + 7 t. Jeremiah + 2Chr 32:31 (but here perhaps vaguely = authorities); other nations Jer 49:38 + 17 t. Ezra, Esther; in general Isa 49:7 officials, official class, under kings of Israel: David (only Chronicles) 1Chr 22:17 + 5 t. 1 Chronicles; Ezra 8:20 Solomon 1Kgs 4:2 Jehoiachin 2Kgs 24:12; 2Kgs 24:14 Zedak. Jer 34:21; 2Chr 36:18 other kings 19 t. 2 Chronicles; in general Eccl 10:16; Eccl 10:17 see also (Judah) Jer 1:18 + 31 t. Jeremiah (Jer 17:25 a strike out ׳שׂ Gf Che Gie Du), 4 t. Lamentations; Ezek 17:12; Zeph 1:8 (where distinguished from בְּנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ, who are never called ׳שׂ); so, in general, Neh 9:32; Neh 9:34; Dan 9:6; Dan 9:8 and (Northern Israel) Hos 3:4 + 6 t. Hosea.
b. as having powers of magistrate (‡adi) Exod 2:14 (E + שֹׁפֵט); under Moses (over groups of 1000, 100, 50, 10) Exod 18:21 + 7 t. 18 (E), Deut 1:15 (4 t. in verse); later in Judah Hos 5:10 (Now reads ׳שָׂרֵי תִשׁ), Isa 1:23, compare Isa 3:4; Isa 3:14; Isa 32:1; Mic 7:3 (singular; || שֹׁפֵט), Zeph 3:3 (|| id.), Ezek 22:27, compare Prov 8:16 (|| נְדִיבִים); Prov 28:2 read perhaps צָרֶיהָ, see Toy.
c. as ruler or magistrate of a district (מְרִינָה), 1Kgs 20:14; 1Kgs 20:15; 1Kgs 20:17; 1Kgs 20:19 (compare Esth 1:3; Esth 8:9; Esth 9:3, שָׂרֵי עַם וָעָם Esth 3:12).
d. as commandant of city, הָעִיר ׳שׂ Judg 9:30, compare 1Kgs 22:26 = 2Chr 18:25; 2Kgs 23:8; 2Chr 34:8 of citadel, הַבִּירָה ׳שׂ Neh 7:2 plural of city officials סֻכּוֺת ׳שׂ Judg 8:6; Judg 8:14 (distinguished from זְקֵנִים), compare 2Kgs 10:1; 2Chr 29:20.

3. specifically military, = captain, general:
a. שַׂרֿ(ה)צבא Gen 21:22; Gen 21:32 (E), Gen 26:26 (J), 1Sam 12:9 + 23 t., + ׳יֿ׳צֿ׳שׂ Josh 5:14; Josh 5:15 (J E; צָבָא 1 b), angel-captain in vision; see also 8, 9; ׳שָׂרֵי הַצּ 1Kgs 1:25 + 3 t. Chronicles, ׳שָׂרִים בַּצּ 1Chr 12:22 (Gi Baer; van d. H. v.1Chr 12:21); שָׂרֵי צְבָאוֺת Deut 20:9; 1Kgs 2:5; 1Chr 27:3 שַׂרהַֿחַ֫יִל 2Sam 24:2 (but read וְאֶלשָֿׂרֵי as ᵐ5^L and || 1Chr 21:2 Th We Dr HPS Bu), ׳שָׂרֵי (הַ)ח v1Chr 21:4 v1Chr 21:4; 2Kgs 9:5; 2Chr 33:14; Neh 2:9, שָׂרֵי הַחֲיָלִים 1Kgs 15:20 = 2Chr 16:4; 2Kgs 25:23; 2Kgs 25:26; Jer 40:7; Jer 40:13 + 7 t. Jeremiah; שָׂרֵי מִלְחָמוֺת 2Chr 32:6 so (ה)שׂר alone 2Sam 18:5; 2Sam 19:7; 1Kgs 9:22 = 2Chr 8:9 ᵐ5.:B Be Kit (שָׁרָיו וְשָׁלִישָׁיו, for ᵑ0 ׳שָׂרֵי שׁ), 2Kgs 9:5 (twice in verse); 1Chr 11:6; 1Chr 11:21 + 9 t., + Job 39:25; Dan 11:5 וְגָדוֺל ׳שׂ 2Sam 3:38 (of Abner); possibly military figurative also in שַׂר שָׁלוֺם Isa 9:5 (Messianic name).
b. leading companies of 50 2Kgs 1:9-14; Isa 3:3, of 100 1Sam 22:7 + 16 t. + 1Sam 8:12 (reading מֵאוֺת for חֲמִשִּׁים ᵐ5 HPS, compare We; Bu insert שָׂרֵי מֵאוֺת), of 1000 1Sam 17:18 + 11 t., + שָׂרֵי הָאֲלָפִים וְהַמֵּאוֺת 1Chr 13:1; 1Chr 26:26 (distinguished from שָׂרֵי הַצָּבָא), 1Chr 27:1; 1Chr 29:6; 2Chr 1:2 also הָרֶכֶב ׳שׂ captain of the chariotry 1Kgs 22:31; 1Kgs 22:32; 1Kgs 22:33 = 2Chr 18:30; 2Chr 18:31; 2Chr 18:32 + 3 t. + שָׂרֵי וּפָרָשָׁיו ׳ר 1Kgs 9:22 = 2Chr 8:9.

4. a. chief, head, of other official classes: שַׂר הַטַּבָּחִים, Egypt, Gen 37:36 + 5 t.; שָׂרֵי הָרָצִים 1Kgs 14:27 = 2Chr 12:10 שָׂרֵי הַנִּצָּבִים 1Kgs 5:30; 1Kgs 9:23 = 2Chr 8:10 even domestic positions (court of Pharaoh), שַׂר הַמַּשְׁקִים Gen 40:2 + 5 t., שַׂר הָאוֺפוֺת Gen 40:2 + 4 t. (all E); שָׂרֵי הַמּחְלְקוֺת 1Chr 28:1, i.e. of the successive courses of royal military officials; compare הַשַּׂר 1Chr 27:28 שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים Dan 1:7; Dan 1:8; Dan 1:9; Dan 1:10; Dan 1:11; Dan 1:18 שַׂר מְנוּחָה Jer 51:59.
b. = overseer: שַׂר בֵּית הַסֹּהַר Gen 39:21; Gen 39:23, שָׂרֵי מִקְנֶה Gen 47:6 (all J; compare אַבִּיר הָרֹעִים 1Sam 21:8), שָׂרֵי מִסִּים Exod 1:11 (J); compare 1Chr 15:27; 1Chr 29:6; 1Chr 27:31; 1Chr 28:1. — In 1Chr 15:22 read probably סַר הַמַּשָּׂא (= שַׂר) overseer of the carrying (for ᵑ0 בְּמַשָּׂא יָסֹר בַּמַּשָּׂא), so ᵐ5 Benz Kit, Be יָסֹר = יָשׂר; see another view יָסַר

Qal. 5. of religious office: שָׂרֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים Ezra 8:24; Ezra 8:29; Ezra 10:5; 2Chr 36:14 הַלְוִיִּם ׳שׂ 1Chr 15:16; 1Chr 15:22; 2Chr 35:9, compare 1Chr 15:5; 1Chr 15:6; 1Chr 15:7; 1Chr 15:8; 1Chr 15:10 (twice in verse); heads of classes or courses of priests, called שָׂרֵי קֹרֶשׁ 1Chr 24:5, אֱלֹהִים ׳שׂ v1Chr 24:5 — ׳שָׂרֵי ק Isa 43:28 (usually consecrated princes, whether priests, or kings, or both) is probably corrupt, read perhaps שַׁעֲרֵי (Du) or וַיְחַלְּלוּ שָׂרֶיךָ קָרְשִׁי ᵐ5 Houb Klo Che^Hpt Gr (substantially).

6. late, of representative leaders of people, tribal heads, ׳שׂ ׳שִׁבְטֵי יִשׂ 1Chr 27:22; 1Chr 29:6, compare 1Chr 28:1 apparently = elders, הָעָם ׳שׂ Ezek 11:1; 2Chr 24:23 ׳שׂ alone, Ps 68:28 (3 t. in verse); in post-exilic Jerusalem Ezra 9:1; Ezra 9:2; Neh 4:10; Neh 10:1; Neh 11:1 (שָׂרֵי הָעָם), + elders Ezra 10:8; Ezra 10:14 called שָׂרֵי יְהוּדָה Neh 12:31; Neh 12:32 of district-rulers Neh 3:9; Neh 3:12; Neh 3:14; Neh 3:15; Neh 3:16; Neh 3:17; Neh 3:18; Neh 3:19 of heads of families, שָׂרֵי הָאָבוֺת Ezra 8:29; 1Chr 29:6 (= רָאשֵׁי ׳הָא 1Chr 24:31; 1Chr 27:1; Neh 7:70).

7. late, as term of rank and dignity, Isa 23:8 (compare 'merchant- princes'), Job 3:15; Job 29:9 (|| נְגִירִים), Job 34:19; Ps 45:17; Ps 82:7; Ps 148:11, opposed to עבד(יםׅ Prov 19:10; Eccl 10:7 formidable foes Ps 119:23; Ps 119:161.

8. = patron-angel, only Daniel: שַׂר (מַלְכוּת) פָּרַס Dan 10:13; Dan 10:20, יָוָן ׳שׂ vDan 10:20 specifically of מִיכָאֵל vDan 10:13; Dan 10:21; Dan 12:1

9. שַׂרהַֿצָּבָא Dan 8:11 = God (probably, compare צָרָא 1 c; yet see also ׳צ 1 b), so שַׂר שְׂרִים vDan 8:25.

BDB8349 H7786 H8323 H3256 H8269

[שָׂרַר] verb denominative (Gerber²⁰) be, or act as, prince, rule; —

Qal Imperfect 3 masculine singular וַיָּ֫שַׂר עַלֿ יִשְׂרָאֵל Judg 9:22 Abimelech ruled over Israel three years; 3 masculine plural שָׂרִים ֗֗֗ יָשׂ֑רוּ Isa 32:1 princes shall govern (prince it) justly (|| יִמְלָךְמֶֿלֶךְ), compare Prov 8:16 Participle לִהְיוֺת֗֗֗ שׂרֵר Esth 1:22 that every man should bear rule בְּבֵיתוֺ. Hithpa`el Imperfect, 2 masculine singular + Infinitive absolute כִּיתִֿשְׂתָּרֵר עָלֵינוּ גַּםהִֿשְׂתָּרֵר Num 16:13 that thou shouldst also keep playing the prince over us. — יָסֹר 1Chr 15:22 see יָסַר Qal and שַׂר 4 b. Hiph`il Perfect 3 plural metaplastic הֵשִׂירוּ (Ges^{«GKC:67v»§ 67v}) Hos 8:4 they made princes (absolute; || הִמְלִיכוּ). p. 415f, 978

princes, captains, captain, chief, rulers, …

śar

a head person (of any rank or class)

prince, ruler, leader, chief, chieftain, official, captain

chieftain, leader

בְ קִרְבָּ ֔הּ

בְ

Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with

קִרְבָּ

Root word among, midst, within, inwards, in, …

֔הּ

Suffix — pronoun her / it

Dictionary form: קֶרֶב · keh-REB

הּ

Mapiq — the "her" dot The dot inside the final הּ (mapiq) makes the ה a real consonant: it is the suffix "her / its" attached to this word.

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: in the midst

in the midst ×35 among ×23 the inwards ×17 from among ×15 within ×14 among you ×6 among them ×5 away from among you ×5

More options

midst — Best for spatial or communal 'in the middle of.'

within — Prefer for interior or inward senses.

inner parts — Use for anatomical or visceral contexts.

among — Fits communal or group membership contexts.

heart — Metaphorical; captures inward emotion or thought.

interior — Slightly formal; good for architectural or geographic use.

BDB7566 H7130

קֶ֫רֶב₂₂₇ noun [masculine] inward part, midst; — ׳ק absolute Exod 29:13 + (only 3); construct Gen 45:6 +; suffix קִרְבִּי Josh 9:7 +, 3 feminine plural קִרְבֶֹּנָה Gen 41:21, בֶֹּנָה- vGen 41:21 (Ges^{«GKC:91i»§ 91i}. Kö^{ii.1488 N.I}), etc.; plural only (suffix) קְרָבַי Ps 103:1 — usually with preposition (׳בְּק 143 t. ׳מִקּ 43 t.); —

1.
a. inward part of human body, physical sense, ׳בְּק within one's body Gen 25:22 (J), compare Gen 18:12 (J), 1Sam 25:37; Jer 23:9; Job 20:14 (|| בְּמֵעָיו), compare Isa 19:1 (of nation personified) into his body Ps 109:18 (simile); as seat of life (וַ)תָּשָׁב נֶפֶשׁהַֿיּלֶד עַלקִֿרְבּוֺ 1Kgs 17:21; 1Kgs 17:22, compare (of idol) Hab 2:19 (see also

2.).
b. = belly, of kine ׳אֶלקֿ Gen 41:21; Gen 14:21
c. of city (׳בְּק within it, ׳מִקּ etc.) Gen 18:24; Judg 18:7; Amos 3:9 + 18:t compare Isa 25:11 חוּצוֺת ׳בְּק Isa 5:25. d of house Ps 101:2; Ps 101:7 temple Ps 48:10 מוֺעֲ דֶ֑ךָ ׳בְּק Ps 74:4.
e. of land (earth) Gen 45:6; Gen 48:16; Amos 2:3; Isa 5:8; Isa 24:13 (|| בְּתוֺח הָעַמִּים), + 10 t. (׳בְּק ׳מִקּ). feminine of a number of person, ׳כְּק in the midst, among, ׳מִקּ from among: especially (1) people (96 t.; 80 t. as singular collective, 15 t. plural Amos 7:8; Gen 24:3; Exod 23:25; Deut 31:17; Jer 46:21; 1Sam 4:3; Josh 7:12; Judg 10:16 +, ׳יִשׂ ׳בְּק Deut 17:10 +, ׳בְּק ׳בֵּית יִשׂ Amos 7:10 הַכְּנַעֲנִי ׳בְּק Judg 1:32; Judg 1:33; Judg 3:5, גּוֺי ׳מִקּ Deut 4:34 etc (2) ) הַמַּחֲנֶה׳(מִק ׳בְּק Josh 1:11; Num 14:44 6 t. (3) אֶחָיו ׳בְּק Deut 18:2; 1Sam 16:13, and (׳מִק) Deut 17:15; Deut 18:18. (4) עַמֶּיהָ ׳מִקּ Exod 31:14 (II.עַם) (5) אֹיְכֶיךָ ׳בְּק Ps 110:2 compare (of wicked) Ps 55:16 חֲכָמִים ׳בְּק Prov 15:31. (6) אֱלֹהִים יִשְׁפֹּט ׳בְּק Ps 82:1 (7) הַמִּלְחָמָה ׳בְּק 1Kgs 20:39 into the midst of the battle, the thick of the fight; צָרָה ׳בְּק Palam 1Kgs 138:7. (8) of nations, הַגּוֺיִם ׳בְּק Deut 29:15, הָעַמִּים Lam 3:45, compare Josh 24:17; Mic 5:6; Mic 5:7.
g. חוקך ׳מִקּ Ps 74:11 (Qr חֵיקְךָ) thy hand from within thy bosom, (anthropomorphism of ׳י; see I כלה Pi`el 2 c).
h. of a period of time,שָׁנִים ׳בְּק Hab 3:2 (twice in verse)

