Ezra 4:17

פִּתְגָמָ֞א שְׁלַ֣ח מַלְכָּ֗א עַל רְח֤וּם בְּעֵל טְעֵם֙ וְשִׁמְשַׁ֣י סָֽפְרָ֔א וּשְׁאָר֙ כְּנָוָ֣תְה֔וֹן דִּ֥י יָֽתְבִ֖ין בְּשָֽׁמְרָ֑יִן וּשְׁאָ֧ר עֲבַֽר נַהֲרָ֛ה שְׁלָ֖ם וּכְעֶֽת
Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions that dwell in Samaria, and unto the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a time.
Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

פִּתְגָמָ ֞א
פִּתְגָמָ
Root word answer, matter, word, letter
֞א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: פִּתְגָּם · pit-ɡAWM

Noun — Common, masculine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: an answer
a letter ×1 an answer ×1 matter ×1 this matter ×1 us answer ×1 word ×1
More options
word — Broad default; suits most contexts naturally.
message — Good when content is communicated from a sender.
reply — Prefer when a response to a prior statement is meant.
decree — Suits official or royal proclamations (Aramaic flavor).
matter — Use when referring to a subject or affair, not speech.
edict — Formal written ruling; fits legal or courtly contexts.

BDB9828 H6600 H6599

BDB9827 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9829

פִּתְגָם noun masculineEzra 6:11 command, word, affair (Persian: see Biblical Hebrew); — absolute ׳פ Dan 3:16 emphatic מָא- Ezra 4:17 +; — command Ezra 6:11, word, by missive Ezra 5:7, from king Ezra 4:17 (both with שְׁלַת), in answer Ezra 5:11 (with התיב); weakened, thing, affair Dan 3:16; Dan 4:14.

answer, matter, word, letter
pitgām
a word, answer, letter or decree
  • command, work, affair, decree
    • word, report
      • "decree

שְׁלַ֣ח
שְׁלַ֣ח
Root word sent, put, send
Dictionary form: שְׁלַח · sheh-LA

Verb — Peal, Perfect (Qatal), third person masculine singular simple action (Aramaic) — like Hebrew Qal completed action — try "he ___ed" or "he has ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: then sent
sent ×3 hath sent ×2 they sent ×2 had sent ×1 have we sent ×1 send ×1 shall put ×1 then sent ×1
More options
send — Broadest, most neutral modern equivalent; fits most contexts.
dispatch — Formal register; good for official or royal commissioning.
commission — Emphasizes authoritative appointment or mandate to act.
transmit — Prefer when conveying a message or document, not a person.
deploy — Suited to military or strategic sending of personnel.
place — Captures the 'put' nuance when positioning an object or hand.

BDB9957 H7971 H7972

BDB9956 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9958

שְׁלַח verb send (Biblical Hebrew I. שָׁלַח); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳שׁ Ezra 4:17 +; 3 masculine plural שְׁלַ֫חוּ Ezra 4:11 +; 2 masculine plural שְׁלַחְתּוּן Ezra 4:18 1 plural שְׁלַחְנָא Ezra 4:14 Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁלח Ezra 5:17; Ezra 6:12 Passive participle שְׁלִיחַ Ezra 7:14; Dan 5:24 — send, accusative of letter, etc., with עַל person Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 5:7; Ezra 5:17 absolute Ezra 6:13, followed by finite verb Ezra 4:14, + accusative of person Dan 3:28; Dan 6:23 followed by Infinitive Dan 3:2 send out hand (accusative) to harm (Infinitive); passive, be sent, with מִןקֳֿדָם person: subject person Ezra 7:14 subject כַּפָּא Dan 5:24.

sent, put, send
šĕlaḥ
to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)
  • to send
    • (P'al)
      • to send, send out
        • "to be sent

מַלְכָּ ֗א
מַלְכָּ
Root word king, kings, royal
֗א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: מֶלֶךְ · meh-LEK

Noun — Common, masculine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: the king
the king ×75 o king ×19 the kings ×12 king ×10 kings ×9 unto the king ×9 and the king ×7 to the king ×6
More options
king — Standard modern rendering; broadly suitable in most contexts.
monarch — Formal or literary tone; emphasizes sovereign authority.
ruler — Broader term; useful when royal title is less central.
sovereign — Elevated register; stresses supreme political power.
royal — Adjectival use; prefer when modifying a noun directly.

