Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB)
BDB5310 H5315
BDB5309 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB5311
נֶ֫פֶשׁ756 noun feminineGen 49:6 (so even Gen 2:19; Num 31:28; 1Kgs 19:2 see AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 42 SS) soul, living being, life, self, person, desire, appetite, emotion, and passion (Eccl 3:18; Eccl 4:1 (twice in verse); Eccl 4:2 (twice in verse); Eccl 13:12; Eccl 14:11); — ׳נ Gen 1:20 +; נָ֑פֶשׁ Gen 37:21 +; suffix נַפְשִׁי Gen 12:13 +; plural נְפָשׁוֺת Ezek 13:18 + 13 t.; נְפָשֹׁת Exod 12:4; Lev 27:2 construct נַפְשׁוֺת Gen 36:6 + 4 t.; נַפְשֹׁת Lev 21:11 נְפָשִׁים Ezek 13:20 (but read חָפְשִׁים, see Co Berthol Toy); suffix נַפְשׁוֺתָם 2Sam 23:17 +; נַפְשֹׁתָם Num 17:3 +: — 3. The
נפשׁ (without
חיה noun or verb) is specified:
a. a living being whose life resides in the blood [so in Arabic
WeSkizzen iii. 217 G. JacobArab. Dicht. iv. 9 f.] (hence sacrificial use of blood, and its prohib. in other uses; first in
D),
Deut 12:23;
Deut 12:24 only be sure that thou eat not the blood, for the blood is the living being (
הַדָּם הוּא הַנֶּפֶשׁ);
and thou shalt not eat the living being with the flesh (
הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר);
thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water; this is enlarged in
H,
Lev 17:10;
Lev 17:11;
Lev 17:12;
Lev 17:14 and in
P Gen 9:4;
Gen 9:5, compare
Jer 2:34.
b. a serious attack upon the life is an attack upon this inner living being
2Sam 1:9;
Jer 4:10;
Jonah 2:6;
Ps 69:2;
Ps 124:4;
Ps 124:5;
Job 27:3.
c. נפשׁ is used for life itself 171 t., of animals
Prov 12:10, and of man
Gen 44:30 (
J);
נפשׁ תחת נפשׁ life for life Exod 21:23 (
E),
Lev 24:18 (
H),
1Kgs 20:39;
1Kgs 20:42;
2Kgs 10:24 נפשׁנו תחתיכם Josh 2:14 (
J);
נפשׁ בנפשׁ Deut 19:21 בנפשׁ for the life of 2Sam 14:7;
Jonah 1:14 שׂם נפשׁ בכף put life in one's own hand Judg 12:3;
1Sam 19:5;
1Sam 28:21;
Job 13:14 חרף נפשׁו למות Judg 5:18 risked his life to die;
בנפשׁ at the risk of life Num 17:3 (
P),
2Sam 23:17 =
1Chr 11:19 (twice in verse),
1Kgs 2:23;
Prov 7:23;
Lam 5:9 בקּשׁ נפשׁ Exod 4:19 (
J),
1Sam 20:21;
1Sam 22:23 (twice in verse);
1Sam 23:15;
1Sam 25:29;
2Sam 4:8;
2Sam 16:11;
1Kgs 19:10;
1Kgs 19:14;
Jer 4:30;
Jer 11:21;
Jer 19:7;
Jer 19:9;
Jer 21:7;
Jer 22:25;
Jer 34:20;
Jer 34:21;
Jer 38:16;
Jer 44:30 (twice in verse);
Jer 46:26;
Jer 49:37;
Ps 35:4;
Ps 38:13;
Ps 40:15;
Ps 54:5;
Ps 63:10;
Ps 70:3;
Ps 86:14;
Prov 29:10 ׳שׁאל נ 1Kgs 3:11 =
2Chr 1:11;
1Kgs 19:4 =
Jonah 4:8 הִכָּה נפשׁ smite mortally Gen 37:21 (
J),
Deut 19:6;
Deut 19:11;
Jer 40:14;
Jer 40:15 ׳לקח נ 1Kgs 19:4;
Jonah 4:3;
Ps 31:14;
Prov 1:19 הִצִּיל נֶפֶשׁ מִמָּוֶת deliver life from death Josh 2:13;
Ps 33:19;
Ps 56:14 מלּט נפשׁ1Sam 19:11;
2Sam 19:6 (4 t. in verse);
1Kgs 1:12 (twice in verse);
Jer 48:6;
Jer 51:6;
Jer 51:45;
Ezek 33:5;
Amos 2:14;
Amos 2:15;
Ps 89:49;
Ps 116:4 פדה ׳נ 2Sam 4:9;
1Kgs 1:29;
Ps 34:23;
Ps 49:16;
Ps 55:19;
Ps 71:23 ׳שׁמר נ Ps 25:20;
Ps 97:10;
Job 2:6;
Prov 13:3;
Prov 16:17;
Prov 19:16;
Prov 22:5.