2. of inward part of man;
a. as seat of thought and emotion : ׳בְּק 1Kgs 3:28; Jer 4:14; Jer 9:7; Prov 26:24; Ps 62:5; Ps 94:19 || בְלֵב Prov 14:33, עַללֵֿב Jer 31:33 seat of לֵב Ps 39:4; Ps 55:5; Ps 109:22; Lam 1:20 of רוּחַ Ezek 11:19; Ezek 36:26; Ezek 36:27; Zech 12:1; Isa 26:6; Ps 51:12, compare Isa 19:3; Isa 19:14 לִבִּי ׳בְּק Ps 36:2 (read לִבּוֺ Vrss Hup Now Che Bae and others)
b. as faculty of thought and emotion, sujb. (no perp.) Isa 16:11 (|| מֵעַי) Ps 64:7 (|| לֵב) Ps 5:10 כָּלקְֿרָבַי Ps 103:1 (only here plural; || נַפְשִׁי); — Ps 49:12 read קִבְרָם ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7, or קְבָרִם, Ew Gr Ol Bi Che Bae and others (for קִרְבָּם)

3. technical term in P of entrails of sacrificial animals (Di Lev 1:9; Lev 1:13; Lev 3:3 (twice in verse); Lev 3:9 (twice in verse); Lev 3:14 (twice in verse); Lev 4:8 (twice in verse); Lev 4:11; Lev 7:3; Lev 8:16; Lev 8:21; Lev 8:25; Lev 9:14.

among, midst, within, inwards, in, …

qereb

properly, the nearest part, i.e., the center, whether literal, figurative or adverbial (especially with preposition)

midst, among, inner part, middle

inward part

physical sense

כִּ זְאֵבִ֖ים

כִּ

Prefix — preposition like, as

זְאֵבִ֖ים

Root word wolf, wolves

Dictionary form: זְאֵב · dzeh-ABE

Noun — Common, masculine plural, absolute state plural — usually add "-s"

In the KJV here: thereof are like wolves

the wolf ×2 wolves ×2 as a wolf ×1 them and a wolf ×1 thereof are like wolves ×1

More options

wolf — Standard modern rendering; suits most contexts.

pack predator — Functional description; good for metaphorical or poetic passages.

gray wolf — Zoologically precise; useful in natural-history or fauna contexts.

savage beast — Captures menace in prophetic or figurative uses.

BDB2262 H2061

I. זְאֵב noun masculine^{Isa 11:6} wolf (Late Hebrew id., Arabic (jackal according to Hom^{NS 303 ff.}; but see RS^{ZMG 1880, 373 and} Doughty^{Arab. Deseria i. 327}; ii. 144, 145) Aramaic דֵּיבָה, Assyrian zîbu Dl^{S 47}; Ethiopic hyena Di¹⁰⁵⁶ (on formation compare Lag^{BN 58}); Phoenician in compound proper name זיבקם) — זְאֵב absolute Gen 49:27 + 2 t.; construct Jer 5:6 plural זְאֵבִים Ezek 22:27 construct זְאֵבֵי Hab 1:8; Zeph 3:3 — wolf, never in narrative; in predictions of peace in Messian. age וְגָר זְאֵב עִם כֶּבֶשׂ Isa 11:6 זְאֵב וְטָלֶה יִרְעוּ כְּאֶחָד Isa 65:25 in simile, of Benjamin's fierceness זְאֵב יִטְרָ֑ף ׳ב Gen 49:27 of fierce horses of Chaldeans חַדּוּ מִזְּאֵבֵי עֶרֶב Hab 1:8 (|| קַלּוּ מִנְּמֵרִים); of princes of Judah כִּזְאֵבִים טֹרְפֵי טָ֑רֶף Ezek 22:27 metaphor of enemies of Judah Jer 5:6 זְאֵב עֲרָבוֺת (|| אַרְיֵה, נָמֵר); of corrupt and oppressive judges שֹׁפְטֶיהָ זְאֵבֵי עֶרֶב Zeph 3:3 (|| אֲרָיוֺת שֹׁאֲגִים).

wolf, wolves

zĕʾēb

a wolf

wolf

טֹ֣רְפֵי

Root word pieces, tear, teareth, ravening, catch, …

Dictionary form: טָרַף · taw-RAHP

Verb — Qal, Participle Active, masculine plural, construct state simple action — "he did" ongoing action — try "___ing" or "one who ___s"

In the KJV here: ravening

he teareth ×2 ravening ×2 to catch ×2 and teareth ×1 and teareth in pieces ×1 as a ravening ×1 be torn in pieces ×1 did tear ×1

More options

tear apart — Broad, vivid; best for predatory or violent tearing.

rip to pieces — Emphatic violence; suits lion/beast imagery well.

maul — Animal-attack context; implies savage, injuring force.

seize as prey — Captures hunting/predatory nuance when prey is in view.

shred — Emphasizes resulting fragments; good for figurative use.

devour — Broader consumption sense; use when feeding/ravenous idea dominates.

BDB3380 H2963

טָרַף verb tear, rend, pluck (Late Hebrew id., especially of wild beasts; Aramaic טָרַף tear, seize, especially of creditors; טְרֵיפָא torn flesh or animal; Arabic depasture, said of camel) —

Qal Perfect טָרַף Job 16:9 טָרָ֑ף Hos 6:1, etc.; Imperfect יִטְרֹף Ps 7:3 וַיִּטְרֹף Amos 1:11 (but see below); יִטְרָ֑ף Gen 49:27 אֶטְרֹף Hos 5:14; Ps 50:22 Infinitive לִטְרֹף Ps 17:12 Participle active טֹרֵף Job 18:4, etc.; — tear rend, of wild beasts, Gen 37:33 (J), Gen 44:28 (J; infinitive absolute with Punic q. v. ), Exod 22:12 (J E; infinitive absolute with Niph`al q. v.) Elsewhere only in simile and metaphor; simile of Gad's fierceness Deut 33:20 (like a lioness, poem); so of Benjamin Gen 49:27 (as a wolf, poem); of the remnant of Jacob, like a young lion among sheep, רָמַס וְטָרַף Mic 5:7 of the wicked, Ps 17:12 (lion), Ps 7:3 object נַפְשִׁי (like a lion); Ps 22:14 psalmist's foes like lion (|| שֹׁאֵג); Ezek 22:25 (טֹרֵף טָ֑רֶף), princes like wolves vEzek 22:27 (id.); metaphor of Israel's princes, like young lion Ezek 19:3; Ezek 19:6 (with טֶרֶף accusative of congnate meaning with verb); of Nineveh's king Nah 2:13 (as lion); of God's treatment of the wicked Hos 5:14 (like a lion), Ps 50:22 subject wrath of God (אַף) conceived as assailing Job, Job 16:9 his wrath teareth and persecuteth me; compare טָרָ֖ף וְיִרְפָּאֵנוּ Hos 6:1 subject ׳י (|| יַךְ וְיַחְבְּשֵׁנוּ; on tenses see Dr^{§ 84 β; 171, 174 n. 1}); subject anger of Edom (absolute) Amos 1:11, but read perhaps וַיִּטֹּר for וַיִּטְרֹף and he kept his anger perpetually, so Ol on Ps 103:9 We; טֹרֵף נַפְשׁוֺ בְּאַפּוֺ, said of Job by Bildad Job 18:4. Niph`al Imperfect of animal torn (by wild beasts) טָרֹף יִטָּרֵף Exod 22:12 (JE); יִטָּרֵף also in prediction of judgment on people of Jerusalem Jer 5:6. Pu`al Perfect טָרֹף טֹרַף יוֺסֵף Gen 37:33 (J) Joseph has certainly been torn in pieces; compare טֹרָ֑ף ׳ט Gen 44:28 (J). Hiph`il Imperative masculine singular suffix, note especially 2nd accusative לֶחֶם, הַטְרִפֵנִי לָחֶם חֻקִּי Prov 30:8 let me devour my appointed bread (of men, late; compare טֶרֶף Prov 31:15, and Ps 111:5; Mal 3:10).

pieces, tear, teareth, ravening, catch, …

ṭārap

to pluck off or pull to pieces; causatively to supply with food (as in morsels)

to tear, rend, pluck

(Qal) to tear, rend

טָ֑רֶף

Root word prey, meat, spoil, leaves

Dictionary form: טֶרֶף · teh-REP

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: the prey

the prey ×6 meat ×3 of prey ×2 of the prey ×2 after their prey ×1 for a prey ×1 from the prey ×1 his prey ×1

More options

prey — Most direct equivalent; use for hunted animals or victims.

food — Broader term; suits contexts of provision or feeding.

kill — Vivid, concrete; emphasizes the slain animal itself.

torn flesh — Highlights violent tearing; good for ritual or graphic contexts.

spoil — Better when the 'prey' implies plunder or war imagery.

foliage — Reserve strictly for botanical contexts (e.g. fresh leaves).

BDB3382 H2964

טֶ֫רֶף noun masculine^{Nah 3:1} prey, food; leaf; — טֶרֶף Gen 49:9 +; טָ֑רֶף Job 4:11 +; suffix טַרְפֵךְ Nah 2:14 טַרְפּוֺ Isa 31:4 plural construct טַרְפֵּי Ezek 17:9 —

1. prey of lion Amos 3:4; Job 4:11; Job 38:39; Ps 104:21 metaphor of Judah's conquests Gen 49:9, Israel like lion Num 23:24 (both poems in J E); of Assyrians Isa 5:29 of Nineveh and its king Nah 2:13; Nah 2:14; Nah 3:1 Israel's princes (as young lion) Ezek 19:3; Ezek 19:6 simile of false prophet (like lion) Ezek 22:25 of princes of Judah vEzek 22:27 simile of י's descending to battle, like lion Isa 31:4 compare Ps 76:5 coming down from mountains of prey (the lion's lair), but read perhaps עַד, compare ᵐ5 Bi Che^{critical note}.; figurative of spoil of wicked Job 29:17, compare Ps 124:6.

2. food, of outcasts, under figure of wild ass פֶּרֶא Job 24:5 of human food (late): for those who fear God Ps 111:5 for household Prov 31:15 in ׳י's house Mal 3:10.

3. leaf, (compare Gen 8:11) טַרְפֵּי צִמְחָהּ Ezek 17:9 metaphor of Judah.

prey, meat, spoil, leaves

ṭerep

something torn, i.e., a fragment, e.g., a fresh leaf, prey, food

prey, food, leaf

prey

לִ שְׁפָּךְ

לִ

Prefix — preposition to, for

שְׁפָּךְ

Root word out, shed, pour, poured, cast, …

Dictionary form: שָׁפַךְ · shaw-PAHK

Verb — Qal, Infinitive Construct, construct state simple action — "he did" try "to ___" or "___ing"

In the KJV here: to shed

shed ×9 pour out ×6 and shall pour out ×4 and shed ×4 to shed ×4 poured out ×3 thou hast shed ×3 and i will pour ×2

More options

pour out — Best for liquids, offerings, or emotional outpouring.

shed — Preferred specifically for blood contexts.

spill — Casual register; suits accidental or violent dispersal.

pour — Simpler form when 'out' is implied by context.

flow — Suits imagery of continuous, uncontrolled release.

dump — Colloquial; use for bulk or contemptuous pouring.

BDB5691 H5506 H8210

סָפַק, [שָׂפַק], verb slap, clap (Late Hebrew Pi`el id.; Arabic slap (face), strike (hands) Lane¹³⁷³); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular וְסָפַק consecutive Jer 48:26, suffix סְפָקָם Job 34:26 1 singular סָפַ֫קְתִּי Jer 31:19 3 plural סָֽפְקוּ Lam 2:15 Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׂפֹּק (שׂ substantive for ס) Job 27:23, יִסְפּוֺק Job 34:37, וַיִּסְפֹּק Num 24:10 Imperative masculine singular סְפֹק Ezek 21:17 —

1. slap, followed by עַליָֿרֵךְ on the thigh, in remorse and sorrow Jer 31:19; Ezek 21:17 with כַּפַּיִם clap one's hands Num 24:10 (in anger), with עַל at, Lam 2:15; Job 27:23 (in mockery); ׳כ omitted Job 34:37 (in presumptuousness, against God).

2.slap, chastise, with accusative of person Job 34:26 (subject God).

3. splash מוֺאָב בְּקִיאוֺ ׳וְס Jer 48:26 and Moab shall splash (fall with a splash) into his vomit, > Thes Buhl^{Lex 13} empty himself (?), throw up (compare Syriac Pa`el). Hiph`il Imperfect 3 masculine plural וּבְיַלְרֵי נָכְרִים יַשְׂפִּ֫יקוּ Isa 2:6 (read perhaps וּבִידֵי Hi Du Che, and into the hands of foreigners they clap, literally cause to clap, that is, their hands; > ᵐ5 ᵑ6 from 1. שׂפק q. v., they abound in, have a sufficiency of).

BDB8962 H8210

שָׁפַךְ₁₁₃ verb pour out, pour (Late Hebrew id.; Assyrian Šapâku, pour out, especially (Dl^WB Jen^{Kosmol. 41}) earth, to form mound; Arabic pour out, compare melt and pour into mould; Ethiopic Aramaic שְׁפַח, (rare) = Biblical Hebrew); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳שׁ 1Kgs 2:31 +; 3 feminine singular suffix שְׁפָכַ֫תְהוּ Ezek 24:7, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁפֹךְ 2Kgs 19:32 +; 2 masculine singular suffix 3 masculine singular תִּשְׁפְּכֶנּוּ Deut 12:16 +, etc.; Imperative masculine singular שְׁפוֺךְ Judg 6:20 +, שְׁפָךְֿ Ps 69:25 feminine singular שִׁפְכִי Lam 2:19, etc.; Infinitive construct שְׁפָךְֿ 1Kgs 18:28 +, לִשְׁפֹךְ Isa 59:7 +, etc.; Participle active שֹׁפֵךְ Gen 9:6 +, feminine שֹׁפֶ֫כֶת Ezek 22:3, etc.; passive שָׁפוּךְ Ps 79:10, שְׁפוּכָה Ezek 20:33; Ezek 20:34 —

1. literal:
a. pour out, pour water Exod 4:9 (J; accusative of location). 1Sam 7:6 (+ ׳לִפְנֵי י, unique, symbol of contrition), עַלפְּֿנֵי הָאָרֶץ (subject ׳י) Amos 5:8; Amos 9:6 blood like water (to flow away and be absorbed), עַלהָֿאָרֶץ Deut 12:16; Deut 12:24; Deut 15:23, compare Lev 17:13 (H) Ezek 24:7 also + אֶל location Exod 29:12; Lev 4:7; Lev 4:18; Lev 4:25; Lev 4:30; Lev 4:34 + עַל person reflexive 1Kgs 18:28 pour out broth Judg 6:20, libation (נֶסֶךְ, to (ל) false gods) Isa 57:6 dust Lev 14:41 (P; אֶל location); with accusative סִלְלָה mound (in siege), = made by pouring (earth, originally from baskets, see especially Assyrian šapâku Dl^{WB 679 b} Jen^{Kosmol. 41}), + עַלֿ of city 2Kgs 19:32 = Isa 37:33; Jer 6:6; Ezek 4:2; Ezek 26:8, אֶלֿ 2Sam 20:15 absolute Ezek 17:17; Ezek 21:27; Dan 11:15 מֵעָיו אַרְצָה ׳וַיִּשׁ 2Sam 20:10 (by a sword-thrust in the belly), compare לָאָרֶץ מְרֵרָתִי ׳יִשׁ Job 16:13 (metaphor, ׳י subject).
b. techn., accusative דָּם shed blood Gen 37:22 (E) Gen 9:6 (P) 1Sam 25:31; Ezek 22:4 + 9 t. Ezekiel, + 15 t. (passive Ps 79:10) + Ezek 36:18 (with עַלהָֿאַרֶץ), 1Chr 22:8 (with אַ֫רְצָה); accusative
a. דָּמִים 1Kgs 2:31; 1Chr 28:3; Ps 79:3 (כַּמַּיִם).