BDB9662 H4429 H4430

BDB9661 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9663

מֶ֫לֶךְ178 noun masculine king (general Semitic; see Biblical Hebrew); — ׳מ absolute Dan 2:10 + 2 t.; construct Dan 4:34 + 6 t.; usually emphatic מַלְכָּא Ezra 4:8 + 154 t., ָ  ה Dan 2:11 plural מַלְכִין Ezra 4:15 + 9 t., ִ  ים Ezra 4:13 (Hebraism, BeRy M41*); emphatic מַלְכַיָּא Dan 2:44 + 2 t.; — king Dan 2:4; Dan 2:5 + 132 t. Daniel; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:11 + 42 t. Ezra (מֶלָךְ מַלְכַיָּא of Nebuchadnezzar Dan 2:37, of Artaxerxes Ezra 7:12 [compare Cooke71.3, of Xerxes]; מַלְכִין Dan 7:17 = kingdoms, compare מַלְכוּ vDan 7:23).

king, kings, royal
melek
a king
  • king

עַל
עַל
Preposition upon, unto, over, in, against, …
Dictionary form: עַל · al

Preposition

In the KJV here: unto
upon ×16 over ×9 unto ×8 against ×7 concerning ×5 in ×5 for ×4 to ×4
More options
on — Most versatile default; covers surface and figurative senses.
over — Use for authority, coverage, or position above.
about — Best for topics or subjects of speech or thought.
against — Use for opposition, complaint, or hostile action.
concerning — Formal; suits legal or prophetic discourse on a subject.
regarding — Neutral modern alternative to 'concerning'.

BDB9768 H5922 H5921

BDB9767 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9769

עַל preposition upon, over, on account of, above, to, against (Biblical Hebrew and general Aramaic id.); — suffix 1 singular עֲלַי; 2 masculine singular עליך Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, CookeNo. 77, A 5, 6, B 8, S-CPap. A 3, B 5 +), עֲלָךְ, Qr (ᵑ7 עֲלַךְ, Dalm§ 47, 2) Dan 3:12 + 6 t. Daniel; Ezra 7:18 3 masculine singular עֲלוֺהִי (so Nabataean, Palmyrene; Egyptian Aramaic עלוי S-CA 6 +) Dan 3:28 +, עֲלֹהִי Ezra 6:11 3 feminine singular עליה Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, S-CD 24), עֲלַהּ Qr (so ᵑ7) Dan 4:14; Dan 5:21 1 plural עֲלֵינָא Ezra 4:12, עֲלֵ֑ינָא Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:17 Baer (Gi עֲלֶ֑ינָא); 3 masculine plural עֲלֵיהֹם (so Nabataean, CISii. 226; Egyptian Aramaic, S-CPap. F 5, 8+) Ezra 7:24, עֲלֵיהוֺן Ezra 5:1; Ezra 5:3 —