4. The
נפשׁ as the essential of man stands for
the man himself: a. paraphrase for personal pronoun especially in poetry and ornate discourse, 70 t.; (1)
נַפְשִׁי =
me: אל תבא נפשׁי Gen 49:6 let me not enter (poem in
J);
מות ישׁרים ׳תָּמֹת נ Num 23:10 let me die, etc. (poem);
תָּמוֺת נַפְשְׁי Judg 16:30 (
J);
אמרה נפשׁי Lam 3:24 I say. (2)
נַפְשְׁךָ =
thee: לְאֻמִּים תַּחַת נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ Isa 43:4 peoples instead of thee;
אָֽמְרוּ לְנַפְשֵׁךְ Isa 51:23. (3)
נַפְשׁוֺ =
he: נפשׁו בטוב תלין Psalms
he will not dwell in good circumstances. (4)
נַפְשֵׁנוּ =
we: נַפְשֵׁנוּ כְּצִפּוֺר נִמְלְטָה מִפַּח יוֺקְשִׁים Ps 124:7. (5)
נַפְשָׁם =
they, them: נַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָ֑כָה Isa 46:2 they are gone into captivity;
אוי לנפשׁם Isa 3:9.
b. = reflexive,
self, 53 t.:
אסר על נפשׁ bind oneself Num 30:3;
Num 30:5 (twice in verse);
Num 30:6;
Num 30:7;
Num 30:8;
Num 30:9;
Num 30:10;
Num 30:11;
Num 30:12 ׳לְעַנֹּת נ Num 30:14 to afflict oneself . (1)
נַפְשִׁי =
myself: לא אדע נפשׁי Job 9:21 I know not myself. (2)
נַפְשְׁךָ =
thyself: ׳שׁמר נ Deut 4:9 keep thyself. (3)
נַפְשׁוֺ =
himself: ׳אהב כנ 1Sam 18:1;
1Sam 18:3;
1Sam 20:17 loved as himself. (4)
נַפְשָׁהּ =
herself: ׳צדּקה נ Jer 3:11 justified herself. (5)
נַפְשָׁם =
themselves: ׳הציל נ deliver themselves Isa 47:14;
Ezek 14:14;
Ezek 14:20. (6)
נַפְשְׁכֶם,
נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם =
yourselves: ׳אַלתַּֿשִּׁאוּ נ Jer 37:9 deceive not yourselves, also
Jer 42:20;
Jer 44:7 ׳ענּה נ Lev 16:29;
Lev 16:31;
Lev 23:27;
Lev 23:32;
Num 29:7 (
P);
׳נשׁמרתם לנ Deut 4:15;
Josh 23:11 (
D). (7)
נַפְשׁוֺתֵינוּ =
ourselves: ׳על נ Jer 26:19 against ourselves.
