Proverbs 31:4

BDB419 H408

II. אַל adverb of negation (so Phoenician e.g. CIS^i.3,4.5.8, Biblical Aramaic, Sabean (DHM^{ZMG 1875, 596}), and in the Ethiopic albo, is not), denying however, not objectively as a fact (like לֹא οὐ), but subjectively as a wish (like μή), expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition:
  a.
   (a) with a verb, which is then always an imperfect (never an imperative), by preference in the cohortative or jussive mood, where this is in use, and may be of any person or number; Gen 15:1 and often אַלתִּֿירָא fear not! Gen 22:12 אַלתִּֿשְׁלַח יָָֽדְךָ put not forth thy hand, Gen 37:27 וְיָדֵנוּ אַלתְּֿהִיבֿוֺ and let not our hand be upon him, Gen 21:16 אַלאֶֿרְאֶה let me not look upon the death of the lad! Ps 25:2 אַלאֵֿבוֺשָׁה let me not be ashamed; with 1 plural (rare) 2Sam 13:25; Jer 18:18; Jonah 1:14. In an imprecation: Gen 49:4 אַלתּֿוֺתַר have not thou the excellency! Ps 109:12; Job 3:4; Job 3:6. Sometimes strengthened by נָא : Gen 13:8; Gen 18:3 and elsewhere
   (b) without a verb, (α) 2Sam 1:21 let (there be) not dew & not rain upon you! Isa 62:6; Ps 83:1. (β) used absolutely, in deprecation Gen 19:18; 2Sam 13:16 (see below אוֺדָה) 2Kgs 3:13; 2Kgs 4:16; 2Kgs 6:27 (see RVm: but possibly to be explained by Dr^{§ 152 iii}; so Th Ke: hardly as Ew^{§ 355 b}) Ruth 1:13 אַל בְּנֹתַי Nay, my daughters, compare Judg 19:23 (γ) after a preceding imperative Amos 5:14; Joel 2:13; Prov 8:10, a jussive Prov 27:2, an infinitive absolute Prov 27:2. (χ) in poetry אַל sometimes expresses vividly the emotion or sympathy of the poet (see Dr^{§ 56-8}); Isa 2:9 וְאַלתִּֿשָּׂא לָהֶם and forgive them not! (with a touch of passion), Ps 41:3; Prov 3:25; Job 5:22; Ps 34:6 (but ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Ew Che here read וּפְנֵיכֶם, probably rightly); Ps 50:3 a may our God come וְאַלֿ יֶ֫חֱשָרשׁ and not be silent! (the psalmist identifying himself with a spectator of the scene vPs 50:2; Ps 50:3 b-c) Ps 121:3 (contrast vPs 121:4 לֹא) Jer 46:6 +.
  b. once Prov 12:28 joined closely to a substantive (compare לֹא 2 b) to express with emphasis its negation: In the way of righteousness is life, and in the pathway therecf אַלמָֿוֶת there is no-death! i.e. immortality.
  c. once Job 24:25 used in poetry as a substantive, And bring my words לְאַל to nought! —

BDB9298 H409 H408

אַל adverb of prohibition, do not . . ., let not . . ., followed by imperfect ( = Biblical Hebrew I. אַל; Zenjirli אל (Had^{22. 23. 29}) Cooke^{160 f.}; compare Pahlavi (Nö^{GGA, 1884, 1016}); not ᵑ7 Syriac); — Dan 2:24 אַלֹתְּֿהוֺבֵד, Dan 4:16; Dan 5:10.

BDB4669 H4428 H4429

I. מֶ֫לֶךְ₂₅₁₃ noun masculine king (Late Hebrew id.; MI^{1, 5, 10, 18, 23} מלך; Neh 1:4 המלכן; Phoenician מלך; Zinjirli מלך DHM^{Sendsch. 60}; Assyrian maliku, malku, prince (Assyrian šarru = king); Arabic king (original Hebrew *מַלִח inferred, Lag^{BN 73} Ba^{NB § 112} WMM^{As. u. Europ.76}); Sabean מלכן SabDenkm^{No. 1}; construct מלך, plural אמלך CIS^{iv 37}; compare Ethiopic God (and Nö^l.c.); Aramaic , מְלֵיךְ; Palmyrene מלך מלכא Vog^{No. 28}; Nabataean מלכא Eut^{Nab. 1}); — ׳מ absolute Gen 14:7 + (insert also 2Sam 13:17 ᵐ5 Th We Dr Kit Bu, and v2Sam 13:34 ᵐ5 We Dr Kit Bu); in p. always מֶ֑לֶךְ Gen 49:20 + 238 t. (so also proper name in מֶלֶךְ-); construct Gen 14:1 +; suffix מַלְכִּי 2Sam 19:44 + 6 t., etc.; plural מְלָכִים Gen 14:9 +; מְלָכִין Prov 31:3 construct מַלְכֵי Gen 17:16 +; suffix מְלָכֶיהָ Isa 7:16 + 3 t.; מַלְכֵיהֶם Deut 7:24 + 16 t., etc.; —