1. a. upon, Dan 2:10; Dan 2:28; Dan 2:46; Dan 5:5; Dan 5:7; Dan 6:11 + often, Dan 4:26 עַלהֵֿיכַל מַלְכוּתָא (2Sam 11:2); to be established עַל מַלְכוּתִי 2Sam 4:33 (compare 2Chr 1:1 Biblical Hebrew II. 1) to lay an impost upon, Ezra 7:24 to trust on, Dan 3:28 after a verb of motion, מְטָא עַל to come upon, Dan 4:21; Dan 4:25 of times, to pass over, Dan 4:13; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:22; Dan 4:29; Ezra 5:1 בְּשֻׁם אֱלָהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלֵיהוֺן i.e. (named) over them.
  b. idiomatic (as in Biblical Hebrew; see II. 1 d) of the person who is the subject of an emotion or experience, Dan 5:9 וְזִיוֺתִי שָׁנַיִן עֲלוֺהִי were changed upon him, Dan 7:28; Dan 6:19 וְשִׁנְּתֵהּ נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי (compare Dan 2:1).
  c. on accusative of (Biblical Hebrew 1 f b), Dan 3:16 פִּתְגָּם עַלדְּֿנָה. So in עַלדְּֿנָה on this accusative Ezra 4:15; Ezra 4:22; Ezra 5:17, עַלמָֿה wherefore ? Dan 2:15 and עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי (see ׳דְּ).
  d. on behalf of (ib. 1 f c), Ezra 6:17.
  e. regarding, concerning (ib. 1 f g), Dan 2:18; Dan 5:14; Dan 5:29; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:13; Ezra 7:14 + often
2. over, with verbs of ruling, appointing, etc., Dan 2:48; Dan 2:49; Dan 3:12; Dan 4:14 +, Ezra 4:20; Ezra 6:18.
3. in a comparative sense, above, beyond, Dan 3:19; Dan 6:4.
4. expressing direction:
  a. to, of a person, after a verb of motion (compare Biblical Hebrew 7 c a a), Dan 2:24; Dan 4:31; Dan 4:33; Dan 6:7; Dan 6:16; Ezra 4:12; Ezra 4:23 + often; after to send (a letter, etc.) Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:6 +, write Ezra 4:7, prophesy Ezra 5:1 of the direction of the mind (ib. 7c c), Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 (twice in verse); Dan 6:15 compare Ezra 5:5 הֲוַת עַל ׳וְעֵין אֱל (compare Jer 40:4 and אֶל Ps 34:16).
  b. against, Dan 3:19; Dan 3:29; Dan 5:23; Dan 6:5; Dan 6:6 +; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 7:23.
5. in such phrases as שְׁפַר עַל, טְאֵב (to be) good or acceptable to (as in Syriac and late Hebrew: see Biblical Hebrew 8), Ezra 5:17 אִם עַל מַלְכָּא טָב, Ezra 7:18 (twice in verse); Dan 4:24 (יִשְׁפַּר), Dan 6:15 (בְּאֵשׁ), v.Dan 6:24 (טְאֵב). — compare the synopsis of meanings in Lzb340.

upon, unto, over, in, against, …
ʿal
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
  • upon, over, on account of, above, to, against
    • upon, over, on account of, regarding, concerning, on behalf of
      • "over (with verbs of ruling)"above, beyond (in comparison)"to, against (of direction)

רְח֤וּם
רְח֤וּם
Root word a name — transliterate it ("Rehum")
Dictionary form: רְחוּם · reh-HOOM

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: rehum
rehum ×7 wrote rehum ×1
More options
Rehum — Standard proper-name rendering; use in most contexts.
Rehum (official) — Clarifies his administrative role when context requires.
the official Rehum — Useful when introducing the character for the first time.

BDB7869 H7348

BDB7868 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB7870

רְחוּם, רְחֻם proper name, masculine (compassion, or softness, gentleness ?); — post-exilic name:

1. with Zerubbabel:
  a. רְחוּם Ezra 2:2, A Ιρεουμ’, ᵐ5L Ναουμ ( = נְחוּם || Neh 7:7).
  b. priest, רְחֻם Neh 12:3 Ρεουμ ( = חָרִם vNeh 12:15, compare Neh 7:42 = Ezra 2:39; Ezra 10:21, see חָרִם 3 a).
2. רְחוּם, with Nehemiah:
  a. Levite Neh 3:17, Βασουθ, א A ᵐ5L Ραουμ.
  b. Neh 10:26, Ρα[ε]ουμ.