c. =
person of man, individual, 144 t., first in
D2; especially in
H,
P, and kindred writers: (1) with
אָדָם:
אדם ׳נ Lev 24:17 opposed to
בהמה ׳נ Lev 24:18 (both
H), and so
אדם ׳נ human persons Num 31:35;
Num 31:40;
Num 31:46 (
P)
1Chr 5:21;
Ezek 27:13. Elsewhere without
אדם:
ברכה ׳נ Prov 11:25 one who blesses;
רְמִיָּה ׳נ Prov 19:15 idle person;
׳תחת נ ׳נ person in place of person,
Job 16:4 כפּר ׳על נ Exod 30:15;
Exod 30:16;
Num 15:28;
Num 31:50 (all
P)
Lev 17:11 (
H). (2)
נפשׁ =
person, any one: Deut 24:7;
Deut 27:25;
Prov 28:17;
Ezek 18:4 (3 t. in verse);
Ezek 33:6 elsewhere only
H P:
Lev 2:1;
Lev 4:2;
Lev 4:27;
Lev 5:1;
Lev 5:2;
Lev 5:4;
Lev 5:15;
Lev 5:17;
Lev 5:21;
Lev 7:18;
Lev 7:20;
Lev 7:21;
Lev 7:25;
Lev 7:27;
Lev 23:29;
Lev 23:30 (twice in verse);
Num 5:6;
Num 15:27;
Num 15:30;
Num 19:22;
Num 31:19;
Num 31:28;
Num 35:11;
Num 35:15;
Num 35:30 (twice in verse);
Josh 20:3;
Josh 20:9 (all
P),
Lev 17:10;
Lev 17:12;
Lev 17:15;
Lev 20:6 (twice in verse);
Lev 22:6;
Lev 22:11 (all
H);
׳נכרתה הנ הַהִוא מן that person shall be cut off from: only in
Gen 17:14;
Exod 12:15;
Exod 12:19;
Exod 31:14;
Lev 7:20;
Lev 7:21;
Lev 7:27;
Num 9:13;
Num 15:30;
Num 15:31;
Num 19:13;
Num 19:20 (all
P),
Lev 19:8;
Lev 22:3 (both
H). (3)
נפשׁ collective for
persons, in enumerations:
Deut 10:22;
Josh 10:28;
Josh 10:30;
Josh 10:32;
Josh 10:35;
Josh 10:37 (twice in verse);
Josh 10:39;
Josh 11:11 (all
D2)
Jer 43:6;
Jer 52:29;
Jer 52:30 (twice in verse);
Ezek 22:25 elsewhere only
Gen 12:5;
Gen 46:15;
Gen 46:18;
Gen 46:22;
Gen 46:25;
Gen 46:26 (twice in verse);
Gen 46:27 (twice in verse);
Exod 1:5 (twice in verse);
Exod 12:16;
Num 31:35;
Num 31:40 (all
P). (4)
נְפָשׁוֺת persons Gen 36:6;
Exod 12:4;
Exod 16:16;
Num 19:18 (all
P),
Lev 18:29;
Lev 20:25;
Lev 27:2 (all
H),
2Kgs 12:5;
Prov 11:30;
Prov 14:25;
Ezek 13:18 (3 t. in verse);
Ezek 13:19 (twice in verse);
Ezek 13:20 (twice in verse);
Ezek 17:17;
Ezek 18:4;
Ezek 22:27 (
נפשׁים Ezek 13:20 see above). (5)
נפשׁ =
deceased person, sometimes with
מֵת,
נֶפֶשׁ מֵת Num 6:6 (
P),
נַפְשֹׁת מֵת (
ᵐ5 ᵑ6 נֶפֶשׁ)
Lev 21:11 (
H); usually without
מֵת,
נפשׁ (ה)אדם Num 9:6;
Num 9:7;
Num 19:11;
Num 19:13 (
P); or simply
נפשׁ,
Lev 19:28;
Lev 21:1;
Lev 22:4 (all
H)
Num 5:2;
Num 6:11;
Num 9:10 (all
P); elsewhere only
Hag 2:13.