2. figurative:
a. ׳י subject, pour out anger, etc.: ׳עֲלֵיהֶם אֶשׁ כַּמַּיִם עֶבְרָתִי Hos 5:10 חֲמָתִי עַל ׳שׁ Ezek 14:19 + 8 t. Ezekiel; Jer 10:25; Isa 42:25; Ps 79:6 (אֶל and עַל); accusative ׳ח omitted Jer 6:11 with ב of location Lam 2:4 שְׁפוּכָה ׳ח Ezek 20:33; Ezek 20:34 accusative חֲרוֺן אַפּוֺ Lam 4:11 accusative זַעַם (עַל person) Ezek 21:36 + 3 t.; accusative בּוּז contempt, עַל person, Job 12:21 = Ps 107:40 pour their own wickedness עֲלֵיהֶם Jer 14:16 (i.e. requite it); pour out רוּחִי עַל Ezek 39:29, compare Zech 12:10; Joel 3:1; Joel 3:2.
b. hum. subject pour out one's heart, etc., כַּמַּיִם לִבֵח Lam 2:19, לְפָנָיו לְבַבְכֶם Ps 62:9 (i.e. before ׳י), ׳אֶתנַֿפְשִׁי לִפְנֵי י 1Sam 1:15, עָלַי (reflexive; see עַל 1 d) Ps 42:5 ׳אֶתשִֿׂיחוֺ לִפְנֵי י Ps 102:1 (title), compare Ps 142:3 in bad sense, וַתִּשְׁפְּכִי אֶתתַּֿזְנוּתַיִח עַלֿ Ezek 16:15, compare Ezek 23:8. Niph`al Perfect 3 masculine singular נִשְׁפַּח Lam 2:11, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשָּׁפֵח Gen 9:6 +, etc.; Infinitive construct הִשָּׁפֵךְ Ezek 16:36 — be poured out: of ashes 1Kgs 13:3; 1Kgs 13:5, blood (עַל location) Deut 12:27 be shed, of blood Gen 9:6 (P) Deut 19:10 in figure Lam 2:11 my liver is poured לָאָרֶץ (compare Qal 1 a near the end); Ps 22:15 I am poured out like water (nerveless, helpless); subject נְּחֻשְׁתֵח Ezek 16:36 (see [II. נְחשֶׁת]; compare vEzek 16:15 Qal 2 b). Pu`al Perfect 3 masculine singular consecutive וְשֻׁפַּח Zeph 1:17 be poured out כֶּעָפָר, of blood; שֻׁפַּח Num 35:33 (P) be shed, of blood; 3 feminine singular שֻׁפְּכָה Ps 73:2 Kt my steps were caused to slip (Qr שֻׁפְּכוּ). Hithpa`el Imperfect 3 feminine singular עָלַי תִּשְׁתַּפֵח נַפְשׁי Job 30:16 my soul pours itself out upon me (see Qal 2 b); 3 feminine plural תִּשְׁתַּפֶּכְנָה אַבְנֵיקִֿדֶשׁ Lam 4:1 figurative of slaughter; Infinitive construct בְּהִשְׁתַּפֵח נַפְשָׁם אֶלחֵֿיק אִמֹּתָם Lam 2:12, i.e. they expire.

out, shed, pour, poured, cast, …

šāpak

to spill forth (blood, a libation, liquid metal; or even a solid, i.e., to mound up); also (figuratively) to expend (life, soul, complaint, money, etc.); intensively, to sprawl out

to pour, pour out, spill

(Qal)

to pour, pour out

to be poured out

דָּם֙

Root word blood, bloody, bloodguiltiness

Dictionary form: דָּם · dawm

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: blood

the blood ×78 blood ×65 of blood ×21 of the blood ×18 his blood ×16 and the blood ×10 in the blood ×9 with blood ×9

More options

blood — Direct, universal default for the physical substance.

bloodshed — Use when referring to killing or violent death.

bloodguilt — Legal/moral contexts; responsibility for a death.

lifeblood — Emphasizes blood as the seat or essence of life.

gore — Vivid, visceral register; shed or spilled blood in battle.

BDB1960 H1818

דָּם₃₆₀ noun masculine^{Gen 9:6} blood (Late Hebrew id., Arabic , Ethiopic Assyrian damu Nor²³⁹ Zim^{BP 72, 76}; Aramaic דַּם, דְּמָא , ) — absolute ׳ד Gen 37:22 + 154 t.; construct דַּם Gen 9:6 + 62 t.; suffix דָּמִי 1Sam 26:20 + 3 t.; דָּֽמְךָ 2Sam 1:16 (Qr; Kt דמיך) + 4 t.; דָּמֵךְ Ezek 16:22 + 3 t.; דָּמוֺ Gen 9:4 + 30 t.; דָּמָהּ Lev 4:30 (twice in verse) + 11 t.; דִּמְכֶם Gen 9:5 דָּמָם Lev 16:27 + 11 t.; plural דָּמִים Exod 4:25 + 35 t.; construct דְּמֵי Gen 4:10 + 18 t.; suffix דָּמֶיךָ 2Sam 1:16 Kt (Qr דָּֽמְךָ); דָּמַיִךְ Ezek 16:6 (3 t. in verse); Ezek 16:9 דָּמָיו Lev 20:9 + 3 t.; דָּמֶיהָ Lev 12:7 + 2 t.; דְּמֵיהֶם Lev 20:11 + 5 t.; —

1. blood of man or animal, = the life (נֶפֶשׁ) Gen 9:4 (P) Deut 12:23; Lev 17:14 (twice in verse) (H); compare נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר בַּדָּם הִוא vLev 17:11 (H) & דִּמְכֶם לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם Gen 9:5 (P); see also Ps 72:14 וְיֵיקַר דָּמָם בְּעֵינָיו; hence blood of animals not to be eaten Lev 3:17; Lev 7:26; Lev 7:27(all P) Lev 17:10 (twice in verse); Lev 17:12 (twice in verse); Lev 17:14; Lev 19:26 (all H) Deut 12:16; Deut 12:23; Deut 15:23; 1Sam 14:32; 1Sam 14:33; 1Sam 14:34; Ezek 33:25 (compare RS^{K 310}), but to be poured out & covered with dust Lev 17:13 (compare RS^{Semitic i. 216 f.}).

2. usually blood become visible,
a. as from a wound הַמַּכָּה ׳ד 1Kgs 22:35 (compare חֲתַן דָּמִים Exod 4:25; Exod 4:26 see below h); licked by dogs 1Kgs 21:19 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 22:38; Ezek 32:6 from the nose Prov 30:33 bloody issue of a woman Lev 15:19 compare vLev 15:25 plural דְּמֵי טָֽהֳרָה Lev 12:4; Lev 12:5, & מְקֹר דָּמֶיהָ vLev 12:7 (all P) Lev 20:18 (H); blood in which child welters Ezek 16:6 (twice in verse); Ezek 16:22 + vEzek 16:6 (strike out A B Co and others); of goat Gen 37:31 (JE); of slain bird Lev 14:6; Lev 14:51; Lev 14:52.
b. often object of שָׁפַךְ, spill, shed Gen 9:6 (P) Gen 37:22 (E) Num 35:33 (P) Lev 17:4 (H) Deut 21:7; 1Sam 25:31; 1Kgs 18:28; 2Kgs 21:16; 2Kgs 24:4; 1Chr 22:8; Ezek 16:38; Ezek 22:4; Ezek 22:6; Ezek 22:9; Ezek 22:12; Ezek 22:27; Ezek 23:45; Ezek 33:25; Ezek 36:18 (strike out B Co) Prov 1:16 also Ps 79:3 שָֽׁפְכוּ דָמָם כַּמַּיִם; שֹׁפֵךְ דָּם a blood-shedder Ezek 18:10 עִיר שֹׁפֶכֶת דָּם Ezek 22:3 compare vEzek 22:4 (also 1Kgs 2:31; Jer 22:3; Jer 22:17; 1Chr 22:8; 1Chr 28:3; Prov 6:17; Lam 4:13); less often subject of passive שָׁפוּךְ, נִשְׁפָּךְ, etc. Gen 9:6; Num 35:33 (both P) Deut 19:10; Zeph 1:17; Ps 79:10.
c. דַּם חָלָל Deut 32:42 (song) blood of slain; חֲלָלִים ׳ד 2Sam 1:22 so Num 23:24 (JE), object of שָׁתָה, of Israel under figure of lion; compare also Ezek 39:17; Ezek 39:18; Ezek 39:19, & 2Sam 23:17 = 1Chr 11:19 (דַּם הָאֲנָשִׁים hyperbole for imperilled life); as food of young eagles Job 39:30.
d. often of innocent blood, i.e. blood shed with injustice & cruelty, דָּם נָקִי Deut 21:8; Deut 21:9; 1Sam 19:5; 2Kgs 21:16; 2Kgs 24:4; Ps 94:21; Ps 106:38 compare vPs 94:38; Prov 6:17; Isa 59:7; Jer 7:6; Jer 22:3 (also Jer 26:15); דָּם נָקִיא Joel 4:19; Jonah 1:14 also in construct דַּם נָקִי Deut 19:10 compare Deut 27:25 לְהַכּוֺת נֶפֶשׁ ׳נ ׳ד; דַּם הַנָּקִי Deut 19:13; Jer 22:17; 2Kgs 24:4 דַּם נְקִיִּים Jer 19:4 דַּם נַפְשׁוֺת אֶבְיוֺנִים נְקִיִּים Jer 2:34 further דַּם צַדִּיקִים Lam 4:13 דְּמֵי חִנָּם 1Kgs 2:31 in Ps 31:10 דָּמִי = my death (|| רִדְתִּי אֶלשַֿׁחַת).
e. evenger of blood גֹּאֵל הַדָּם Num 35:19; Num 35:21; Num 35:24; Num 35:25; Num 35:27 (twice in verse) (all P); Deut 19:6; Deut 19:12; Josh 20:3; Josh 20:5; Josh 20:9; 2Sam 14:11. feminine plural דָּמִים of abundance, blood in quantity, hence sometimes of blood shed by rude violence, and of blood-stains; — Gen 4:10; Gen 4:11(J) as crying from the ground for vengeance (compare RS^{Semitic i. 397}), compare also 2Sam 3:28; 2Sam 16:8; 2Kgs 9:26 (twice in verse); Isa 1:15; Isa 9:4; Isa 26:21; (3 t. in verse); Ezek 16:9; Ezek 16:36 (on text of vEzek 16:6 see above) Zech 9:7; 2Chr 24:25 דְּמֵי אָדָם Hab 2:8; Hab 2:17, and in other connections; but interchangeably with singular 2Sam 3:27; 2Sam 20:12; 2Kgs 9:33; Isa 34:3; Isa 34:6 (twice in verse); Isa 34:7; Ezek 21:37; Ezek 22:13 (plural Co) Ezek 24:8 (twice in verse) and elsewhere; see especially אֶרֶץ אַלתְּֿכַסִּי דָמִי Job 16:18 דְּמֵי ירושׁלם blood-stains of Jerusalem Isa 4:4 = slaughter, singular Gen 37:26 (J) Jer 48:10; Ezek 5:17; Ezek 28:23 (|| דֶּבֶר) Ezek 38:22 (|| id.); דַּםעֲֿבָדָיו Deut 32:43 (song: compare Ps 79:10); plural דְּמֵי עֲבָדַי 2Kgs 9:7 (twice in verse); דְּמֵי יִזְרְעֶאל Hos 1:4 bloodshed at Jezreel; compare דָּמִים בְּדָמִים נָגָ֑עוּ Hos 4:2 דְּמֵי מִלְחָמָה 1Kgs 2:5 (twice in verse); in Ezek 9:9 וַתִּמָּלֵא הָאָרֶץ חָמָס (Baer) read דָּמִים for חָמָס see d. H. Vrss Co Comm.; אָרַב לְדָם lie in wait for blood Prov 1:11 compare vProv 1:18; Prov 12:6; Mic 7:2 דָּמִים of a plan of murder Isa 33:15 (object of שׁמע); מִשְׁפַּט דָּמִים Ezek 7:23 bloody crime; as symbol of oppression, violence Mic 3:10 (|| עַוְלָה), Hab 2:12 (|| id.)
g. דָּמִים = guilt of bloodshed, blood-guiltiness Exod 22:1, then more generally, mortal sin (RS^{OTJC 417, 2nd ed. 441}, compare Ezek 18:13) Ps 51:16 (compare Hos 12:15); also בּוֺא בְדָמִים 1Sam 25:26; 1Sam 25:33.
h. plural also in pharses: חֲתַן דָּמִים bloody bridegroom Exod 4:25; Exod 4:26 also those denoting character, chiefly in poetry, אִישׁ דָּמִים bloody man (sanguinary) 2Sam 16:8; Ps 5:7 אִישׁ הַדָּמִים 2Sam 16:7 אַנְשֵׁי דָּמִים, Ps 26:9; Ps 55:24; Ps 59:3; Ps 139:19; Prov 29:10 ואלבֵּֿית הַדָּמִים bloody house 2Sam 21:1 but read with ᵐ5 We Dr ואל בֵּיתֹה דמים, & on his house is blood; עִיר דָּמִים Nah 3:1 עִיר הַדָּמִים Ezek 22:2; Ezek 24:6 + vEzek 24:9 (strike out B Co).
i. דָּמָיו בּוֺ his blood is in (upon) him, he is responsible for his own death Lev 20:9 compare vLev 20:11 vLev 20:12 vLev 20:13 vLev 20:16 vLev 20:27 (all H), Ezek 18:13 ( + יִהְיֶה); דָּמוֺ בּוֺ Ezek 33:5 דָּמוֺ בְּראֹשׁוֺ Josh 2:19 (twice in verse); so with שָׁבוּ 1Kgs 2:33, יִהְיֶה v1Kgs 2:37; Ezek 33:4 דָּֽמְ֯יךָ עַל ראֹשֶׁ֑ךָ 2Sam 1:16, and אֶתדָּֿמוֺ עַלרֿאֹשׁוֺ ׳הֵשִׁיב י 1Kgs 2:32 also לֹא תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתְךָ Deut 22:8 and דָּמָם לָשׂוּם עַל אֲבִימֶלֶךְ Judg 9:24 נָתַן דָּם על (אלׅ Jer 26:15; Jonah 1:14 וְהָיָה עָלָיךָ דָּמִים Deut 19:10, see 2Sam 21:1 above; also singular Ezek 22:4 בְּדָמֵךְ אָשַׁמְתְּ, and as subject of יֵחָשֵׁב לְ shall be imputed to Lev 17:4 (H); אֵין לוֺ דָמִים Exod 22:1 compare v.Exod 22:2 (both J E) & (singular) Num 35:27 (P).
j. of judicial process in case of bloodshed דָּבָר לַמִּשְׁפָּט בֵּיןדָּֿם לְדָם Deut 17:8 compare 2Chr 19:10 לֹא תַּעֲמֹד עַלדַּֿם רֵעֶ֑ךָ Lev 19:16 (H).
k. in phrase require blood at the hand of, exact vengeance (for it) from, דָּרַשׁ דָּמוֺ מִיַּד Ezek 33:6; Gen 9:5 דָּמוֺ נִדְרָשׁ Gen 42:22 (E); absolute דֹּרשׁ דמים Ps 9:13 אֲבַקֵּשׁ אֶתדָּֿמוֺ מִיֶּדְכֶם 2Sam 4:11 compare Ezek 3:18; Ezek 3:20; Ezek 33:8 עַלֿ ׳פָּקַד ד Hos 1:4 ׳וְנִקֵּיתִי ד Joel 4:21; Ezek 35:6 (4 t. in verse); compare on the other hand ׳אַליִֿפֹּל דָּמִי אַרְצָה מִנֶּגֶד פְּנֵי י 1Sam 26:20 i.e. let it not de unavenged.