BDB9898 H7348

BDB9897 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9899

רְחוּם proper name, masculine Persian official Ezra 4:8 (usually explained from √ רחם, see Biblical Hebrew; Scheft92 thinks possibly originally רוחם, Old Iranian proper name rukma, = splendour).

rehum
rĕḥûm
compassion
Rechum, the name of three Israelites
  • an man who returned from exile with Zerubbabel
    • also 'Nehum'
    a commander who wrote a letter to the king Artaxerxes in which he opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem"a Levite of the family of Bani who assisted in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem"one of the chiefs of the people who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah"a priest who returned from exile with Zerubbabel

בְּעֵל
בְּעֵל
Root word chancellor
Dictionary form: בְּעֵל · beh-ALE

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: the chancellor
the chancellor ×3
More options
official — Broad term; fits most administrative contexts well.
administrator — Emphasizes bureaucratic or governmental role.
chancellor — Modernized KJV; retains formal, high-office tone.
magistrate — Suits legal or civic authority contexts.
secretary — More specific; fits record-keeping or scribal roles.

BDB9383 H1169 H1167

BDB9382 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9384

בְּעֵל (K§ 54, 3 γ) noun masculine owner, lord (Syriac , used similarly; compare Biblical Hebrew בַּ֫עַל, √ בָּעַל; also ᵑ7 בְּעֵיל); — construct מְֿעֵם׳בּ Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17 i.e. commander (AndrM 56* as translation of Persian fram¹t¹r, commander).

chancellor
bĕʿēl
a master; hence, a husband
  • owner, lord

טְעֵם֙
טְעֵם֙
Root word decree, commandment, regarded, tasted, wisdom
Dictionary form: טְעֵם · teh-AME

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

a decree ×13 and according to the commandment ×1 and wisdom ×1 commandment ×1 regarded ×1 whiles he tasted ×1
More options
decree — Best for official royal or governmental pronouncements.
command — Modernizes 'commandment'; suits authoritative directives.
order — Neutral, contemporary alternative for formal instructions.
judgment — Fits contexts of deliberated, wisdom-based decisions.
taste — Literal sensory meaning; also metaphor for discernment.
discretion — Captures the 'wisdom' nuance in reflective contexts.

BDB9562 H2942 H2940 H2941

BDB9561 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9563

טְעֵם30 noun masculineEzra 4:21 taste, judgement, command (Biblical Hebrew טַ֫עַס (late sense)); — absolute ׳ט Dan 3:10 +, construct ׳ט Dan 5:2; Ezra 6:14, טַ֫עַס (of God, mere scribal distinction NöLCB 1896, 305 Str§ 8 c KAramaismen 40) Ezra 6:14; Ezra 7:23 emphatic טַעְמָא Ezra 4:21 —

1. Dan 5:2 in the taste of the wine (while they were enjoying it).
2. judgement, discretion, in reply, ׳הֲתִיב עֵטָא וּט Dan 2:14 (Prov 26:16); in act (person) על ׳שִׂים ט Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 (Prov 26:16); in act (person) על׳שִׂים ט Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 shew proper deference to (עַל).
3. report (of official), with הלך Ezra 5:5, יהב Dan 6:3.
4. command, of God Ezra 6:14; Ezra 7:23, of king Ezra 6:14 ׳שִׂיס ט give command, issue decree Dan 3:10 + 3 t., Ezra 4:19; Ezra 4:21 (twice in verse) + 11 t.; ׳בְּעֵל ט commander Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17.

BDB9586 H2942 H5843

BDB9585 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9587

עֵטָא noun feminine counsel; — absolute Dan 2:14 (see טְעֵם

2.).

יצא see שֵׁיצֵא.

decree, commandment, regarded, tasted, wisdom
ṭĕʿēm
properly, flavor; figuratively, judgment (both subjective and objective); hence, account (both subjectively and objectively)
  • decree, taste, judgment, command
    • taste
      • "judgment, discretion"report"command

וְ שִׁמְשַׁ֣י
וְ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
שִׁמְשַׁ֣י
Root word a name — transliterate it ("And to shimshai")
Dictionary form: שִׁמְשַׁי · shim-SHAI

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: and to shimshai
and shimshai ×3 and to shimshai ×1
More options
Shimshai — Standard transliteration; best for most Bible translations.
Shimshay — Alternate spelling reflecting Hebrew vowel more closely.
Shim-Shai — Hyphenated form aiding pronunciation for new readers.