BDB4674 H4432 H1322 H4428

מֹ֫לֶךְ proper name, of a divinity Molech (ᵐ5 Μολοχ, ᵑ9 Moloch) (= מֶלֶךְ i.e. (divine) King, with vowels of בּשֶׁת to denote abhorrence, Hoffm^{ZAW iii. 1883, 124} RS^{Semitic i. 353; 2nd ed. 372}; compare Hoffm^{GG Abh. xxxvi. 1890 a (May, 1889), 25}; Phoenician proper name, of divinity מלך Milk, in proper names compare Bloch, Dr^{Dt.222 f.}); — with article ׳הַמּ: — the god to whom Israel sacrificed children with fire (in valley of Hinnom); ׳העביר בָּנֵשׁ לַ מּ 2Kgs 23:10 ׳העביר לַמּ Jer 32:35 (|| הַבַּעַל), Lev 18:21 (H); ׳נתן לַמּ Lev 20:2; Lev 20:3; Lev 20:4 (H); more generally ׳לִזְנוֺת אַחֲרֵי הַמּ vLev 20:5 (H). In 1Kgs 11:7 read probably מִלְכֹּם, q. v.

BDB4684 H4442 H6664 H4428

מַלְכִּיצֶֿ֫דֶק proper name, masculine king of שָׁלֵם (q. v.), (my king is ‚ede‡) — Gen 14:18. Ps 110:4. ᵐ5 Μελχισεδεκ.

BDB4685 H4443 H4428 H7311

מַלְכִּירָם proper name, masculine son of Jeconiah (= Jehoiakin) (my king (= Yahweh) is high, compare Gray^{Prop. N. 146 f.}; Phoenician proper name מלכרם); — 1Chr 3:18. ᵐ5 Μελχ(ε)ιραμ.

BDB4686 H4428 H4444 H7769

מַלְכִישׁוּעַ proper name, masculine son of Saul my king (= ׳י) is opulence, compare Gray^{Prop. N. 147}); — 1Sam 14:49; 1Sam 31:2; 1Chr 8:33; 1Chr 9:39; 1Chr 10:2 (in Chronicles מַלְכִּישֿׁוּעַ). ᵐ5 Μελχεισα, Μελχεσουε, etc.

BDB4431 H3927

לְמוּאֵל, לְמוֺאֵל proper name, masculine king of Massa (probably, see מַשָּׂא); ׳לְמו Prov 31:1, ׳למוֺ vProv 31:4.