6. =
׳נ seat of emotions and passions (151 t.) —
a. desire:
׳אִוְּתָה נ soul desires Deut 12:20;
Deut 14:26;
1Sam 2:16;
2Sam 3:21;
1Kgs 11:37;
Job 23:13;
Prov 13:4;
Prov 21:10;
Mic 7:1 ׳תַּאֲוַת נ Ps 10:3;
Isa 26:8 ׳אַוַּת נ Deut 12:15;
Deut 12:20;
Deut 12:21;
Deut 18:6;
1Sam 23:20;
Jer 2:24 so also
לנפשׁ according to one's desire Deut 21:14;
Ps 78:18;
Jer 34:16 כנפשׁ Deut 23:25 האח נפשׁנו ah, our desire Ps 35:25 בנפשׁ at one's desire Ps 105:22;
Ezek 16:27 יָָֽצְאָה ׳נ בְדַבְּרוֺ Song 5:6 ׳נשׂא נ lift up the soul, desire Deut 24:15;
2Sam 14:14 (read
אליהם, not
אלהים),
Ps 24:4;
Ps 25:1;
Ps 86:4;
Ps 143:8;
Prov 19:8;
Jer 22:27;
Jer 44:14;
Hos 4:8.
b. abhorrence, loathing:
׳געלה נ soul abhorreth Lev 26:11;
Lev 26:15;
Lev 26:30;
Lev 26:43 (
H)
Jer 14:19 בחלה בי ׳וגם נ Zech 11:8 and their soul also fell a loathing against me.
c. sorrow and distress:
׳מרי נ bitter, gloomy, discontented of soul Judg 18:25 (
E)
2Sam 17:8;
Job 3:20;
Prov 31:6 ׳מר נ 1Sam 22:2 compare
Job 7:11;
Job 10:1;
Isa 38:15;
Ezek 27:1 ׳עָֽגְמָה נ Job 30:35 grieved;
׳אגמי נ sad of soul Isa 19:10 ׳תבכה נ my soul shall weep Jer 13:17 ירעה ׳נ his soul trembleth Isa 15:4 ׳צרת נ distress of soul Gen 42:21 (
E).
d. joy:
תגיל ׳נ my soul rejoiceth Ps 35:9;
Isa 61:10 ׳שׂמּח נ rejoice the soul Ps 86:4 also
Ps 94:19;
Ps 138:3;
Prov 29:17.
e. love:
׳אהבה נ my soul loveth Song 1:7;
Song 3:1;
Song 3:2;
Song 3:3;
Song 3:4 ׳יְדִדוּת נ darling of my soul Jer 12:7 ׳ב ׳דבקה נ his soul clave unto Gen 34:3 (
J), with
אחרי Ps 63:9 חשׁקה ׳ב ׳נ soul is attached to Gen 34:8 (
P).
feminine alienation, hatred, revenge: מן ׳תֵּקַע נ the soul is alienated from Jer 6:8; Ezek 23:17; Ezek 23:18 מן ׳נקעה נ Ezek 23:18; Ezek 23:22; Ezek 23:28 ׳שְׂנֻאי נ hated of soul 2Sam 5:8 (Qr); ׳שׂנאה נ Ps 11:5; Isa 1:14.