BDB9972 H8124

BDB9971 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9973

שִׁמְשַׁי proper name, masculine; — always סָֽפְרָא ׳שׁ: Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:23 (AndrM 86 * conjectures Old Iranian caritative ששמי, conformed to שׁמשׁ, compare Scheft92, who, however, prefers Old Baktrian sim¢zhi = sima¢zhi, proper name).

שֵׁן see שׁנן. below

shimshai
šimšay
sunny
Shimshai, a Samaritan
  • the scribe for Rehum, the satrap of Judea for the Persian government

סָֽפְרָ ֔א
סָֽפְרָ
Root word scribe
֔א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: סָפֵר · saw-PARE

Noun — Common, masculine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: the scribe
the scribe ×5 a scribe ×1
More options
scribe — Standard modern equivalent; widely understood in biblical contexts.
secretary — Emphasizes administrative, official role in government settings.
scholar — Highlights learned, literate aspect; suits priestly or wisdom contexts.
clerk — Stresses record-keeping duties; fits bureaucratic or court settings.

BDB9740 H5613 H5608

BDB9739 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9741

[סָפֵר] noun masculine secretary, scribe (ᵑ7 Syriac; Biblical Hebrew סֹפֵר); — emphatic סָֽפְרָא the secretary, Persian official, Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:23 construct סָפַר the scribe Ezra 7:12; Ezra 7:21, of Ezra as learned in God's law.

scribe
sāpēr
a scribe (secular or sacred)
  • scribe, secretary

וּ שְׁאָר֙
וּ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
שְׁאָר֙
Root word rest, residue, more
Dictionary form: שְׁאָר · sheh-AWR

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: and to the rest
and the rest ×4 the residue ×2 and to the rest ×1 and unto the rest ×1 and whatsoever more ×1 as concerning the rest ×1 the rest ×1 with the rest ×1
More options
remainder — Neutral, widely understood; good default choice.
rest — Modern equivalent of KJV 'the rest'; concise and natural.
remnant — Slightly formal; suits theological or solemn contexts.
residue — Technical register; use when precision about leftovers matters.
remaining portion — Clarifies a physical or material share explicitly.
whatever else — Fits additive, list-closing contexts naturally.

BDB9924 H7605 H7606

BDB9923 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9925

שְׁאָר noun masculineEzra 7:20 rest, remainder (see Biblical Hebrew I. שׁאר; Egyptian Aramaic noun שאר Cooke203, verb ישתאר be left (outstanding) Cooke404 = S-CL 9, Christian-Palestinian Aramaic ); — ׳שׁ absolute Ezra 4:10 +, construct vEzra 4:9 +; emphatic שְׁאָרָא Dan 7:7; Dan 7:19 — of a thing, remainder Ezra 7:18; Ezra 7:20 of cities Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:17 of persons vEzra 4:9 vEzra 4:10 vEzra 4:17 6:16>; Dan 2:18, of beasts Dan 7:7; Dan 7:12; Dan 7:19.

rest, residue, more
šĕʾār
a remainder
  • rest, remainder

כְּנָוָ֣תְ ה֔וֹן
כְּנָוָ֣תְ
Root word companions
ה֔וֹן
Suffix — pronoun his / him / it
Dictionary form: כְּנָת · keh-NAWT

Noun — Common, masculine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: of their companions
and their companions ×3 of their companions ×2 and his companions ×1 and your companions ×1
More options
colleague — Neutral, professional register; suits official or formal contexts.
associate — Broad applicability; implies shared role or affiliation.
companion — Modernized KJV gloss; retains relational warmth.
ally — Emphasizes solidarity or common cause between parties.
peer — Highlights equality of status among the group.
fellow — Informal; good for rendering group membership naturally.