1. of blood as defiling a land Num 35:33 (P) compare Ps 106:38 (plural בדמים); עֲקֻבָּה מִדָּם Hos 6:8 of a city foot-printed (VB) with blood; defiling hands Isa 1:15; Isa 59:3; Lam 4:14 compare Ezek 23:37; Ezek 23:45 further, of blood as oppressing one who has shed it עָשֻׁק בְּדַם נֶפֶשׁ Prov 28:17. masculine atonement for blood-guilt is expressed by וְנִכַּפֵּר לָהֶם הַדָּם Deut 21:8 (on form of verb compare Ges^{«GKC:55»§ 55}, 9 & Di).
n. blood (-shedding) as connected with divine wrath וְשָׁפַכְתִּ֫י חֲמָתִי עָלָיהָ בְּדָם Ezek 14:19 דַּם חֵמָה וְקִנְאָה Ezek 16:38 see further אַשְׁכִּיר חִצַּי מִדָּם Deut 32:42, compare Jer 46:10 compare also of human vengeance by divine help יִרְחַץ בְּדַם הָרָשָׁע Ps 58:11 תִּמֲחַץ רַגְלְךָ בְּדָם Ps 68:24 note further Isa 49:26; Ezek 39:19 (in both figurative of being drunk with blood); then of simple human vengeance וְהוֺרַדְתָּ֫ אֶתשֵֿׂיבָתוֺ בְּדָם שְׁאוֺל 1Kgs 2:9.
o. of water turned into blood (singular) in Egypt, by divine power Exod 4:9 (J) Exod 7:17; Exod 7:20 (JE) vExod 7:19 vExod 7:19 vExod 7:21 (P) Ps 78:44; Ps 105:29 compare Isa 15:9 & Ezek 32:6 further, of appearance of blood in sky Joel 3:3, & of colour of moon v.Joel 2:4 specifically of red colour of water אֲדֻמִּים כַּדָּם 2Kgs 3:22 compare v2Kgs 3:23.

3. blood used with religious significance,
a. blood of passover-lamb Exod 12:7; Exod 12:13 (twice in verse) (all P) vExod 12:22 vExod 12:22 vExod 12:23 (all J E); note also דַּם הַבְּרִית, i.e. blood by which covenant was ratified Exod 24:8 (JE) Zech 9:11.
b. blood used in ritual, Lev 17:11 הַדָּם הוּא בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יְכַפֵּר (H); compare 2Chr 29:24 also Ezek 44:7; Ezek 44:15 (both || חֵלָב); further Lev 1:5; Isa 1:11; Ps 50:13 thrown on altar, verb זָרַק usually with עַל Exod 24:6 (JE) Exod 29:16; Exod 29:20; Lev 1:5; Lev 1:11; Lev 3:2; Lev 3:8; Lev 3:13; Lev 7:2; Lev 7:14; Lev 8:19; Lev 8:24; Lev 9:12; Lev 9:18 (all P) Lev 17:6 (H) Num 18:17 (P) Ezek 43:18; 2Kgs 16:13; 2Kgs 16:15 (twice in verse); 2Chr 29:22 (3 t. in verse); compare 2Chr 30:16 sprinkled, verb הִזָּה Lev 5:9; Lev 16:19 (both P); sprinkled toward tent of meeting (verb הִזָּה) Num 19:4 (twice in verse) (P); brought into tent of meeting Lev 4:5; Lev 4:16; Lev 6:23 compare Lev 10:18 (all P); sprinkled toward the holy of holies (verb הִזָּה) Lev 4:6 (twice in verse); Lev 4:17; Lev 16:14 (twice in verse) (all P); brought within the veil on day of atonement Lev 16:15 (3 t. in verse) (compare vLev 16:14) vLev 16:27 (all P); thrown on people Exod 24:8 (J E; זָרַק); sprinkled on priests (הִזָּה) Exod 29:21; Lev 8:30 (both P); on garment (in sanctuary, הִזָּה) Lev 6:20 (P); applied with finger to horns of altar Exod 29:12; Lev 4:7; Lev 4:18; Lev 4:25; Lev 4:30; Lev 4:34; Lev 8:15; Lev 9:9 (3 t. in verse); Lev 16:18 (twice in verse) (all P; also Ezek 45:19) Ezek 43:20 applied to tip of right ear of priest Exod 29:20; Lev 8:23; Lev 8:24 (all P; also Lev 14:14; Lev 14:25 P); poured out at base of altar (שָׁפַךְ אֶלֿ) Exod 29:12; Lev 4:7; Lev 4:18; Lev 4:25; Lev 4:30; Lev 4:34 (all P); compare with מָצָה (Niph`al) Lev 1:15; Lev 5:9 with יָצַק Lev 8:15 (all P); half of blood put in basons Exod 24:6 (JE); blood poured out on altar Deut 12:27 (twice in verse); blood of red heifer burned Num 19:5 (P); see further such terms as דַּם זִבְחִי Exod 23:18; Exod 34:25 (both J E) (compare Deut 12:27; 2Kgs 16:15); דַּם הַשְּׁלָמִים Lev 7:33 (P; compare vLev 7:14); דַּם חַטָּאת הַכִּפֻּרִים Exod 30:10 (P) compare Ezek 45:19 דַּם הָאָשָׁם Lev 14:14; Lev 14:17; Lev 14:25; Lev 14:28 (see זֶבַח, שֶׁלֶם, חַטָּאת, אָשָׁם); דַּםחֲֿזִיר, swine's blood, as heathen offering Isa 66:3 compare נִסְכֵּיהֶם מִדָּם Ps 16:4 (see Che).

4. figurative of wine דַּםעֲֿנָבִים Gen 49:11 (blessing of Jacob || יַיִן); compare Deut 32:14 (song) דַּם עֵנָב תִּשְׁתֶּהחָֿ֑מֶר. — בְּדָֽמְךָ Ezek 19:10 probably textual error compare VB; Da prop: בְּרוּמָהּ in her height.

blood, bloody, bloodguiltiness

dām

blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed (i.e., drops of blood)

blood

of wine (figuratively)

לְ אַבֵּ֣ד

לְ

Prefix — preposition to, for

אַבֵּ֣ד

Root word perish, destroy, destroyed, perished, lost, …

Dictionary form: אָבַד · aw-BAHD

Verb — Piel, Infinitive Construct, construct state intensive — "he really / thoroughly did" try "to ___" or "___ing"

In the KJV here: and to destroy

shall perish ×19 perish ×14 and destroy ×7 is perished ×5 to destroy ×5 and destroyed ×4 and to destroy ×4 perished ×4

More options

perish — Modernized from KJV; best for natural death or ruin.

be destroyed — Passive sense; prefer when an agent causes the end.

be lost — Suits stray animals, people, or things gone missing.

be ruined — Good for contexts of collapse, decay, or total loss.

be wiped out — Vivid; suits judgment or warfare contexts.

vanish — Emphasizes disappearance; fits poetic or metaphorical uses.

BDB6 H6 H8

אָבַד verb perish (MI אבד, Assyrian abâtu Dl^{W 184} Aramaic אֲבַד, ). —

Qal Perfect ׳א Num 21:30 +; אָֽבְדוּ Ps 10:16 + (+ Ezek 6:3 ᵐ5 Co) etc.; Imperfect יאֹבַד Job 3:3; Jer 4:9 יאֹבֵ֑דּ Job 20:7 + 2 t.; 3 feminine singular תּאֹבַד Deut 22:3 + 4 t.; תּאֹבֵ֑ד Job 8:13 + 3 t.; יאֹבְדוּ Judg 5:31 + 3 t.; יאֹבֵ֑דוּ Job 4:9 +; 3 feminine plural וַתּאֹבַדְנָה 1Sam 9:3 תּאֹבֵדוּן Deut 4:26 +; נאֹבֵ֑ד Jonah 1:6; Jonah 3:9 נאֹבְדָה Jonah 1:14, etc.; Infinitive absolute אָבדֹ Deut 4:26 + 2 t.; construct אֲבדֹ Deut 7:20; Prov 11:10 אֲבָדְךָ Deut 28:20 אָבְדֶ֑ךָ Deut 28:22 אֲבָדְכֶם Josh 23:13 אָבְדָם Obad 1:12; Prov 28:28 Participle אוֺבֵד Deut 26:5 + 7:t.; construct אֹבַד Deut 32:28 (before ע ? see Di. Bö^{§ 378}); etc.

1. perish, die, of individuals (mostly late) Num 17:27 (|| נוע & (v.Num 17:28) מות, (also Deut 26:5 ? compare below) Jonah 1:6; Jonah 1:14; Job 31:19 compare Job 29:13; Prov 31:6; Esth 4:14; Esth 4:16 (twice in verse); Mic 4:9; Jer 40:15 compare Isa 57:1; Prov 11:10; Prov 28:28; Eccl 7:15; Ps 119:92 emphasis on mortality Job 4:20; Ps 146:4; Eccl 9:6 Saul & Jonathan, under figure of weapons 2Sam 1:27 lion Job 4:11 caravan Job 6:18 (compare Di); compare מִןהָֿאָרֶץ חָסִיד ׳א Mic 7:2, מֶלֶח מֵעַזָּה ׳וא Zech 9:5 perish, be exterminated (judgment for sin), of Israel Lev 26:38; Deut 8:19 (twice in verse); Deut 8:20; Deut 28:20; Deut 20:22; Deut 30:18 (twice in verse); Jer 27:10; Jer 27:15 compare Jer 6:21; Obad 1:12 compare Ps 80:17; Isa 27:13 other nations Deut 7:20; Jer 10:15; Jer 51:18; Ps 2:12; Ps 10:16; Ps 83:18 compare Ps 9:4; Amos 1:8; Isa 41:11; Isa 60:12 compare Jonah 3:9 see also Exod 10:7; Num 21:29; Num 21:30 (JE) Jer 48:46 house of Ahab 2Kgs 9:8 wicked in general Judg 5:31; Job 4:9 compare vJob 4:7, Ps 37:20; Ps 49:11; Ps 68:3 (|| simile of melting wax), Ps 73:27; Ps 92:10 also Prov 19:9; Prov 21:18 ׳לָנֶצַח א Job 20:7 compare ׳דֶּרֶח רְשָׁעִים א Ps 1:6 followed by מֵעַל הָאָ֑רֶץ (of annihilation of Israel) Deut 4:26 (twice in verse); Deut 11:17; Josh 23:13; Josh 23:16 (D); followed by מִתּוֺח הַקָּהָל (of Korah's company) Num 16:33 (JE); perish, be ruined, destroyed, of inanimate things, e.g. land Jer 9:11 (|| נִצְּתָה כַמִּדְבָּר compare Jer 48:8 harvest Joel 1:11 Jonah's gourd Jonah 4:10 riches Jer 48:36; Eccl 5:13 vessel Ps 31:13 houses Amos 3:15 (so often Assyrian Dl^w); city Ezek 26:17 (but strike out ᵐ5 Co); compare bamôth Ezek 6:3 ᵐ5 Co; heavens & earth Ps 102:27.

2. figurative perish, vanish, subject memory Job 18:17; Ps 9:7 name Ps 41:6 (i.e. be forgotten); vigour Job 30:2 wisdom Isa 29:14 compare אֹבַד עֵצוֺת Deut 32:28 אֱמוּנָה Jer 7:28 (|| נִכְרְתָה); חָזוֺן Ezek 12:22 יוֺם Job 3:3 (i.e. be blotted out); לֵב Jer 4:9 (i.e. courage fail); תִּקְוָה Ps 9:19; Prov 10:28; Prov 11:7; Ezek 19:5; Ezek 37:11; Job 8:13 so תַּאֲוָה Ps 112:10 (i.e. comes to naught); תּוֺחֶלֶת Prov 11:7, followed by מִן + agent Lam 3:18 עֵצָה + תּוֺרָה followed by מן + persons negligent Jer 18:18; Ezek 7:26, compare Jer 49:7 especially מָנוֺס מִןֿ ׳א (i.e. they could not escape) Amos 2:14; Jer 25:35; Job 11:20; Ps 142:5.

3. be lost, strayed, asses 1Sam 9:3; 1Sam 9:20 sheep Jer 50:6; Ezek 34:4; Ezek 34:16; Ps 119:176 (figurative of erring men); perhaps Deut 26:5. Pi`el causative of Qal. — Perfect אִבַּד 2Kgs 21:3 + 2 t.; suffix וְאִבֶּדְךָ Co Ezek 28:16 compare below; אִבַּדְתִּי Jer 15:7 וְאִבַּדְתִּ֫י Ezek 6:3 (ᵐ5 Co וְאָֽבְּדוּ) etc.; Imperfect יְאַבֵּד Eccl 9:18 וִיאַבֵּד Eccl 7:7; Zeph 2:13 1 singular suffix וָאַבֶּדְךָ Ezek 28:16 (for ׳וָאֲאַבּ Ew^{§ 72 c} Ol^{§ 79 a} Kö I:338 Ges^{«GKC:68»§ 68} fin; but Co 3 masculine singular; see also Co Ezek 38:14); תְּאַבְּדוּן Deut 12:2 etc.; Infinitive absolute אַבֵּד Deut 12:2 + 3 t.; construct id. Ezek 22:27 + etc.; Participle מְאַבְּדִים Jer 23:1.

1. cause to perish, destroy, kill, object person (mostly late) 2Kgs 11:1; Esth 3:9; Esth 4:7; Esth 8:5; Esth 9:24 || הרג Esth 9:6; Esth 9:12 || הרג + השׁמיד Esth 3:13; Esth 7:4; Esth 8:11 || המם Esth 9:24 compare Ps 119:95 object נְפָשׁוֺת Ezek 22:17 (strike out ᵐ5 Co); in judgment, subject ׳י Ps 5:7 compare Prov 1:32 followed by מִתּוֺח Ezek 28:16 object a people 2Kgs 13:7; 2Kgs 19:18 = Isa 37:19; Job 12:13 in judgment Deut 11:4; Jer 12:17; Jer 15:7; Zeph 2:13; Ps 9:6 compare Ps 21:11 object inanimate things especially idols, bamôth etc., Num 33:52 (twice in verse); (J) Deut 12:2 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 21:3; Ezek 6:3 (but compare ᵐ5 Co above); bars of Zion Lam 2:9 (|| שִׁבַּר).