g. other emotions and feelings: ׳השׁיב נ bring back soul Lam 1:11; Lam 1:19 (i.e. revive, compare with שׁוּב 1Kgs 17:21f.), hence figurative refresh, cheer, v1Kgs 17:16; Ps 19:8; Prov 25:14; Ruth 4:15 ׳שׁובב נ Ps 23:3 ׳מַחְמַל נ your souls' compassion Ezek 24:21 ׳קצרה נ soul was impatient Num 21:4 (E), Judg 10:16; Judg 16:16; Zech 11:8 כי ׳אאריך נ that I should prolong my patience Job 6:11 הגר ׳ידעתם אתנֿ ye know the feeling of the stranger Exod 23:9 (RD). 7. נפשׁ is used occasionally for mental acts +
לבב (see
10); possibly also alone, owing to unconscious assimilation by late writers; but most, if not all, examples may be otherwise explained:
נפשׁי ידעת מאד Ps 139:14 my soul knoweth well (or
I know well; compare
4a);
בלא לא טוב ׳דעת נ Prov 19:2 that the soul be without knowledge is not good (but
RVm desire without knowledge, compare
6 a);
׳דעה חכמה לנ Prov 24:14 know wisdom for thy soul (or
according to thy desire, compare
6 a);
׳אל תדמי בנ Esth 4:13 think not in thy soul (or
in thyself, compare
4 b);
כמו שׁער ׳בג Prov 23:7 as he reckoneth in his soul (but
RV in himself, compare
4 b);
׳מה תאמר נ 1Sam 20:4 (but
AV RV following
ᵐ5 ἐπιθυμεῖ =
תְּאַוֶּה; see
6 a).
8. נפשׁ for acts of the will is dubious:
אם ישׁ נפשׁכם (
את)
if it is your purpose Gen 23:8 (
P)
2Kgs 9:15 (or
if it is your desire,
6 a);
׳בחרה נ my soul chooseth Job 7:15 ׳מאנה נ my soul, refuseth Job 6:7;
Ps 77:3 חפצה ׳נ their soul delighteth in Isa 66:3 רצתה ׳נ my soul delighteth in Isa 42:1 (all perhaps emotional,
6 b, d, g).
9. נפשׁ = character is still more dubious:
בּוֺ ׳לאֹיָָֽֿשְׁרָה נ Hab 2:4 his soul is not right in him (but
ᵐ5 οὐκ εὐδοκεῖ ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν αὐτῷ [
εὐδοκεῖ =
רצתה], see
6.);
נַפְשִׁי לאֹ מְטֻמָּאָה Ezek 4:14 my soul hath not (or
I have not,
4 a)
been polluted. 10. ׳נin
D, when used with
לבב, is assimilated to it, and shares with it the meanings of
7, 8, 9; and so in later writers influenced by D (unless we may think that
׳ל is used of intellect, while
׳נ is used of the feelings): thus,
בכל לבב ובכל נפשׁ (see
לבב): with
דרשׁ Deut 4:29;
2Chr 15:12 עשׂה Deut 26:16 אהב Deut 6:5;
Deut 13:4;
Deut 30:6 ידע Josh 23:14 עבד Deut 10:12;
Deut 11:13;
Josh 22:5 שׁמע בקלו Deut 30:2 שׁוב אל Deut 30:10;
1Kgs 8:48 =
2Chr 6:38;
2Kgs 23:25 שׁמר מצות 2Kgs 23:3 =
2Chr 34:31 הלך לפני1Kgs 2:4 and
Deut 11:18;
1Sam 2:35;
1Chr 22:19;
1Chr 28:9;
Jer 32:41;
Ps 13:8;
Prov 2:10;
Prov 24:12. Note. — In three cases is generally found closer approach to supposed radical meaning
breath: —
a. שׁמן וקטרת ישׂמח לב ומתק רעהו מעצת נפשׁ Prov 27:9.
Ges (after Döderlein) renders a.
׳מעצת נ more than odorous trees, so later edds., even
Buhl; but
ᵑ9 De SS transpose)
מֵעֲצַת רֵעֵהוּ ׳וּמֶתֶק נ.
ᵐ5 Hi Bi ומתקרעה =
the soul is rent asunder by cares. In any case
נפשׁis ||
לב, compare
10. b. נַפְשׁוֺ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵט Job 41:13 his breath kindleth coals (of the crocodile).The piece is one of the latest in the book; primitive meaning hardly in such a passage; context favours reference to
passion or
fury; perhaps below
6 f,
his passion or
fury kindleth coals.
c. בָּתֵּי הַנֶּפֶשׁ Isa 3:20 perfume boxes; meaning evident from context; but not necessarily
scent (breath)-boxes; may be
6 a,
boxes of desire, or
5,
boxes exciting the sense of smell; = smelling boxes or bottles. No sufficient evidence in Biblical Hebrew, therefore, for meaning
breath, odour. — See, for complete study of
נֶפֶשׁ (all passages),
BrJBL 1897,17 ff.