BDB9616 H3675

BDB9615 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9617

[כְּנָת] noun masculine associate (Old Aramaic id, Lzb298 SAC65; S-CB 6; Syriac ; Christian-Palestinian Aramaic [, ] SchwIdioticon 46 SchulthLex. 93; √ apparently כנח K§ 56, a) β 2 M§ 74 c; Buhl makes loan-word from Assyrian kinâtu, 'Genosse,' but see DlWB 338 ZimM.p. 66 *); — associate, plural suffix כְּבָוָתֵהּ Ezra 5:6, תְהוֺן- Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 6:6; Ezra 6:13.

companions
kĕnāt
a colleague (as having the same title)
  • companion, associate

דִּ֥י
דִּ֥י
Particle who, which, that
Dictionary form: דִּי · dee

Particle — Relative

In the KJV here: that
that ×88 of ×60 which ×52 whom ×9 whose ×7 for ×6 and whereas ×4 and whom ×3
More options
that — Most versatile; use as general relative or complementizer.
which — Prefer for non-personal antecedents.
who — Use when antecedent is a person.
whose — Marks genitive/possessive relationship with antecedent.
of — Use for construct-like genitive links between nouns.
because — Use when דִּי introduces a causal clause.

BDB9440 H1768 H2088 H834

BDB9439 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9441

דִּי particle of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of genitive and conjunction that, because (Aramaic of Nineveh, Babylonian, Zinjirli, Nerab, Cilicia, Têma, Egypt, ןי (Lzb267. 446 RES361 S-CPap. A 2 +); Nabataean, Palmyrene די; ᵑ7 דְּ (except in compounds, as דִּילִי mine, דִּילֵיהּ his); Samaritan ; Syriac ; Ethiopic za: of same origin as Arabic possessor of [compare below Biblical Hebrew זֶה]. Properly a demonstrative that [compare זֶה; in Ethiopic ze is 'this', za 'which']; but this being referred by usage to something preceding becomes equivalent to the relative who, which, used, however, more widely than Hebrew אֲשֶׁר); —