2. figurative cause to vanish, blot out, do away with names of idols Deut 12:3 voice of Babylon Jer 51:55 memory of dead Isa 26:14 substance Prov 29:3 understanding Eccl 7:7 good ( טוֺבָה q. v.) Eccl 9:18.

3. cause to stray, lose; object Israel under figure of flock Jer 23:1 (|| הֵפִיץ); absolute Eccl 3:6 (|| בִּקֵּשׁ). Hiph`il Perfect וְהֶאֱבִּיד Num 24:19 הֶאֱבַ֑דְתָּ Job 14:19 etc.; Imperfect אֹבִידָה Jer 46:8 (Ges^{«GKC:68»§ 68}, 2 R. 1). Infinitive construct הַאֲבִיד 2Kgs 10:19 + etc.; Participle מַאֲבִיד Deut 8:20.

1. destroy, put to death, in judgment, (subject ׳י) object person Lev 23:30 (followed by מִקֶּרֶב עַמָּהּ; || כָּרַת vLev 23:29); Jer 49:38 (followed by מִשָּׁם); Obad 1:8 (followed by מֵאֱדוֺם); object nation, Ammon Ezek 25:7 (followed by מןהֿארצות; || כָּרַת), compare vEzek 25:16 Canaanites Deut 8:20 (followed by מִפְּנֵיכֶם); Canaan = Philistines Zeph 2:5 (|| כָּרַת); especially Israel Deut 28:51; Deut 28:63 (|| הִשְׁמִיד), compare Josh 7:7 also absolute Jer 18:7 (|| לִנְתוֺשׁ וְלִנְתוֺץ); = Jer 1:10 (+ וְלַהֲרוֺס) = Jer 31:28 (+ וּלְהָרֵעַ); animals Ezek 32:13 (followed by מֵעַל מַיִם רַבִּים); compare Deut 7:10; Ps 143:12 (|| הִצְמִית); (human subject), object servants of Baal 2Kgs 10:19, object nation Deut 9:3, compare Num 24:19 (E; followed by מֵעִיר); 2Kgs 24:2 compare Jer 46:8 object inanimate, chariots Mic 5:9 idols Ezek 30:13 (strike out B Co).

2. figurative, object name of kings Deut 7:24 (followed by מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמַיִם); hope Job 14:19 voice of mirth etc. Jer 25:10 (compare Jer 51:55 Pi`el above)

BDB9265 H6 H7

[אֲבַד] verb perish (Biblical Hebrew); —

Pe`al mpl. 3 masculine plural יֵאבַ֫דוּ (not וּן- see K^{§ 26, 1}) Jer 10:11 they shall persish, pass away. Haph`el (Old Aramaic האבד Lzb²⁰⁵ Cooke¹⁸⁹) destoy: Imperfect 2 masculine singular אַלתְּֿהוֺבֵד (K^{§ 41 c}) Dan 2:24(c.ל person); 3 masculine plural יְהוֺבְדוּן vDan 2:18(indefinite subject; accusative of person); Infinitive לְהוֺבָדָא vDan 2:12 vDan 2:24 (both with ל person), דָה- Dan 7:26 (absolute). Hoph`al (K^{§ 41 c} W^{CG 225}) be destroyed: Perfect 3 masculine singular הוּבַד Dan 7:11.

perish, destroy, destroyed, perished, lost, …

ʾābad

properly, to wander away, i.e., lose oneself; by implication to perish (causative, destroy)

perish, vanish, go astray, be destroyed

(Qal)

perish, die, be exterminated

to destroy, kill, cause to perish, to give up (as lost), exterminate

to destroy, put to death

of divine judgment

נְפָשׁ֔וֹת

Root word soul, life, souls, lives, persons, …

Dictionary form: נֶפֶשׁ · neh-PESH

Noun — Common, both plural, absolute state plural — usually add "-s"

In the KJV here: souls

my soul ×101 soul ×38 his soul ×28 thy soul ×28 the souls ×23 the soul ×21 thy life ×16 my life ×15

More options

soul — Broad default; fits spiritual or inner-self contexts.

life — Prefer when physical existence or survival is in view.

being — Good for 'living being'; avoids religious overtones.

person — Use when נֶפֶשׁ refers to a countable individual or body.

self — Reflexive contexts: 'with all your self / whole self.'

appetite — Fitting for desire, craving, or longing passages.

BDB5310 H5315

נֶ֫פֶשׁ₇₅₆ noun feminine^{Gen 49:6} (so even Gen 2:19; Num 31:28; 1Kgs 19:2 see Albr^{ZAW xvi (1896), 42} SS) soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Eccl 3:18; Eccl 4:1 (twice in verse); Eccl 4:2 (twice in verse); Eccl 13:12; Eccl 14:11); — ׳נ Gen 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Gen 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Gen 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֺת Ezek 13:18 + 13 t.; נְפָשֹׁת Exod 12:4; Lev 27:2 construct נַפְשׁוֺת Gen 36:6 + 4 t.; נַפְשֹׁת Lev 21:11 נְפָשִׁים Ezek 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים, see Co Berthol Toy); suffix נַפְשׁוֺתָם 2Sam 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Num 17:3 +: —

1. = that which breathes, the breathing substance or being = ψυχή, anima, the soul, the inner being of man:
a. distinguished from ׃בָּשָׂר מִנֶּפֶשׁ וְעַד בָּשָׂר Isa 10:18 הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר Deut 12:23 from שְׁאֵר Prov 11:17 from בֶּטֶן body Ps 31:10.
b. both the inner נפשׁ and the outer בשׂר are conceived as resting on a common substratum: אַךְ בְּשָׂרוֺ עָלָיו יִכְאָ֑ב וְנַפְשׁוֺ עָלָיו תֶּאֱבָֽל׃ Job 14:22 only his flesh upon him is in pain, and his soul upon him mourneth; compare Ps 42:5; Ps 42:7; Ps 131:2; Job 30:16; Lam 3:20 [see עַל 1 d], all poetical (compare 6 c).
c. ׳נ departs at death and returns with life: וַיְתִי בְּצֵאת נַפְשָׁהּ כִּי מֵתָה Gen 35:18 (E) and it came to pass when her soul was going forth (for she died); נָָֽפְחָה נַפְשָׁהּ Jer 15:9 she breathed out her soul, compare 1Kgs 17:21; 1Kgs 17:22; Job 11:20; Job 31:39.
d. often desired that the נפשׁ may be delivered: from Sh®°ôl Ps 16:10; Ps 30:4; Ps 49:16; Ps 86:13; Ps 89:49; Prov 23:14 from שַׁחַת, the pit of Sh®°ôl, Isa 38:17; Job 33:18; Job 33:22; Job 33:28; Job 33:30.

2. The נפשׁ becomes a living being: by God's breathing נשׁמת חיים into the nostrils of its בשׂר; of man Gen 2:7 (J); by implication of animals also Gen 2:19 (J); so Ps 104:29; Ps 104:30 compare Ps 66:9 man is נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה, a living, breathing being Gen 2:7 (J); elsewhere נפשׁ חיּה always of animals Gen 1:20; Gen 1:24; Gen 1:30; Gen 9:12; Gen 9:15; Gen 9:16 (all P), Ezek 47:9 so נפשׁ החיּה Gen 1:21; Gen 9:10 (both P), Lev 11:10; Lev 11:46 (H); נפשׁ השׁרצת Lev 11:46 (H); נפשׁ כל חי Job 12:10. נפשׁ is frequently used with the verb ׃חיה וחיתה נפשׁ Gen 12:13; Gen 19:20 (both J), 1Kgs 20:32 (E), Ps 119:175; Jer 38:17; Jer 38:20 חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ 1Sam 1:26; 1Sam 17:55; 1Sam 20:3; 1Sam 25:26; 2Sam 11:11; 2Sam 14:9; 2Kgs 2:2; 2Kgs 2:4; 2Kgs 2:6; 2Kgs 4:30 (all J E); compare ׳יְחַיֶּה נ 1Kgs 20:31 (E), Ezek 18:27; Ps 22:30 also Gen 19:19; Isa 55:3; Prov 3:22.

3. The נפשׁ (without חיה noun or verb) is specified:
a. a living being whose life resides in the blood [so in Arabic We^{Skizzen iii. 217 G.} Jacob^{Arab. Dicht. iv. 9 f.}] (hence sacrificial use of blood, and its prohib. in other uses; first in D), Deut 12:23; Deut 12:24 only be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the living being (הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ); and thou shalt not eat the living being with the flesh (הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר); thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water; this is enlarged in H, Lev 17:10; Lev 17:11; Lev 17:12; Lev 17:14 and in P Gen 9:4; Gen 9:5, compare Jer 2:34.
b. a serious attack upon the life is an attack upon this inner living being 2Sam 1:9; Jer 4:10; Jonah 2:6; Ps 69:2; Ps 124:4; Ps 124:5; Job 27:3.
c. נפשׁ is used for life itself 171 t., of animals Prov 12:10, and of man Gen 44:30 (J); נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life Exod 21:23 (E), Lev 24:18 (H), 1Kgs 20:39; 1Kgs 20:42; 2Kgs 10:24 נפשׁנו תחתיכם Josh 2:14 (J); נפשׁ בנפשׁ Deut 19:21 בנפשׁ for the life of 2Sam 14:7; Jonah 1:14 שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's own hand Judg 12:3; 1Sam 19:5; 1Sam 28:21; Job 13:14 חרף נפשׁו למות Judg 5:18 risked his life to die; בנפשׁ at the risk of life Num 17:3 (P), 2Sam 23:17 = 1Chr 11:19 (twice in verse), 1Kgs 2:23; Prov 7:23; Lam 5:9 בקּשׁ נפשׁ Exod 4:19 (J), 1Sam 20:21; 1Sam 22:23 (twice in verse); 1Sam 23:15; 1Sam 25:29; 2Sam 4:8; 2Sam 16:11; 1Kgs 19:10; 1Kgs 19:14; Jer 4:30; Jer 11:21; Jer 19:7; Jer 19:9; Jer 21:7; Jer 22:25; Jer 34:20; Jer 34:21; Jer 38:16; Jer 44:30 (twice in verse); Jer 46:26; Jer 49:37; Ps 35:4; Ps 38:13; Ps 40:15; Ps 54:5; Ps 63:10; Ps 70:3; Ps 86:14; Prov 29:10 ׳שׁאל נ 1Kgs 3:11 = 2Chr 1:11; 1Kgs 19:4 = Jonah 4:8 הִכָּה נפשׁ smite mortally Gen 37:21 (J), Deut 19:6; Deut 19:11; Jer 40:14; Jer 40:15 ׳לקח נ 1Kgs 19:4; Jonah 4:3; Ps 31:14; Prov 1:19 הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death Josh 2:13; Ps 33:19; Ps 56:14 מלּט נפשׁ1Sam 19:11; 2Sam 19:6 (4 t. in verse); 1Kgs 1:12 (twice in verse); Jer 48:6; Jer 51:6; Jer 51:45; Ezek 33:5; Amos 2:14; Amos 2:15; Ps 89:49; Ps 116:4 פדה ׳נ 2Sam 4:9; 1Kgs 1:29; Ps 34:23; Ps 49:16; Ps 55:19; Ps 71:23 ׳שׁמר נ Ps 25:20; Ps 97:10; Job 2:6; Prov 13:3; Prov 16:17; Prov 19:16; Prov 22:5.

4. The נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for the man himself:
a. paraphrase for personal pronoun especially in poetry and ornate discourse, 70 t.; (1) נַפְשִׁי = me: אל תבא נפשׁי Gen 49:6 let me not enter (poem in J); מות ישׁרים ׳תָּמֹת נ Num 23:10 let me die, etc. (poem); תָּמוֺת נַפְשְׁי Judg 16:30 (J); אמרה נפשׁי Lam 3:24 I say. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thee: לְאֻמִּים תַּחַת נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Isa 43:4 peoples instead of thee; אָֽמְרוּ לְנַפְשֵׁךְ Isa 51:23. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = he: נפשׁו בטוב תלין Psalms he will not dwell in good circumstances. (4) נַפְשֵׁנוּ = we: נַפְשֵׁנוּ כְּצִפּוֺר נִמְלְטָה מִפַּח יוֺקְשִׁים Ps 124:7. (5) נַפְשָׁם = they, them: נַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָ֑כָה Isa 46:2 they are gone into captivity; אוי לנפשׁם Isa 3:9.
b. = reflexive, self, 53 t.: אסר על נפשׁ bind oneself Num 30:3; Num 30:5 (twice in verse); Num 30:6; Num 30:7; Num 30:8; Num 30:9; Num 30:10; Num 30:11; Num 30:12 ׳לְעַנֹּת נ Num 30:14 to afflict oneself . (1) נַפְשִׁי = myself: לא אדע נפשׁי Job 9:21 I know not myself. (2) נַפְשְׁךָ = thyself: ׳שׁמר נ Deut 4:9 keep thyself. (3) נַפְשׁוֺ = himself: ׳אהב כנ 1Sam 18:1; 1Sam 18:3; 1Sam 20:17 loved as himself. (4) נַפְשָׁהּ = herself: ׳צדּקה נ Jer 3:11 justified herself. (5) נַפְשָׁם = themselves: ׳הציל נ deliver themselves Isa 47:14; Ezek 14:14; Ezek 14:20. (6) נַפְשְׁכֶם, נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם = yourselves: ׳אַלתַּֿשִּׁאוּ נ Jer 37:9 deceive not yourselves, also Jer 42:20; Jer 44:7 ׳ענּה נ Lev 16:29; Lev 16:31; Lev 23:27; Lev 23:32; Num 29:7 (P); ׳נשׁמרתם לנ Deut 4:15; Josh 23:11 (D). (7) נַפְשׁוֺתֵינוּ = ourselves: ׳על נ Jer 26:19 against ourselves.
c. = person of man, individual, 144 t., first in D²; especially in H, P, and kindred writers: (1) with אָדָם: אדם ׳נ Lev 24:17 opposed to בהמה ׳נ Lev 24:18 (both H), and so אדם ׳נ human persons Num 31:35; Num 31:40; Num 31:46 (P) 1Chr 5:21; Ezek 27:13. Elsewhere without אדם: ברכה ׳נ Prov 11:25 one who blesses; רְמִיָּה ׳נ Prov 19:15 idle person; ׳תחת נ ׳נ person in place of person, Job 16:4 כפּר ׳על נ Exod 30:15; Exod 30:16; Num 15:28; Num 31:50 (all P) Lev 17:11 (H). (2) נפשׁ = person, any one: Deut 24:7; Deut 27:25; Prov 28:17; Ezek 18:4 (3 t. in verse); Ezek 33:6 elsewhere only H P: Lev 2:1; Lev 4:2; Lev 4:27; Lev 5:1; Lev 5:2; Lev 5:4; Lev 5:15; Lev 5:17; Lev 5:21; Lev 7:18; Lev 7:20; Lev 7:21; Lev 7:25; Lev 7:27; Lev 23:29; Lev 23:30 (twice in verse); Num 5:6; Num 15:27; Num 15:30; Num 19:22; Num 31:19; Num 31:28; Num 35:11; Num 35:15; Num 35:30 (twice in verse); Josh 20:3; Josh 20:9 (all P), Lev 17:10; Lev 17:12; Lev 17:15; Lev 20:6 (twice in verse); Lev 22:6; Lev 22:11 (all H); ׳נכרתה הנ הַהִוא מן that person shall be cut off from: only in Gen 17:14; Exod 12:15; Exod 12:19; Exod 31:14; Lev 7:20; Lev 7:21; Lev 7:27; Num 9:13; Num 15:30; Num 15:31; Num 19:13; Num 19:20 (all P), Lev 19:8; Lev 22:3 (both H). (3) נפשׁ collective for persons, in enumerations: Deut 10:22; Josh 10:28; Josh 10:30; Josh 10:32; Josh 10:35; Josh 10:37 (twice in verse); Josh 10:39; Josh 11:11 (all D²) Jer 43:6; Jer 52:29; Jer 52:30 (twice in verse); Ezek 22:25 elsewhere only Gen 12:5; Gen 46:15; Gen 46:18; Gen 46:22; Gen 46:25; Gen 46:26 (twice in verse); Gen 46:27 (twice in verse); Exod 1:5 (twice in verse); Exod 12:16; Num 31:35; Num 31:40 (all P). (4) נְפָשׁוֺת persons Gen 36:6; Exod 12:4; Exod 16:16; Num 19:18 (all P), Lev 18:29; Lev 20:25; Lev 27:2 (all H), 2Kgs 12:5; Prov 11:30; Prov 14:25; Ezek 13:18 (3 t. in verse); Ezek 13:19 (twice in verse); Ezek 13:20 (twice in verse); Ezek 17:17; Ezek 18:4; Ezek 22:27 (נפשׁים Ezek 13:20 see above). (5) נפשׁ = deceased person, sometimes with מֵת, נֶפֶשׁ מֵת Num 6:6 (P), נַפְשֹׁת מֵת (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 נֶפֶשׁ) Lev 21:11 (H); usually without מֵת, נפשׁ (ה)אדם Num 9:6; Num 9:7; Num 19:11; Num 19:13 (P); or simply נפשׁ, Lev 19:28; Lev 21:1; Lev 22:4 (all H) Num 5:2; Num 6:11; Num 9:10 (all P); elsewhere only Hag 2:13.