BDB7797 H7307 H5315 H3824 H1320 H3820
BDB7796 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB7798
רוּחַ378 noun feminineGen 41:8 (less often masculineExod 10:13 +) breath, wind, spirit; — absolute ׳ר Gen 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 construct רוּחַ Gen 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי vGen 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Ps 104:30 +, etc.; plural רוּחוֺת vPs 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jer 49:36, רוּחֹת Num 16:22; Num 26:16 (see Brרוח in O.T., JBL xix (1900), 132 ff., full statement of all passages); — 2. wind (117 t.):
a. wind of heaven:
Gen 8:1 (
P)
Exod 15:10 (
E)
Num 11:31 (
J)
1Kgs 18:45 +,
Jer 10:13, thence
Jer 51:16;
Ps 135:7 ׳רוּחַ י Hos 13:15;
Isa 40:7, compare
Job 26:13 (
Di Bu);
רוּחַ (ה)קָדִים east wind Exod 10:13 (twice in verse);
Exod 14:21 (
J)
Ps 48:8;
Jer 18:17;
Ezek 17:10;
Ezek 19:12;
Ezek 27:26;
Jonah 4:8 צָפוֺן ׳ר north wind Prov 25:23 יָם ׳ר sea wind (west wind)
Exod 10:19 (
J); .
הַיּוֺם ׳ר day wind, evening wind
Gen 3:8 (
J; compare
Song 2:17;
Song 4:6);
אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת four winds Jer 49:36;
Ezek 37:9 (quarters?)
Dan 8:8;
Dan 11:4 (figurative quarters; compare
b),
Zech 2:10;
Zech 6:5 רוּחַ סְעְרָה storm wind Ps 107:25;
Ps 148:8;
Ezek 1:4 (
סְעָרוֺת ׳ר),
Ezek 13:11;
Ezek 13:13 רוּחַ סֹעָה rushing wind Ps 55:9 (read possibly
סערה Hup);
בַּעְיָם רוּחוֺ Isa 11:15 (read
׳בְּעֹצֶם ר, see
עֲיָם,
עֹצֶם), etc; wind personified:
כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2Sam 22:11 =
Ps 18:11;
Ps 104:3, compare
Hos 4:19;
Ps 104:4.
b. quarter (of wind),
side: רוּחַ הַקָּדִים Ezek 42:16 east side;
רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן v
Ezek 42:17 north side;
רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם v
Ezek 42:18 south side;
רוּחַ הַיָּם v
Ezek 42:19 west side;
אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת v
Ezek 42:20;
1Chr 9:24 four sides;
ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 on the sides.
c. breath of air: שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jer 14:6 רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41:8.
d. air, gas, from womb (dubious):
כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Isa 26:18 (
Di,
e);
רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם (
RV breath)
Isa 33:11 (
Du,
3 c).
e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7:7 my life is wind;
דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15:2 רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ נִסְכֵּיהֶם Isa 41:29 רְעוּת רוּחַ striving for wind Eccl 1:14;
Eccl 2:11;
Eccl 2:17;
Eccl 2:26;
Eccl 4:4;
Eccl 4:6;
Eccl 6:9 compare
Eccl 1:17;
Eccl 4:16;
Eccl 5:15.