1. as rel. who, which (construed like אֲשֶׁר): a. Jer 10:11; Dan 2:11 דִּי מְדָֽרְהוֺן whose dwelling, vDan 2:24 דִּי מַנִּי מַלְבָּא whom the king had appointed, vDan 2:26 ׳דִּי שְׁמֵהּ בּ whose name was B., Dan 4:5; Dan 5:12; Dan 5:23, etc.; = that which Dan 2:23 = him that Ezra 7:25; Ezra 6:15; Dan 7:17 דִּת אִנוּן אַרְבַּע which are four (see אִנּוּן). Following pronoun of 2 person (compare אֲשֶׁר 3), Dan 2:37 thou, O king ..., דִּי ֗֗֗ יְהַב לָח to whom... hath given, Dan 4:19; Dan 4:6 as to whom I know, etc. (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d end). Sq. תַּמָּה = where Ezra 6:1, so דִּי alone Ezra 6:3; Dan 2:38 of time, בְּעִדָּנָא דִּי at the time when, etc., Dan 3:5; Dan 3:15. With the predicate an infinitive with לְ, Dan 6:9 כְּתָבָא דִּי לָא לְהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be changed, Ezra 6:8 a place- or other determination, Dan 3:20 valiant men בְחֵילֵהּ that were in his army, Dan 5:2 הֵיכְלָא דִּי בִירוּשְׁלֵב, Dan 7:20; Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:2; Ezra 6:6 compare Dan 2:25; Dan 5:13; Dan 7:7; Ezra 7:23. דִּי לָא = without, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 7:22 (so דְּלָא ᵑ7 Gen 15:2; Exod 21:11); compare Dan 2:34; Dan 2:45.
  b. מָן דִּי, מָה דִּי (compare in late Hebrew ׳מַהשֶּֿׁ, מַה 1 e b) whoever, whatever, so Dan 3:6; Dan 3:11 יִפֵּל ָ(מןדִּֿילָֿא whoever does not fall down, Dan 4:14 לְמָן דִּי יִצְבֵּא to whomsoever he willeth, v.Dan 4:22 v.Dan 4:29; Dan 5:21 מָה דִי whatever (or simply what), Dan 2:28 מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא what will be, vDan 2:29 vDan 2:29 vDan 2:45; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 7:18. — compare K§ 103.
2. as mark of the genitive, Dan 2:15 שׁליטא די מלכא properly the captain, that of the king = the king's captain (a genuine Aramaic idiom: so ᵑ7 דְּ, Syriac constantly), vDan 2:19 vDan 2:25 vDan 2:49 + often: the substantive in such cases may be either in the emphatic state (determined), as ll. cc. Ezra 4:15; Ezra 5:2, etc., or in the absolute state (undetermined), Dan 5:5; Dan 7:4; Dan 7:9; Dan 7:10 נְהַר דִּי נוּר; or it may have a pleonastic suffix, Dan 2:20 שְׁמֵהּ דִּי אֱלָהָא literally his name, that of God = God's name, vDan 2:44; Dan 3:8; Dan 3:25; Dan 3:26; Dan 4:23, etc. (so also ᵑ7 Syriac). To circumscribe an adjective, especially in specification of the material: Dan 2:38 thou art רֵאשָׁה דִּי דַהֲבָא the head of gold, vDan 2:39; Dan 3:1; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:4 +; as predicate Dan 2:32 רֵאשֵׁהּ דִּידְֿהַב טָב his head (was) of fine gold, vDan 2:33; Dan 7:19 with a pronoun Dan 2:20 wisdom and might דִּילֵֿהּ הִיא are his; compare Dan 6:27 וּמַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּילָֿא תִתְחַבַּל his kingdom (is one) which shall not be destroyed, Dan 7:14. — See further K§ 81.
3. as conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר 8):
  a. that (quod), after verbs of knowing, Dan 2:8; Dan 2:9, seeing Dan 2:45; Dan 3:27, hearing Dan 5:14, etc.; introducing the subject of a sentence, יְדִיעַ ֗֗֗ דִּי ֗֗֗ Dan 3:18; Ezra 4:13; Dan 2:47 מִןקְֿשֹׁט דִּי ֗֗֗ True is it that . . . (compare אָמְנָם כִּי Job 12:2).
  b. = in that, inasmuch as, whereas: Dan 2:41 and whereas (דִּי) thou sawest, etc. . . . it shall be adivided kingdom, vDan 2:43; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:23 as a connecting link$ = seeing that, because, for (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Dan 2:9; Dan 2:20b; Dan 2:23b; Dan 2:47b; Dan 4:15; Dan 6:24b.
  c. that (ut), after verbs of asking Dan 2:16, commanding Dan 3:10; Dan 3:29, expressing a purpose Dan 4:3; Dan 5:15; Ezra 4:15; Ezra 6:10 +; דִּי לָא that not (ne) Dan 2:18; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:18 (on דִּי לְמָה lest Ezra 7:23, see מה).
  d. prefixed to direct narr. (like כִּי 1 b, and sometimes אֲשֶׁר 8 a γ, and ὅτι recitativum), Dan 2:25 and said thus unto him דִּיהַֿשְׁכַּחַת (that) I have found, etc., Dan 5:7; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:14.
4. with prepositions and other prefixes:
  a. כְּ דִי (like Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; so Egyptian Aramaic כזי, Palmyrene, Nabataean כדי, Lzb293 SACG1 62, 63 Cooke369 b RES:361; ᵑ7 כַּד, Syriac ); a according as, Dan 2:43 b. so soon as, when, Dan 3:7; Dan 5:20; Dan 6:11; Dan 6:15.
  b. מִןדִּֿי: a. because that, Dan 3:22; Ezra 5:12 (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Isa 43:4); b. from (the time) that, after (ex quo), Dan 4:23; Ezra 4:23.
  c. עַד דִּי until, Dan 2:9; Dan 2:34; Dan 4:30; Dan 7:22 = ere that Dan 6:25.
  d. עַל דִּי Dan 3:19 is not a conjunction, but means above that which ...
  e. for עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי and כָּלקֳֿבֵל דִּי see [ דִּבְרָה] and קֳבֵל.