BDB419 H408

II. אַל adverb of negation (so Phoenician e.g. CIS^i.3,4.5.8, Biblical Aramaic, Sabean (DHM^{ZMG 1875, 596}), and in the Ethiopic albo, is not), denying however, not objectively as a fact (like לֹא οὐ), but subjectively as a wish (like μή), expressing therefore a deprecation or prohibition:
  a.
   (a) with a verb, which is then always an imperfect (never an imperative), by preference in the cohortative or jussive mood, where this is in use, and may be of any person or number; Gen 15:1 and often אַלתִּֿירָא fear not! Gen 22:12 אַלתִּֿשְׁלַח יָָֽדְךָ put not forth thy hand, Gen 37:27 וְיָדֵנוּ אַלתְּֿהִיבֿוֺ and let not our hand be upon him, Gen 21:16 אַלאֶֿרְאֶה let me not look upon the death of the lad! Ps 25:2 אַלאֵֿבוֺשָׁה let me not be ashamed; with 1 plural (rare) 2Sam 13:25; Jer 18:18; Jonah 1:14. In an imprecation: Gen 49:4 אַלתּֿוֺתַר have not thou the excellency! Ps 109:12; Job 3:4; Job 3:6. Sometimes strengthened by נָא : Gen 13:8; Gen 18:3 and elsewhere
   (b) without a verb, (α) 2Sam 1:21 let (there be) not dew & not rain upon you! Isa 62:6; Ps 83:1. (β) used absolutely, in deprecation Gen 19:18; 2Sam 13:16 (see below אוֺדָה) 2Kgs 3:13; 2Kgs 4:16; 2Kgs 6:27 (see RVm: but possibly to be explained by Dr^{§ 152 iii}; so Th Ke: hardly as Ew^{§ 355 b}) Ruth 1:13 אַל בְּנֹתַי Nay, my daughters, compare Judg 19:23 (γ) after a preceding imperative Amos 5:14; Joel 2:13; Prov 8:10, a jussive Prov 27:2, an infinitive absolute Prov 27:2. (χ) in poetry אַל sometimes expresses vividly the emotion or sympathy of the poet (see Dr^{§ 56-8}); Isa 2:9 וְאַלתִּֿשָּׂא לָהֶם and forgive them not! (with a touch of passion), Ps 41:3; Prov 3:25; Job 5:22; Ps 34:6 (but ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Ew Che here read וּפְנֵיכֶם, probably rightly); Ps 50:3 a may our God come וְאַלֿ יֶ֫חֱשָרשׁ and not be silent! (the psalmist identifying himself with a spectator of the scene vPs 50:2; Ps 50:3 b-c) Ps 121:3 (contrast vPs 121:4 לֹא) Jer 46:6 +.
  b. once Prov 12:28 joined closely to a substantive (compare לֹא 2 b) to express with emphasis its negation: In the way of righteousness is life, and in the pathway therecf אַלמָֿוֶת there is no-death! i.e. immortality.
  c. once Job 24:25 used in poetry as a substantive, And bring my words לְאַל to nought! —

BDB9298 H409 H408

אַל adverb of prohibition, do not . . ., let not . . ., followed by imperfect ( = Biblical Hebrew I. אַל; Zenjirli אל (Had^{22. 23. 29}) Cooke^{160 f.}; compare Pahlavi (Nö^{GGA, 1884, 1016}); not ᵑ7 Syriac); — Dan 2:24 אַלֹתְּֿהוֺבֵד, Dan 4:16; Dan 5:10.

BDB4669 H4428 H4429

I. מֶ֫לֶךְ₂₅₁₃ noun masculine king (Late Hebrew id.; MI^{1, 5, 10, 18, 23} מלך; Neh 1:4 המלכן; Phoenician מלך; Zinjirli מלך DHM^{Sendsch. 60}; Assyrian maliku, malku, prince (Assyrian šarru = king); Arabic king (original Hebrew *מַלִח inferred, Lag^{BN 73} Ba^{NB § 112} WMM^{As. u. Europ.76}); Sabean מלכן SabDenkm^{No. 1}; construct מלך, plural אמלך CIS^{iv 37}; compare Ethiopic God (and Nö^l.c.); Aramaic , מְלֵיךְ; Palmyrene מלך מלכא Vog^{No. 28}; Nabataean מלכא Eut^{Nab. 1}); — ׳מ absolute Gen 14:7 + (insert also 2Sam 13:17 ᵐ5 Th We Dr Kit Bu, and v2Sam 13:34 ᵐ5 We Dr Kit Bu); in p. always מֶ֑לֶךְ Gen 49:20 + 238 t. (so also proper name in מֶלֶךְ-); construct Gen 14:1 +; suffix מַלְכִּי 2Sam 19:44 + 6 t., etc.; plural מְלָכִים Gen 14:9 +; מְלָכִין Prov 31:3 construct מַלְכֵי Gen 17:16 +; suffix מְלָכֶיהָ Isa 7:16 + 3 t.; מַלְכֵיהֶם Deut 7:24 + 16 t., etc.; —

BDB4674 H4432 H1322 H4428

מֹ֫לֶךְ proper name, of a divinity Molech (ᵐ5 Μολοχ, ᵑ9 Moloch) (= מֶלֶךְ i.e. (divine) King, with vowels of בּשֶׁת to denote abhorrence, Hoffm^{ZAW iii. 1883, 124} RS^{Semitic i. 353; 2nd ed. 372}; compare Hoffm^{GG Abh. xxxvi. 1890 a (May, 1889), 25}; Phoenician proper name, of divinity מלך Milk, in proper names compare Bloch, Dr^{Dt.222 f.}); — with article ׳הַמּ: — the god to whom Israel sacrificed children with fire (in valley of Hinnom); ׳העביר בָּנֵשׁ לַ מּ 2Kgs 23:10 ׳העביר לַמּ Jer 32:35 (|| הַבַּעַל), Lev 18:21 (H); ׳נתן לַמּ Lev 20:2; Lev 20:3; Lev 20:4 (H); more generally ׳לִזְנוֺת אַחֲרֵי הַמּ vLev 20:5 (H). In 1Kgs 11:7 read probably מִלְכֹּם, q. v.