3. spirit, as that which breathes quickly
in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with
נֶפֶשׁ and
לֵבָב):
a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֺד רוּחַ 1Kgs 10:5 =
2Chr 9:4 מַהזֶּֿה רוּחֲךָ סָרָה 1Kgs 21:5 וַתְּחִי רוּחַ Gen 45:27 (
E);
וַתָּשָׁב רוּחוֺ Judg 15:19;
1Sam 30:12.
b. courage: ׳לֹא הָיָה בָם עוֺד ר Josh 5:1 נְגִידִים ׳יִבְצֹר ר Ps 76:13 מִצְרַיִם ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה ר Isa 19:3 תתעטּף רוּחִי Ps 77:4;
Ps 142:4;
Ps 143:4 לֹא קָמָה ׳עוֺד ר Josh 2:11 אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵהוּ ׳ר Prov 18:14.
c. temper, especially
anger: ׳רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין וגו Judg 9:23 אָז רָֽפְתָה רוּחָם Judg 8:3 משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֺ Prov 16:32, compare
Prov 25:28;
Prov 29:11;
Job 15:13 הֵנִיחוּ אֶתרֿוּחִי Zech 6:8;
Eccl 7:9;
Eccl 10:4.
d. impatience or
patience: קֹצֶר רוּחַ Exod 6:9 (
P)
impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of
׳י)
Mic 2:7 קְצַררֿוּחַ Prov 14:29 (||
אֶרֶךְ אַפַיִם);
הֱצִיקַתְנִי רוּחַ בִּטְנִי Job 32:18 (
Du breath;
Di Bu divine spirit, compare v
Job 32:8);
אִם מַדּוּעַ לֹאתִֿקְצַר רוּחִי Job 21:4 ׳הֲקָצַר רוּחַ י Mic 2:7 ׳אֶרֶךְ ר Eccl 7:8.
e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented;
וַתִּפָּעֶם רוּח(וׅ (
his)
spirit was troubled Gen 41:8 (
E)
Dan 2:3, compare v
Dan 2:1 מֹרַת רוּחַ Gen 26:35 (
P)
bitterness of spirit;
׳עֲצוּבַת ר Isa 54:6, compare
Ezek 3:14;
Job 6:4.
feminine as crushed: וְכִהֲתָה כָלרֿוּחַ Ezek 21:12, compare Isa 61:3; Prov 15:4; Prov 15:13; Prov 17:22; Prov 18:14; Ps 143:7.
g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: הֵעִיר אֶתרֿוּחַ 1Chr 5:26 (twice in verse); 2Chr 21:16; 2Chr 36:22; Ezra 1:1; Ezra 1:5; Jer 51:11; Hag 1:14 (3 t. in verse); הִנְנִי נ(וֺ)תֵן בּוֺ רוּח2Kgs 19:7 = Isa 37:7; Num 14:24 (J; see עִם 4 b), Mal 2:15 (twice in verse); Mal 2:16; Deut 2:30 רוּחַ קִנְאָה jealous disposition Num 5:14 (twice in verse); Num 5:30 (P); רוּחַ וְנוּנִים Hos 4:12; Hos 5:4 רוּחַ עִוְעִיםIsa 19:14 רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Isa 28:6 אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר רוּחַ אֱלהִֹרם בּוֺ (administrative) Gen 41:38 (E); קַר רוּחַ אִישׁ הְּבוּנָה Prov 17:27.
h. prophetic spirit: יְהוֺשֻׁעַ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁרֿ רוּחַ בּזֹNum 27:18 (P; or g, as Gen 41:38); רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע2Kgs 2:15, compare v2Kgs 2:9 רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare Gen 2:21; Gen 15:12, but Di and others g, as Isa 19:14) Isa 29:10; Mic 2:11 רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zech 13:2 (of lying prophets), compare Ezek 13:3. 5. spirit as seat of emotion =
נֶפֶשׁ:
a. desire (possibly
3 g),
Isa 26:9 (||
נֶפֶשׁ).
b. sorrow, trouble (probably
3 e),
Job 7:11 (||
נֶפֶשׁ). —
1Sam 1:15 see
קָשֶׁה.