5. נפשׁ = seat of the appetites, in all periods (46 t.) —
a. hunger: רְעֵבָה ׳נ hungry soul Ps 107:9; Prov 27:7 with noun or verb of שׂבע satisfy Isa 56:11; Isa 58:10; Jer 50:19; Ezek 7:19; Ps 63:6; Ps 107:9; Prov 13:25; Prov 27:7 ׳מתוק לנ Prov 16:24 sweet to the taste.
b. thirst: עֲיֵפָה ׳נ weary soul Prov 25:25; Jer 31:25 כארץ עיפה ׳נ Ps 143:6 ׳צמאה נ Ps 42:3; Ps 63:2.
c. appetite in general: יַקִּיפוּ עָלָיו ׳אֹיְבַי בנ Ps 17:9 my enemies compass me about with greed; הִרְחִיבָה שְׁאוֺל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָֽעֲרָה פִיהָ Isa 5:14 Sh®°ôl enlarged her appetite, etc., compare Hab 2:5; Prov 23:2 בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ; Ecclesiastes uses נפשׁ only in the sense of a, b, c; the נפשׁ craves, lacks, and is filled with good things: Eccl 2:24; Eccl 4:8; Eccl 6:2; Eccl 6:3; Eccl 6:7; Eccl 6:9; Eccl 7:28.

6. = ׳נ seat of emotions and passions (151 t.) —
a. desire: ׳אִוְּתָה נ soul desires Deut 12:20; Deut 14:26; 1Sam 2:16; 2Sam 3:21; 1Kgs 11:37; Job 23:13; Prov 13:4; Prov 21:10; Mic 7:1 ׳תַּאֲוַת נ Ps 10:3; Isa 26:8 ׳אַוַּת נ Deut 12:15; Deut 12:20; Deut 12:21; Deut 18:6; 1Sam 23:20; Jer 2:24 so also לנפשׁ according to one's desire Deut 21:14; Ps 78:18; Jer 34:16 כנפשׁ Deut 23:25 האח נפשׁנו ah, our desire Ps 35:25 בנפשׁ at one's desire Ps 105:22; Ezek 16:27 יָָֽצְאָה ׳נ בְדַבְּרוֺ Song 5:6 ׳נשׂא נ lift up the soul, desire Deut 24:15; 2Sam 14:14 (read אליהם, not אלהים), Ps 24:4; Ps 25:1; Ps 86:4; Ps 143:8; Prov 19:8; Jer 22:27; Jer 44:14; Hos 4:8.
b. abhorrence, loathing: ׳געלה נ soul abhorreth Lev 26:11; Lev 26:15; Lev 26:30; Lev 26:43 (H) Jer 14:19 בחלה בי ׳וגם נ Zech 11:8 and their soul also fell a loathing against me.
c. sorrow and distress: ׳מרי נ bitter, gloomy, discontented of soul Judg 18:25 (E) 2Sam 17:8; Job 3:20; Prov 31:6 ׳מר נ 1Sam 22:2 compare Job 7:11; Job 10:1; Isa 38:15; Ezek 27:1 ׳עָֽגְמָה נ Job 30:35 grieved; ׳אגמי נ sad of soul Isa 19:10 ׳תבכה נ my soul shall weep Jer 13:17 ירעה ׳נ his soul trembleth Isa 15:4 ׳צרת נ distress of soul Gen 42:21 (E).
d. joy: תגיל ׳נ my soul rejoiceth Ps 35:9; Isa 61:10 ׳שׂמּח נ rejoice the soul Ps 86:4 also Ps 94:19; Ps 138:3; Prov 29:17.
e. love: ׳אהבה נ my soul loveth Song 1:7; Song 3:1; Song 3:2; Song 3:3; Song 3:4 ׳יְדִדוּת נ darling of my soul Jer 12:7 ׳ב ׳דבקה נ his soul clave unto Gen 34:3 (J), with אחרי Ps 63:9 חשׁקה ׳ב ׳נ soul is attached to Gen 34:8 (P). feminine alienation, hatred, revenge: מן ׳תֵּקַע נ the soul is alienated from Jer 6:8; Ezek 23:17; Ezek 23:18 מן ׳נקעה נ Ezek 23:18; Ezek 23:22; Ezek 23:28 ׳שְׂנֻאי נ hated of soul 2Sam 5:8 (Qr); ׳שׂנאה נ Ps 11:5; Isa 1:14.
g. other emotions and feelings: ׳השׁיב נ bring back soul Lam 1:11; Lam 1:19 (i.e. revive, compare with שׁוּב 1Kgs 17:21f.), hence figurative refresh, cheer, v1Kgs 17:16; Ps 19:8; Prov 25:14; Ruth 4:15 ׳שׁובב נ Ps 23:3 ׳מַחְמַל נ your souls' compassion Ezek 24:21 ׳קצרה נ soul was impatient Num 21:4 (E), Judg 10:16; Judg 16:16; Zech 11:8 כי ׳אאריך נ that I should prolong my patience Job 6:11 הגר ׳ידעתם אתנֿ ye know the feeling of the stranger Exod 23:9 (R^D).

7. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts + לבב (see 10); possibly also alone, owing to unconscious assimilation by late writers; but most, if not all, examples may be otherwise explained: נפשׁי ידעת מאד Ps 139:14 my soul knoweth well (or I know well; compare 4a); בלא לא טוב ׳דעת נ Prov 19:2 that the soul be without knowledge is not good (but RVm desire without knowledge, compare 6 a); ׳דעה חכמה לנ Prov 24:14 know wisdom for thy soul (or according to thy desire, compare 6 a); ׳אל תדמי בנ Esth 4:13 think not in thy soul (or in thyself, compare 4 b); כמו שׁער ׳בג Prov 23:7 as he reckoneth in his soul (but RV in himself, compare 4 b); ׳מה תאמר נ 1Sam 20:4 (but AV RV following ᵐ5 ἐπιθυμεῖ = תְּאַוֶּה; see 6 a).

8. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dubious: אם ישׁ נפשׁכם (את) if it is your purpose Gen 23:8 (P) 2Kgs 9:15 (or if it is your desire, 6 a); ׳בחרה נ my soul chooseth Job 7:15 ׳מאנה נ my soul, refuseth Job 6:7; Ps 77:3 חפצה ׳נ their soul delighteth in Isa 66:3 רצתה ׳נ my soul delighteth in Isa 42:1 (all perhaps emotional, 6 b, d, g).

9. נפשׁ = character is still more dubious: בּוֺ ׳לאֹיָָֽֿשְׁרָה נ Hab 2:4 his soul is not right in him (but ᵐ5 οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν αὐτῷ [εὐδοκεῖ = רצתה], see

6.); נַפְשִׁי לאֹ מְטֻמָּאָה Ezek 4:14 my soul hath not (or I have not, 4 a) been polluted.

10. ׳נin D, when used with לבב, is assimilated to it, and shares with it the meanings of 7, 8, 9; and so in later writers influenced by D (unless we may think that ׳ל is used of intellect, while ׳נ is used of the feelings): thus, בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ (see לבב): with דרשׁ Deut 4:29; 2Chr 15:12 עשׂה Deut 26:16 אהב Deut 6:5; Deut 13:4; Deut 30:6 ידע Josh 23:14 עבד Deut 10:12; Deut 11:13; Josh 22:5 שׁמע בקלו Deut 30:2 שׁוב אל Deut 30:10; 1Kgs 8:48 = 2Chr 6:38; 2Kgs 23:25 שׁמר מצות 2Kgs 23:3 = 2Chr 34:31 הלך לפני1Kgs 2:4 and Deut 11:18; 1Sam 2:35; 1Chr 22:19; 1Chr 28:9; Jer 32:41; Ps 13:8; Prov 2:10; Prov 24:12. Note. — In three cases is generally found closer approach to supposed radical meaning breath: —
a. שׁמן וקטרת ישׂמח לב ומתק רעהו מעצת נפשׁ Prov 27:9. Ges (after Döderlein) renders a. ׳מעצת נ more than odorous trees, so later edds., even Buhl; but ᵑ9 De SS transpose) מֵעֲצַת רֵעֵהוּ ׳וּמֶתֶק נ. ᵐ5 Hi Bi ומתקרעה = the soul is rent asunder by cares. In any case נפשׁis || לב, compare

10. b. נַפְשׁוֺ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵט Job 41:13 his breath kindleth coals (of the crocodile).The piece is one of the latest in the book; primitive meaning hardly in such a passage; context favours reference to passion or fury; perhaps below 6 f, his passion or fury kindleth coals.
c. בָּתֵּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ Isa 3:20 perfume boxes; meaning evident from context; but not necessarily scent (breath)-boxes; may be 6 a, boxes of desire, or 5, boxes exciting the sense of smell; = smelling boxes or bottles. No sufficient evidence in Biblical Hebrew, therefore, for meaning breath, odour. — See, for complete study of נֶפֶשׁ (all passages), Br^{JBL 1897,17 ff}.

BDB7797 H7307 H5315 H3824 H1320 H3820

רוּחַ₃₇₈ noun feminine^{Gen 41:8} (less often masculine^{Exod 10:13} +) breath, wind, spirit; — absolute ׳ר Gen 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 construct רוּחַ Gen 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי vGen 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Ps 104:30 +, etc.; plural רוּחוֺת vPs 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jer 49:36, רוּחֹת Num 16:22; Num 26:16 (see Br^{רוח in O.T., JBL xix (1900), 132 ff.}, full statement of all passages); —

1. breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.):
a. רוּחַ פִּיו Job 15:30 breath of his mouth, compare Job 19:17 רוּחַ אַפֵּינוּ Lam 4:20 (figurative of king), of idols לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jer 10:14 = Jer 51:17, Hab 2:19; Ps 135:17 compare Job 9:18.
b. as mere breath: compare 2 e. דִּבְרֵירֿוּחַ Job 16:3 i.e. windy words; נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6:26, הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jer 5:13.
c. as word of command: (1) of God: (נעשׂו) בְּרוּחַ פִּיו כָּלֿ צְבָאָםPs 33:6, compare Isa 34:16 (|| פֶּה); (2) of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Isa 11:4.
d. as hard breathing through the nostrils in anger: (1) of God: מֵרוּח אַפּוֺ יִכְלוּ Job 4:9; Exod 15:8 (poem), 2Sam 22:16 = Ps 18:16; Isa 30:28; Isa 59:19 (2) of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Isa 25:4.
e. as sign and symbol of life: רוּחַ חַיִּים breath of life Gen 6:17; Gen 7:15 (P); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַפָּיו Gen 7:22 (P); Ezek 37:5, compare vEzek 37:6 vEzek 37:8 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:10 vEzek 37:14 (breath or spirit), Eccl 3:19.

2. wind (117 t.):
a. wind of heaven: Gen 8:1 (P) Exod 15:10 (E) Num 11:31 (J) 1Kgs 18:45 +, Jer 10:13, thence Jer 51:16; Ps 135:7 ׳רוּחַ י Hos 13:15; Isa 40:7, compare Job 26:13 (Di Bu); רוּחַ (ה)קָדִים east wind Exod 10:13 (twice in verse); Exod 14:21 (J) Ps 48:8; Jer 18:17; Ezek 17:10; Ezek 19:12; Ezek 27:26; Jonah 4:8 צָפוֺן ׳ר north wind Prov 25:23 יָם ׳ר sea wind (west wind) Exod 10:19 (J); . הַיּוֺם ׳ר day wind, evening wind Gen 3:8 (J; compare Song 2:17; Song 4:6); אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת four winds Jer 49:36; Ezek 37:9 (quarters?) Dan 8:8; Dan 11:4 (figurative quarters; compare b), Zech 2:10; Zech 6:5 רוּחַ סְעְרָה storm wind Ps 107:25; Ps 148:8; Ezek 1:4 (סְעָרוֺת ׳ר), Ezek 13:11; Ezek 13:13 רוּחַ סֹעָה rushing wind Ps 55:9 (read possibly סערה Hup); בַּעְיָם רוּחוֺ Isa 11:15 (read ׳בְּעֹצֶם ר, see עֲיָם, עֹצֶם), etc; wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2Sam 22:11 = Ps 18:11; Ps 104:3, compare Hos 4:19; Ps 104:4.
b. quarter (of wind), side: רוּחַ הַקָּדִים Ezek 42:16 east side; רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן vEzek 42:17 north side; רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם vEzek 42:18 south side; רוּחַ הַיָּם vEzek 42:19 west side; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת vEzek 42:20; 1Chr 9:24 four sides; ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 on the sides.
c. breath of air: שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jer 14:6 רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41:8.
d. air, gas, from womb (dubious): כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Isa 26:18 (Di, e); רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם (RV breath) Isa 33:11 (Du, 3 c).
e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7:7 my life is wind; דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15:2 רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ נִסְכֵּיהֶם Isa 41:29 רְעוּת רוּחַ striving for wind Eccl 1:14; Eccl 2:11; Eccl 2:17; Eccl 2:26; Eccl 4:4; Eccl 4:6; Eccl 6:9 compare Eccl 1:17; Eccl 4:16; Eccl 5:15.

3. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):
a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֺד רוּחַ 1Kgs 10:5 = 2Chr 9:4 מַהזֶּֿה רוּחֲךָ סָרָה 1Kgs 21:5 וַתְּחִי רוּחַ Gen 45:27 (E); וַתָּשָׁב רוּחוֺ Judg 15:19; 1Sam 30:12.
b. courage: ׳לֹא הָיָה בָם עוֺד ר Josh 5:1 נְגִידִים ׳יִבְצֹר ר Ps 76:13 מִצְרַיִם ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה ר Isa 19:3 תתעטּף רוּחִי Ps 77:4; Ps 142:4; Ps 143:4 לֹא קָמָה ׳עוֺד ר Josh 2:11 אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵהוּ ׳ר Prov 18:14.
c. temper, especially anger: ׳רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין וגו Judg 9:23 אָז רָֽפְתָה רוּחָם Judg 8:3 משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֺ Prov 16:32, compare Prov 25:28; Prov 29:11; Job 15:13 הֵנִיחוּ אֶתרֿוּחִי Zech 6:8; Eccl 7:9; Eccl 10:4.
d. impatience or patience: קֹצֶר רוּחַ Exod 6:9 (P) impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of ׳י) Mic 2:7 קְצַררֿוּחַ Prov 14:29 (|| אֶרֶךְ אַפַיִם); הֱצִיקַתְנִי רוּחַ בִּטְנִי Job 32:18 (Du breath; Di Bu divine spirit, compare vJob 32:8); אִם מַדּוּעַ לֹאתִֿקְצַר רוּחִי Job 21:4 ׳הֲקָצַר רוּחַ י Mic 2:7 ׳אֶרֶךְ ר Eccl 7:8.
e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented; וַתִּפָּעֶם רוּח(וׅ (his) spirit was troubled Gen 41:8 (E) Dan 2:3, compare vDan 2:1 מֹרַת רוּחַ Gen 26:35 (P) bitterness of spirit; ׳עֲצוּבַת ר Isa 54:6, compare Ezek 3:14; Job 6:4. feminine as crushed: וְכִהֲתָה כָלרֿוּחַ Ezek 21:12, compare Isa 61:3; Prov 15:4; Prov 15:13; Prov 17:22; Prov 18:14; Ps 143:7.
g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: הֵעִיר אֶתרֿוּחַ 1Chr 5:26 (twice in verse); 2Chr 21:16; 2Chr 36:22; Ezra 1:1; Ezra 1:5; Jer 51:11; Hag 1:14 (3 t. in verse); הִנְנִי נ(וֺ)תֵן בּוֺ רוּח2Kgs 19:7 = Isa 37:7; Num 14:24 (J; see עִם 4 b), Mal 2:15 (twice in verse); Mal 2:16; Deut 2:30 רוּחַ קִנְאָה jealous disposition Num 5:14 (twice in verse); Num 5:30 (P); רוּחַ וְנוּנִים Hos 4:12; Hos 5:4 רוּחַ עִוְעִיםIsa 19:14 רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Isa 28:6 אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר רוּחַ אֱלהִֹרם בּוֺ (administrative) Gen 41:38 (E); קַר רוּחַ אִישׁ הְּבוּנָה Prov 17:27.
h. prophetic spirit: יְהוֺשֻׁעַ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁרֿ רוּחַ בּזֹNum 27:18 (P; or g, as Gen 41:38); רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע2Kgs 2:15, compare v2Kgs 2:9 רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare Gen 2:21; Gen 15:12, but Di and others g, as Isa 19:14) Isa 29:10; Mic 2:11 רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zech 13:2 (of lying prophets), compare Ezek 13:3.

4. spirit of the living, breathing being, dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, || נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):
a. gift and creation of God: יֹצֵר רוּחַ אָדָם בְּקִרְבּוֺ Zech 12:1 רוּחַ אֱלוֺהַּ בְּאַפִּי Job 27:3, compare Isa 42:5.
b. God preserves it: פְּקֻדָּֽתְךָ שָֽׁמְרָה רוּחִי Job 10:12, compare Job 12:10 אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחֹת לְכָל בָּשָׂ֑ר Num 16:22; Num 27:16 (P); תֹּכֵן רוּחוֺת Prov 16:2.
c. it is therefore God's spirit: Gen 6:3 (J; see דִּין near the end).
d. it departs at death: Ps 78:39 (Dr a wind that passeth away 2 e); חַיֵּי רוּחִי Isa 38:16 (Di principle of life), Ps 146:4 especially Ps 104:29; Ps 104:30; Job 17:1; Job 34:14 (compare vJob 34:15), Isa 57:16; Eccl 8:8 (twice in verse) (wind Wild); אֵינְךָ יוֺדֵעַ מַהדֶּֿרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Eccl 11:5, compare Eccl 3:21 over ag. הָרוּחַ תָּשׁוּב אֶלהָֿאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נְתָנָהּ Eccl 12:7 בְּיָָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי Ps 31:6.
e. disembodied being (dubious, Di Du breath of wind): וְרוּחַ עַלפָּֿנַי יַחֲלֹף Job 4:15.

5. spirit as seat of emotion = נֶפֶשׁ:
a. desire (possibly 3 g), Isa 26:9 (|| נֶפֶשׁ).
b. sorrow, trouble (probably 3 e), Job 7:11 (|| נֶפֶשׁ). — 1Sam 1:15 see קָשֶׁה.

6. occasionally, (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts, || לֵב, or synonym with it: רוּחַ חָכְמָה Exod 28:3; Deut 34:9 (both P; probably 3 g); תּעֵי רוּחַ Isa 29:24, compare Job 20:3 (Hi Bu Du wind of Job's words), Ps 77:7 (ᵐ5 Symm ᵑ6 Jerome troubled disposition); רוּחַ יהוה Isa 40:13 come into mind (compare לֵב Isa 65:17; Jer 3:16 +); 1Chr 28:12.

7. rarely of the will; also = רוּחַ נָכוֺן לֵב Ps 51:12 (= לֵב נָכוֺן Ps 57:8 (twice in verse) +); רוּחַ נְדִיבָה vPs 51:14 נָָֽדְבָה רוּחוֺ Exod 35:21 (P; compare נְדִיב לֵב Exod 35:5; Exod 35:22 (P) 2Chr 29:31).

8. רוּחַ especially of moral character; also = ׃לֵב רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁהEzek 11:19; Ezek 18:31; Ezek 36:26 רוּחִי vEzek 36:27; Isa 59:21 (רוּחִי, || דְּבָרַי; but probably prophetic spirit 9 b); לֵב חָדָשׁ Ezek 18:31; Ezek 36:26 נְכֵה רוּחַ Isa 66:2 דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ Ps 34:19 (compare לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Isa 57:15); מִשֵּׁבֶר רוּחַ Isa 65:14 (compare 3 f); רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרֶה Ps 51:19 (|| לֵב נִשְׁבָּר, compare נִשְׁבְּרֵי לֵב Ps 34:19; Isa 61:1); Ps 32:2; Prov 11:13; Prov 16:18; Ps 78:8; Eccl 7:8 (compare גְּבַהּלֵב Prov 16:5); שְׁפַל רוּחַ Prov 16:19; Prov 29:23; Isa 57:15 רוּחַ שְׁפָלִים vIsa 57:15 (compare 3 f).

9. spirit of God (94 t.; not D or Jeremiah or any Deuteronomic writer; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy probably discredited from abuse by false prophets, see נביא, נבא):
a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy, Num 11:17; Num 11:25 (twice in verse); Num 11:26; Num 11:29 (J), 1Sam 10:6; 1Sam 10:10 (compare v1Sam 10:5), 1Sam 19:20; 1Sam 19:23 as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as אֱלֹהִים רָעָה ׳ר 1Sam 16:15 (twice in verse); 1Sam 16:16, = ׳רָעָה מֵאֵת י ׳ר v1Sam 16:14 = רָעָה ׳א ׳צלח ר 1Sam 18:10 (other narrative) = רָעָה ׳י ׳ר 1Sam 19:9 ׳א ׳ר 1Sam 16:23 = רוּחַ הָרָעָה v1Sam 16:23, compare הָרוּחַ 1Kgs 22:21 = שֶׁקֶר ׳ר v1Kgs 22:22 v1Kgs 22:23 = 2Chr 18:20; 2Chr 18:21; 2Chr 18:22 = ׳רוּחַ י 1Kgs 22:24 = 2Chr 18:23 compare also (in earlier prophets) אִישׁ הָרוּחַ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, || הַנָּבִּיא Hos 9:7 ׳רוּחַ י Mic 3:8 (|| בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (We Now); וְלֹא רוּחִי Isa 30:1 רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.: Ezek 2:2; Ezek 3:12; Ezek 3:14; Ezek 3:24; Ezek 8:3; Ezek 11:1; Ezek 11:5; Ezek 11:24 (Co gloss), Ezek 37:1; Ezek 43:5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah 1Kgs 18:12; 2Kgs 2:16.
b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably Num 24:2; 2Sam 23:2; 1Chr 12:18 elsewhere in Chronicles: 2Chr 15:1; 2Chr 20:14; 2Chr 24:20 distinctly in Isa², Isa 48:16, compare Isa 61:1 so of ancient prophets, Zech 7:12; Neh 9:30 compare, of future prophetic gift, Joel 3:1; Joel 3:2.
c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to שֹׁפְטִים, מוֺשִׁיעִים, מְלָכִים, of ancient Israel: וַתְּהִי רוּחַ על ׳י Judg 3:10; Judg 11:29, compare Judg 6:34; Judg 13:25; Judg 14:6; Judg 14:19; Judg 15:14; 1Sam 11:6; 1Sam 16:13; 1Sam 16:14 so also עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֺם Isa 32:15 (2) resting upon Messianic king: Isa 11:2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of ׳י, Isa 42:1.
d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill Exod 31:3; Exod 35:31 (P); understanding Job 32:8 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); poured out by divine wisdom Prov 1:23.
e. as energy of life: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַלפְּֿנֵי הַמָּ֑יִם Gen 1:2 (P); רוּחַ אֵל עָשָׂ֑תְנִי Job 33:4 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); as vital power, opposed to בָשָׂר: Isa 31:3 in cherubic chariot: Ezek 1:12, compare vEzek 1:20 vEzek 1:21; Ezek 10:17 reviving Israel Ezek 39:29; Zech 12:10; Isa 44:3. feminine = ancient angel of the presence and later Shekina: קָדְשׁוֺ ׳ר Isa 63:10; Isa 63:11 = ׳י ׳ר vIsa 63:14 (= מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו vIsa 63:9), compare Ps 106:33 so also קָדְשְׁךָ ׳ר Ps 51:13 (in national prayer), compare Neh 9:20; Ps 143:10 prophets of restoration conceive of the divine spirit as standing in their midst and about to fulfil all divine promises: רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֺכֲכֶם Hag 2:5; Zech 4:6 this conception culminates in רוּחַ = divine Presence, and as such omnipresent, Ps 139:7 (|| פָּנֶיךָ; compare vPs 139:8).

soul, life, souls, lives, persons, …

nepeš

properly, a breathing creature, i.e., animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)

soul, self, life, creature, person, appetite, mind, living being, desire, emotion, passion

that which breathes, the breathing substance or being, soul, the inner being of man

dubious

dubious

dubious

לְמַ֖עַן

Preposition that, sake, to, of, for, …

Dictionary form: מַעַן · ma-AN

Preposition

In the KJV here: to

that ×143 sake ×36 to ×15 because of ×9 and that ×7 for ×4 to the end ×4 to the end that ×4

More options

so that — Most common purpose/result clause; broadly applicable.

in order that — Slightly more formal; emphasizes deliberate intent.

for the sake of — Use when expressing motivation on behalf of someone.

because of — Causal sense; preferred when reason, not purpose, is in view.

to the end that — Modernized KJV; retains formal tone for solemn contexts.

on account of — Slightly more formal causal alternative to 'because of'.

BDB6204 H4616 H834 H4617

[מַ֫עַן] substantive purpose, intent, only with לְ, in לְמַ֫עַן₂₇₁ preposition and conjunction for the sake of, on account of, to the intent or in order that (abbreviated from מַעֲנֶה: compare מַ֫עַל; Kö^{ii. 116}); — with suffix לְמַעֲנִי, לְמַעַנְךָ, and לְמַעַנְכֶם; —

1. preposition: —
a. Gen 18:24 wilt thou ... not spare the place למען חמשׁים הציקים for the sake of the 50 righteous? Deut 30:6 חַיֶּיךָ ׳ל for thy life's sake, 1Kgs 8:41 the foreigner who comer from afar שְׁמֶ֑ךָ ׳ל, Isa 43:14 לְמַעַנְכֶם שִׁלַּחְתִּי בָבֶ֫לָה, Isa 45:4; Isa 62:1 ציון ׳ל, Isa 63:17 עבדיך ׳ל, Isa 65:8; Ezek 36:22 (twice in verse); Job 18:4; Ps 122:8; Ps 122:9 (׳עַבְדִּי ד) לְמַעַן דָּוִד, i.e. for the sake of David's memory, and the promises given to him, 1Kgs 11:12; 1Kgs 11:13; 1Kgs 11:32; 1Kgs 11:34; 1Kgs 15:4; 2Kgs 8:19; 2Kgs 19:34 (= Isa 37:35), Isa 20:6 (all D²); לְמַעֲנִי (of ׳י) for my own sake, i.e. to vindicate my name, 2Kgs 19:34 (= Isa 37:35), 2Kgs 20:6; Isa 43:25; Isa 48:11 לְמַעֲנִי לְמַעֲנִי אֶעֲשֶׁה, so לְמַעַנְךָ Dan 9:19, אֲדֹנָי ׳ל vDan 9:17 ׳י is said (or entreated) to act (שִׁמְךָ, שְׁמִי) לְמַעַן שְׁמוֺ i.e. to maintain his reputation, or character, Ps 23:3; Ps 25:11; Ps 31:4; Ps 79:9; Ps 106:8; Ps 143:11; Jer 14:7; Jer 14:21; Ezek 20:9; Ezek 20:14; Ezek 20:22; Ezek 20:44; Isa 48:9 simile חַסְדְּךָ ׳ל (i.e. to maintain it consistently) Ps 6:5; Ps 44:27, טוּבְךָ ׳ל Ps 25:7, צִדְקוֺ ׳ל Isa 42:21.

b. In view of, on account of (but not expressing causation distinctly, like מִן 2 f, or מִפְּנֵי), Deut 3:26 בי לְמַעַנְכֶם ׳ויתעבר י on your account, 1Kgs 11:39 זֹאת ׳ל in view of this, שׁוֺרֲרַי ׳ל on account of my watchful foes, Ps 5:9; Ps 27:11, צורריך ׳ל Ps 8:3, simil. Ps 69:19; Ps 48:12 (Ps 97:8) משׁפטיך ׳ישמח הר ציון ֗֗֗ ל in view of thy judgments.

c. Sq. infinitive Gen 18:19 ׳לְמַעַן הָבִיא י for the purpose of J.'s bringing = to the intent that J. might bring, Gen 37:22 הַצִּיל ׳ל in order to rescue, Gen 50:20; Exod 1:11; Exod 9:16; Exod 10:1, etc., Deut 2:30; Deut 6:28, etc., 2Kgs 10:19; Jer 7:10; Jer 7:18; Jer 11:5; Jer 50:34 (on הִרגיע, see עַד 2 a b), Ezek 14:5; Ezek 21:5; Ezek 22:6 etc., Ezek 36:5, + often (Kö^{iii.595 f.}). Once, pleonastic, לְמַעַן לָמוּג לֵב Ezek 21:20 (compare כַּעֲבוּר לְ 1Chr 19:3 but read probably הִמּוֺג).