BDB4684 H4442 H6664 H4428

מַלְכִּיצֶֿ֫דֶק proper name, masculine king of שָׁלֵם (q. v.), (my king is ‚ede‡) — Gen 14:18. Ps 110:4. ᵐ5 Μελχισεδεκ.

BDB4685 H4443 H4428 H7311

מַלְכִּירָם proper name, masculine son of Jeconiah (= Jehoiakin) (my king (= Yahweh) is high, compare Gray^{Prop. N. 146 f.}; Phoenician proper name מלכרם); — 1Chr 3:18. ᵐ5 Μελχ(ε)ιραμ.

BDB4686 H4428 H4444 H7769

מַלְכִישׁוּעַ proper name, masculine son of Saul my king (= ׳י) is opulence, compare Gray^{Prop. N. 147}); — 1Sam 14:49; 1Sam 31:2; 1Chr 8:33; 1Chr 9:39; 1Chr 10:2 (in Chronicles מַלְכִּישֿׁוּעַ). ᵐ5 Μελχεισα, Μελχεσουε, etc.

BDB9072 H8354

I. שָׁתָה₂₁₇ verb drink (Late Hebrew id.; Assyrian šatû, Ethiopic Old Aramaic שתה, Aramaic שְׁתָא, אִשְׁתִּי, [], ; Sabean שתי DHM^{ZMG xxxvii (1883), 403} Hom^{Chr 124}); —

BDB9990 H8355 H8354

[שְׁתָה] verb drink (ᵑ7 שְׁתָא, אִשְׁתִּי, Syriac ; see Biblical Hebrew I. שָׁתָה); —

BDB3534 H3196

יַ֫יִן₁₄₁ noun masculine^{Ps 75:9} wine (Late Hebrew id.; Ethiopic : vitis, vinea, vinum; Arabic (black) grapes, see Hom^{ZMG 1889, 654}; Sabean וין vineyard, Mordt^{ZMG 1887, 364} Hom^{l.c. 659} (both after Glaser); Assyrian inu in vocabularies, but this loan-word from western Shemites, according to Hom^{Aufsätze 102}; Jen^{ZA i, 186 f., ZMG 1890, 705} argues to the contrary) — absolute יַ֫יִן Gen 9:21 + 84 t.; יָ֑יִן Gen 14:18 + 33 t.; construct יַ֫יִן Ps 60:5; Song 8:2 יֵין Deut 32:18 + 9 t.; suffix יֵינִי Song 5:1, etc.; — wine:
  a. common drink, for refreshment Gen 14:18 (E?) Gen 27:25 (J), Judg 19:19; 2Sam 16:2; Amos 5:11; Amos 9:14; Hos 14:8; Job 1:13; Job 1:18; Dan 1:5 +, tonic Prov 31:6 article of commerce Ezek 27:18; Neh 13:15 among supplies in strongholds 2Chr 11:11 as making merry 2Sam 13:28; Zech 9:15; Zech 10:7; Esth 1:10; Eccl 9:7; Eccl 10:19; Ps 104:15.
  b. used for rejoicing before ׳י Deut 14:26, compare Hos 9:4 as drink-offering in prescribed ritual Exod 29:40; Lev 23:13; Num 15:5; Num 15:7; Num 15:10; Num 28:14 among temple stores 1Chr 9:29 used also in heathen ceremonial, see Deut 32:33.
  c. intoxicating 1Sam 1:14; 1Sam 25:37; Gen 9:21; Gen 9:24; Gen 19:32; Gen 19:33; Gen 19:34; Gen 19:35 (all J), Isa 5:11; Isa 5:22; Prov 21:17; Prov 23:30; Prov 23:31 +; || תִּירוֺשׁ Hos 4:11 || שֵׁכָר 1Sam 1:15; Mic 2:11; Isa 24:9; Isa 28:7 (twice in verse); Isa 56:12 + 12 t.; forbidden to Nazirites Num 6:3 (twice in verse) (חֹמֶץ יַיִן וְחֹמֶץ שֵׁכָר), vNum 6:4 vNum 6:20, compare Amos 2:12 to Rechabites Jer 35:2; Jer 35:5f.; to mother of Samson Judg 13:4; Judg 13:7; Judg 13:14 to priests entering sanctuary Lev 10:9 (P), Ezek 44:21 unfitting for kings Prov 31:4.
  d. combinations are: יֵין הַטּוֺב Song 7:10 = the best wine (read כַּיַּיִן ?) Ges^{«GKC:133»§ 133}. 3, R. 1; יֵין מַלְכוּת Esth 1:7 royal wine; אֹצרְוֺת יַּיִן 1Chr 27:27 stores of wine, wine-supply; יַיִן הָרֶקַח Song 8:2 spiced wine; מִשְׁתֵּה הַיַּיִן wine-feast Esth 5:6; Esth 7:2; Esth 7:7; Esth 7:8 סֹבְאֵי יַיִן Prov 23:20 wine-bibbers; נאֹד יין wine-skin Josh 9:4; Josh 9:13; 1Sam 16:20 נֵבֶל יין id. 1Sam 1:24; 1Sam 10:3; 1Sam 25:18; 2Sam 16:1; Jer 13:12 (twice in verse); בֵּית הַיָּ֑יִן Song 2:4 either wine-house, where wine is drunk, feasting-house (De and others), or place of wine = vineyard (Ew and others; compare גֶּפֶן יַיִן Num 6:4).
  e. metaphor of wisdom's drink Prov 9:2; Prov 9:5, compare Isa 55:1 of ׳י's wrath Jer 25:15 (כּוֺס היין); of confusion sent by ׳י, יַיִן תַּרְעֵלָה wine of reeling Ps 60:5, compare Ps 75:9 of ׳י's awaking for vengeance, like a wine-shouter Ps 78:65 of Babylon's fierce power Jer 51:7 of love Song 5:1 יֵין חֲמָסִים Prov 4:17 in simile of one bursting with words Job 32:19 of disheartened prophet Jer 23:9 (כְּגֶבֶר עֲבָרוֺיַיִן); of lover's mouth Song 7:10 (see above); love is better than wine Song 1:2; Song 4:10.