9. spirit of God (94 t.; not
D or Jeremiah or any Deuteronomic writer; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy probably discredited from abuse by false prophets, see
נביא,
נבא):
a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy,
Num 11:17;
Num 11:25 (twice in verse);
Num 11:26;
Num 11:29 (
J),
1Sam 10:6;
1Sam 10:10 (compare v
1Sam 10:5),
1Sam 19:20;
1Sam 19:23 as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as
אֱלֹהִים רָעָה ׳ר 1Sam 16:15 (twice in verse);
1Sam 16:16, =
׳רָעָה מֵאֵת י ׳ר v
1Sam 16:14 =
רָעָה ׳א ׳צלח ר 1Sam 18:10 (other narrative) =
רָעָה ׳י ׳ר 1Sam 19:9 ׳א ׳ר 1Sam 16:23 =
רוּחַ הָרָעָה v
1Sam 16:23, compare
הָרוּחַ 1Kgs 22:21 =
שֶׁקֶר ׳ר v
1Kgs 22:22 v
1Kgs 22:23 =
2Chr 18:20;
2Chr 18:21;
2Chr 18:22 =
׳רוּחַ י 1Kgs 22:24 =
2Chr 18:23 compare also (in earlier prophets)
אִישׁ הָרוּחַ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, ||
הַנָּבִּיא Hos 9:7 ׳רוּחַ י Mic 3:8 (||
בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (
We Now);
וְלֹא רוּחִי Isa 30:1 רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.:
Ezek 2:2;
Ezek 3:12;
Ezek 3:14;
Ezek 3:24;
Ezek 8:3;
Ezek 11:1;
Ezek 11:5;
Ezek 11:24 (
Co gloss),
Ezek 37:1;
Ezek 43:5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah
1Kgs 18:12;
2Kgs 2:16.
b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably
Num 24:2;
2Sam 23:2;
1Chr 12:18 elsewhere in Chronicles:
2Chr 15:1;
2Chr 20:14;
2Chr 24:20 distinctly in
Isa2,
Isa 48:16, compare
Isa 61:1 so of ancient prophets,
Zech 7:12;
Neh 9:30 compare, of future prophetic gift,
Joel 3:1;
Joel 3:2.
c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to
שֹׁפְטִים,
מוֺשִׁיעִים,
מְלָכִים, of ancient Israel:
וַתְּהִי רוּחַ על ׳י Judg 3:10;
Judg 11:29, compare
Judg 6:34;
Judg 13:25;
Judg 14:6;
Judg 14:19;
Judg 15:14;
1Sam 11:6;
1Sam 16:13;
1Sam 16:14 so also
עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֺם Isa 32:15 (2) resting upon Messianic king:
Isa 11:2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of
׳י,
Isa 42:1.
d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill
Exod 31:3;
Exod 35:31 (
P); understanding
Job 32:8 (||
נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); poured out by divine wisdom
Prov 1:23.
e. as energy of life:
רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַלפְּֿנֵי הַמָּ֑יִם Gen 1:2 (
P);
רוּחַ אֵל עָשָׂ֑תְנִי Job 33:4 (||
נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); as vital power, opposed to
בָשָׂר:
Isa 31:3 in cherubic chariot:
Ezek 1:12, compare v
Ezek 1:20 v
Ezek 1:21;
Ezek 10:17 reviving Israel
Ezek 39:29;
Zech 12:10;
Isa 44:3.
feminine = ancient angel of the presence and later Shekina:
קָדְשׁוֺ ׳ר Isa 63:10;
Isa 63:11 =
׳י ׳ר v
Isa 63:14 (=
מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו v
Isa 63:9), compare
Ps 106:33 so also
קָדְשְׁךָ ׳ר Ps 51:13 (in national prayer), compare
Neh 9:20;
Ps 143:10 prophets of restoration conceive of the divine spirit as standing in their midst and about to fulfil all divine promises:
רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֺכֲכֶם Hag 2:5;
Zech 4:6 this conception culminates in
רוּחַ = divine Presence, and as such omnipresent,
Ps 139:7 (||
פָּנֶיךָ; compare v
Ps 139:8).