2. conjunction (followed by imperfect): —
a. לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר Gen 18:19 I have known him אשׁר יְצַוֶּה ׳ל to the end that he might command, etc., Deut 27:3; Josh 3:4; 2Sam 13:5; Jer 42:6 more often
b. without אשׁר, as Gen 12:13 לְמַעַן יִיטַב לִי, Gen 27:25; Exod 4:5 יאמינו ׳ל, Exod 8:6; Exod 8:18; Exod 9:29; Exod 10:2; Isa 5:19; Isa 23:16; Ps 9:15; Ps 30:13; Ps 48:14 + often (Kö^iii.571).

c. Sq. לֹא (a) אשׁר לֹא ׳ל Num 17:5; Deut 20:18; Ezek 31:14; Ezek 36:30; Ezek 46:18 (b) לֹא ׳ל Ezek 14:11; Ezek 19:9; Ezek 25:10; Ezek 26:20; Zech 12:7; Ps 119:11; Ps 119:80; Ps 125:3 (Kö^{iii.574. Less common than} לְבִלְתִּי or מִן with infinitive, or פֶּןֿ).

Note

1. — לְמַעַן is always in order that, never merely so that ἐκβατικῶς); but sometimes, in rhetorical passages, the issue of a line of action, though really undesigned, is represented by it ironically as if it were designed: Deut 29:18 (see Dr) ׳סְפוֺת וגו ׳וְהִתְבָּרֵךְ כִּלְבָבוֺ ֗֗֗ ל and he congratulate himself ... in order to sweep away the moistened with the dry (i.e. to destroy all together), Isa 30:1; Isa 44:9 יֵבוֺשׁוּ ׳בל יראו ובל ידעו ל in orer that they may be put to shame, Jer 7:18 הַכְעִיסֵנִי ׳ל, vJer 7:19 בּשֶׁת פְנֵיהֶם ׳ל, Jer 27:10; Jer 27:15; Jer 32:29; Hos 8:4 their silver, etc., they have made into idols יִכָרֵת ׳ל in order that it may be cut off (of course, not the real purpose of the idolatry), Amos 2:7; Mic 6:16: compare Ps 51:6 (see Comn.) in order that thou mightest be just when thou judgest (that is, by manifesting thy justice in judgement on my sin). compare Qor 28:7 (Fl^{Kl. Schr. i. 397 f.}).

Note 2. — In Josh 4:24 for the anomalous יְרָאתֶם ׳ל, read infinitive יִרְאָתָם ׳ל in order that they might fear (Dr^{§ 14 Obs}.): Neh 6:13 לְמַעַן שָׂכוּר הוּא לְמַעַן אִירָא (si vera 1.) the first ׳ל points forwards, to this intent was he hired, to the intent that I should be afraid. — On Prov 16:4, see מַעֵנֶה above

that, sake, to, of, for, …

maʿan

properly, heed, i.e., purpose; used only adverbially, on account of (as a motive or an aim), teleologically, in order that

purpose, intent

(prep) for the sake of

בְּצֹ֥עַ

Root word given, greedy, off, gained, get, …

Dictionary form: בָּצַע · baw-TSA

Verb — Qal, Infinitive Construct, construct state simple action — "he did" try "to ___" or "___ing"

In the KJV here: get

and cut ×1 and cut me off ×1 and thou hast greedily gained ×1 be wounded ×1 get ×1 hath performed ×1 he hath fulfilled ×1 he hath gained ×1

More options

gain — Best for acquiring profit, often by dishonest means.

cut off — Prefer for violent or decisive severing actions.

fulfill — Use when completing a promise, word, or purpose.

be greedy — Highlights covetous character; fits adjectival/nominal contexts.

finish — Neutral completion sense; use in less charged contexts.

wound — Rare; reserve for physical injury readings.

BDB1256 H1214

[בָּצַע] verb cut off, break off, gain by violence (so Late Hebrew, Arabic , Ethiopic Aramaic בְּצַע) —

Qal Imperfect יִבְצָ֑ע Job 27:8, יִבְצָ֑עוּ Joel 2:8 Imperative suffix בְּצָ֫עַם בְּרֹאשׁ Amos 9:1 Infinitive בְּצֹעַ Ezek 22:27 Participle בּוֺצֵעַ Prov 15:27; Jer 6:13, בֹּצֵעַ Ps 10:3 + 3 t.; — cut off, break off (with accusative capitals of pillars) Amos 9:1 (but Lag^Prov. see vi בְּצַעַם = בְּזַעַם Hab 3:12 in wrath); so figurative Job 27:8 when Eloah cutteth off, draweth out, his soul; object omitted their course, i.e. stop Joel 2:8 (compare Hi-St); usually gain by violence or in general wrongfully Ezek 22:27 Participle absolute Ps 10:3 = greedy getter, robber; and with accusative of congnate meaning with verb בֶּ֫צַע Prov 1:19; Prov 15:27; Jer 6:13; Jer 8:10; Hab 2:9. Pi`el Perfect בִּצַּע Lam 2:17 Imperfect יְבַצַּע Isa 10:12 suffix יְבַצְּעֵנִי Isa 38:12; Job 6:9 2 feminine singular וַתְּבַצְּעִי Ezek 22:12 3 feminine plural תְּבַצָּ֑עְנָה Zech 4:9 — cut off, (dis) sever (i.e. from life) Job 6:9 compare Isa 10:19 (מִדַּלָּה); = finish, complete Isa 10:12; Zech 4:9 accomplish (= carry out, fulfil) Lam 2:17 (object אמרתו); violently make gain of, object person Ezek 22:12 (instrumental בּעשׁק).

given, greedy, off, gained, get, …

bāṣaʿ

to break off, i.e., (usually) plunder; figuratively, to finish, or (intransitively) stop

to cut off, break off, gain by unrighteous violence, get, finish, be covetous, be greedy

(Qal)

to cut off

to cut off, sever

בָּֽצַע

Root word covetousness, gain, profit, lucre

Dictionary form: בֶּצַע · beh-TSA

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: dishonest gain

covetousness ×5 profit ×3 of gain ×2 dishonest gain ×1 for his gain ×1 gain ×1 is it gain ×1 lucre ×1

More options

gain — Broad, neutral; fits financial or material contexts well.

greed — Emphasizes selfish motivation; good for moral condemnation passages.

profit — Neutral economic term; suits commercial or pragmatic contexts.

dishonest gain — Highlights unethical acquisition; strong in prophetic/legal texts.

unjust profit — Formal register; useful when wrongdoing is explicit in context.

ill-gotten gain — Idiomatic; vivid for narratives of corruption or bribery.

BDB1257 H1215

בֶּ֫צַע noun masculine gain made by violence, unjust gain, profit — בֶּ֫צַע Gen 37:26 + 7 t. (construct Judg 5:19 +); בָּ֑צַע Exod 18:21 + 7 t.; suffix בִּצֱע֑ךָ Jer 22:17 בִּצְעֵךְ Jer 51:13; Ezek 22:13 בִּצְעוֺ Isa 56:11; Isa 57:17 בִּצְעָם Ezek 33:31; Mic 4:13 — gain made by violence (nearly = plunder) Judg 5:19; Mic 4:13 more generally, unjust gain Exod 18:21; 1Sam 8:3; Ps 119:36; Prov 28:16; Isa 33:15; Isa 56:11; Isa 57:17; Jer 22:17; Jer 51:13; Ezek 22:13; Ezek 33:21 as accusative of congnate meaning with verb with בָּצַע Prov 1:19; Prov 15:27; Jer 6:13; Jer 8:10; Ezek 22:27; Hab 2:9 profit (with selfish suggestion) ׳מהבֿ Gen 37:26; Mal 3:14 compare Ps 30:10; Job 22:3.

covetousness, gain, profit, lucre

beṣaʿ

plunder; by extension, gain (usually unjust)

profit, unjust gain, gain (profit) acquired by violence

The cantillation accents are the Masoretes' punctuation: each group below ends at a pausing accent. Translate a group as one unit.

שָׂרֶ֣יהָ בְקִרְבָּ֔הּ Zaqef Qatan — a strong break כִּזְאֵבִ֖ים Tipeha — a lesser break טֹ֣רְפֵי טָ֑רֶף Etnahta — the verse's main pause — take a breath here לִשְׁפָּךְ דָּם֙ Pashta — a lesser break לְאַבֵּ֣ד נְפָשׁ֔וֹת Zaqef Qatan — a strong break לְמַ֖עַן Tipeha — a lesser break בְּצֹ֥עַ בָּֽצַע Silluq — end of the verse

שָׂרֶיהָ בְקִרְבָּהּ כִּזְאֵבִים טֹרְפֵי טָרֶף לִשְׁפָּךְ-דָּם לְאַבֵּד נְפָשׁוֹת לְמַעַן בְּצֹעַ בָּֽצַע׃

Her princes in the midst thereof are like wolves ravening the prey, to shed blood, and to destroy souls, to get dishonest gain.

Cross References

Ezekiel 22:13

וְהִנֵּה הִכֵּיתִי כַפִּי אֶל-בִּצְעֵךְ אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂית וְעַל-דָּמֵךְ אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ בְּתוֹכֵֽךְ׃

Behold, therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain which thou hast made, and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of thee.

Isaiah 1:23

שָׂרַיִךְ סוֹרְרִים וְחַבְרֵי גַּנָּבִים כֻּלּוֹ אֹהֵב שֹׁחַד וְרֹדֵף שַׁלְמֹנִים יָתוֹם לֹא יִשְׁפֹּטוּ וְרִיב אַלְמָנָה לֹֽא-יָבוֹא אֲלֵיהֶֽם׃

Thy princes are rebellious, and companions of thieves: every one loveth gifts, and followeth after rewards: they judge not the fatherless, neither doth the cause of the widow come unto them.

Ezekiel 22:6

הִנֵּה נְשִׂיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ לִזְרֹעוֹ הָיוּ בָךְ לְמַעַן שְׁפָךְ-דָּֽם׃

Behold, the princes of Israel, every one were in thee to their power to shed blood.

Ezekiel 22:25

קֶשֶׁר נְבִיאֶיהָ בְּתוֹכָהּ כַּאֲרִי שׁוֹאֵג טֹרֵֽף טָרֶף נֶפֶשׁ אָכָלוּ חֹסֶן וִיקָר יִקָּחוּ אַלְמְנוֹתֶיהָ הִרְבּוּ בְתוֹכָֽהּ׃

There is a conspiracy of her prophets in the midst thereof, like a roaring lion ravening the prey; they have devoured souls; they have taken the treasure and precious things; they have made her many widows in the midst thereof.

James 5:1

Ἄγε νῦν οἱ πλούσιοι κλαύσατε ὀλολύζοντες ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις

Go to now, ye rich men, weep and howl for your miseries that shall come upon you.

Micah 7:8

אַֽל-תִּשְׂמְחִי אֹיַבְתִּי לִי כִּי נָפַלְתִּי קָמְתִּי כִּֽי-אֵשֵׁב בַּחֹשֶׁךְ יְהוָה אוֹר לִֽי׃

Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy: when I fall, I shall arise; when I sit in darkness, the LORD shall be a light unto me.

James 2:6

ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠτιμάσατε τὸν πτωχόν οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια

But ye have despised the poor. Do not rich men oppress you, and draw you before the judgment seats?

Ezekiel 45:9

כֹּֽה-אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה רַב-לָכֶם נְשִׂיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל חָמָס וָשֹׁד הָסִירוּ וּמִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה עֲשׂוּ הָרִימוּ גְרֻשֹֽׁתֵיכֶם מֵעַל עַמִּי נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִֽה׃

Thus saith the Lord GOD; Let it suffice you, O princes of Israel: remove violence and spoil, and execute judgment and justice, take away your exactions from my people, saith the Lord GOD.

Micah 3:2

שֹׂנְאֵי טוֹב וְאֹהֲבֵי ‫(רעה)‬ רָע גֹּזְלֵי עוֹרָם מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶם וּשְׁאֵרָם מֵעַל עַצְמוֹתָֽם׃

Who hate the good, and love the evil; who pluck off their skin from off them, and their flesh from off their bones;

Hosea 7:1

כְּרָפְאִי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְנִגְלָה עֲוֹן אֶפְרַיִם וְרָעוֹת שֹֽׁמְרוֹן כִּי פָעֲלוּ שָׁקֶר וְגַנָּב יָבוֹא פָּשַׁט גְּדוּד בַּחֽוּץ׃

When I would have healed Israel, then the iniquity of Ephraim was discovered, and the wickedness of Samaria: for they commit falsehood; and the thief cometh in, and the troop of robbers spoileth without.

Matthew 21:13

καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Γέγραπται Ὁ οἶκός μου οἶκος προσευχῆς κληθήσεται ὑμεῖς δὲ αὐτὸν ἐποιήσατε σπήλαιον λῃστῶν

And said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves.

Micah 3:9

שִׁמְעוּ-נָא זֹאת רָאשֵׁי בֵּית יַעֲקֹב וּקְצִינֵי בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל הַֽמֲתַעֲבִים מִשְׁפָּט וְאֵת כָּל-הַיְשָׁרָה יְעַקֵּֽשׁוּ׃

Hear this, I pray you, ye heads of the house of Jacob, and princes of the house of Israel, that abhor judgment, and pervert all equity.

Zephaniah 3:3

שָׂרֶיהָ בְקִרְבָּהּ אֲרָיוֹת שֹֽׁאֲגִים שֹׁפְטֶיהָ זְאֵבֵי עֶרֶב לֹא גָרְמוּ לַבֹּֽקֶר׃

Her princes within her are roaring lions; her judges are evening wolves; they gnaw not the bones till the morrow.

Ezekiel 19:3

וַתַּעַל אֶחָד מִגֻּרֶיהָ כְּפִיר הָיָה וַיִּלְמַד לִטְרָף-טֶרֶף אָדָם אָכָֽל׃

And she brought up one of her whelps: it became a young lion, and it learned to catch the prey; it devoured men.

Ezekiel 22:26

Read Ezekiel 22

Ezekiel 22:28

Ezekiel 22:27

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncmpc/Sp3fs

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H8269

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Vowels & Accents

Grammar R/Ncmsc/Sp3fs

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H7130

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Vowels & Accents

Grammar R/Ncmpa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H2061

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Vqrmpc

Verb Chart

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H2963

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncmsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H2964

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar R/Vqc

Verb Chart

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H8210

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncmsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H1818

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Vowels & Accents

Grammar R/Vpc

Verb Chart

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H6

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncbpa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H5315

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar R

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H4616

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Vowels & Accents

Grammar Vqc

Verb Chart

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H1214

Word Breakdown

Vowels & Accents

Grammar Ncmsa

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Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)

Strong's Definition H1215

Masoretic Phrasing

KJV