BDB7841 H7336

[רָזַן, ? earlier רָזן, so Lag^{BN 31}] verb be weighty, judicious, commanding (Arabic be weighty, grave, firm of judgement; Late Hebrew רוֺזֵן = Biblical Hebrew, so רוזנים Eccl 44:4); — only Qal Participle plural as substantive, rulers, potentates, || מְלָכִים: רֹזְנִים Judg 5:3; Hab 1:10, ׳רוֺ Ps 2:2; Prov 8:15; Prov 31:4, || שֹׁפְטֵי אֶרֶץ Isa 40:23.

BDB163 H176

אוֺ₃₂₀ , , ), conjunction or (whether aut or vel).

אוּ Prov 31:4 Kt, see [אַי].

BDB177 H176

[אַו] noun masculine construct אוֺ, Kt Prov 31:4 desire, so Thes MV; but < Qr אֵי q. v.

BDB163 H176

אוֺ₃₂₀ , , ), conjunction or (whether aut or vel).

אוּ Prov 31:4 Kt, see [אַי].

BDB177 H176

[אַו] noun masculine construct אוֺ, Kt Prov 31:4 desire, so Thes MV; but < Qr אֵי q. v.

BDB8681 H7941

שֵׁכָר noun [masculine] intoxioating drink, strong drink (Ba^{NB § 71}); — always ׳שׁ absolute; usually || וַיִן (except Ps 69:13): Isa 29:8 usually condemned, Isa 5:11; Isa 5:22; Isa 28:7 (3 t. in verse); Isa 56:12 (׳נִסְבְּאָה שׁ), Mic 2:11; 1Sam 1:15; Prov 20:1 forbidden to priests on duty Lev 10:9 (P); not for princes Prov 31:4 nor Nazirite Num 6:3; Judg 13:4; Judg 13:7; Judg 13:14, compare ׳חֹמֶץ שׁ Num 6:3 ׳שׁוֺתֵי שׁ Ps 69:13 drunkards; but ׳שׁ as common drink Deut 29:5 (opposed to miraculous), allowable in sacrificial meal Deut 14:26, commended for weak and weary Prov 31:4 ׳נֶסֶךְ שׁ Num 28:7(P; for יַיִן vNum 28:14); see further Kennedy^{Ency. Bib. iv. 5309 f.} — On form compare Lag^{M ii. 357; BN 51}.