BDB9603 H1768 H1836 H2298

BDB9602 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9604

כ

כְּ particle like, as, about (Biblical Hebrew כְּ, q. v.); — like, as Dan 2:40 תַּקִּיפָא כְּפַרְוְלָא, Dan 4:5; Dan 4:32; Dan 5:1 +; according to Dan 4:32 וּכְּ מִצְבְּיֵהּ עָכֵד and according to his will he doeth, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 6:18 +; about (as Biblical Hebrew 1 a: compare Zinjirli Lzb444 [ן] כשלשן מלכ), Dan 4:16 כְּשָׁעָה חֲדָה, Dan 6:1 with infinitive (Biblical Hebrew 3 b), Dan 6:21 וּכְ מִקְרְנֵהּ לִגֻבָּא and as he drew near, etc. Cpds.: — כְּ דִי and כִּדְנָה, see דִּי and דָּאנה; כַּחֲדָה; together, see חַד (sub אחד).

that, of, which, whom, whose, …
dî
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
  • (rel part) who, which, that
    • "(mark of genitive) that of, which belongs to, that"(conj) that, because

יָֽתְבִ֖ין
יָֽתְבִ֖ין
Root word set, sit, dwell
Dictionary form: יְתִב · yeh-TIB

Verb — Peal, Participle Active, masculine plural, absolute state simple action (Aramaic) — like Hebrew Qal ongoing action — try "___ing" or "one who ___s"

In the KJV here: dwell
and set ×1 did sit ×1 dwell ×1 shall sit ×1 was set ×1
More options
sit — General posture; best default for most contexts.
dwell — Prefer when indicating residence or prolonged stay.
be seated — Formal register; suits royal or ceremonial scenes.
settle — Implies establishing oneself in a place over time.
reside — Neutral, modern alternative to 'dwell' for habitation.
be placed — Passive sense; use when something is deliberately set down.

BDB9601 H3488 H3427

BDB9600 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9602

יְתִב (K§ 25 a) β)) verb sit, dwell (ᵑ7 Syriac; see Biblical Hebrew ישׁב); —

Pe`al 1. sit, be seated: Perfect 3 masculine singular יְתִב Dan 7:9 and (of judgment = the judge) vDan 7:10, so Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִתִּ֑ב (K§ 43.1.Beisp. b), compare Biblical Hebrew יֵשֵׁב) Dan 7:26.
2. dwell, Participle plural absolute יָתְבִין Ezra 4:17 (ב location). Haph`el cause to dwell: Perfect 3 masculine singular הוֺתֵב Ezra 4:10 (accusative + ב location).

set, sit, dwell
yĕtib
to sit or dwell
  • to sit, dwell
    • (P'al) to sit, be seated
      • "(Aphel) to cause to dwell

בְּ שָֽׁמְרָ֑יִן
בְּ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
שָֽׁמְרָ֑יִן
Root word a name — transliterate it ("In samaria")
Dictionary form: שׇׁמְרַיִן · shome-ra-YIN

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: in samaria
in samaria ×1 samaria ×1
More options
Samaria — Standard proper noun; use in most contexts.
the city of Samaria — Clarifies it is a city, not a region.
the capital of Samaria — Highlights its role as a political center.

BDB9968 H8111 H8115

BDB9967 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9969

שָֽׁמְרָ֑יִן proper name, of a location (Biblical Hebrew שֹׁמְרוֺן, I. שָׁמַר); — Ezra 4:7; Ezra 4:10.

samaria
šomrayin
watch mountain
Shomrain, a place in Palestine
  • the region of northern Palestine associated with the northern kingdom of the 10 tribes of Israel which split from the kingdom after the death of Solomon during the reign of his son Rehoboam and were ruled by Jeroboam
    • "the capital city of the northern kingdom of Israel located 30 miles (50 km) north of Jerusalem and 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Shechem

וּ שְׁאָ֧ר
וּ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
שְׁאָ֧ר
Root word rest, residue, more
Dictionary form: שְׁאָר · sheh-AWR

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: and unto the rest
and the rest ×4 the residue ×2 and to the rest ×1 and unto the rest ×1 and whatsoever more ×1 as concerning the rest ×1 the rest ×1 with the rest ×1
More options
remainder — Neutral, widely understood; good default choice.
rest — Modern equivalent of KJV 'the rest'; concise and natural.
remnant — Slightly formal; suits theological or solemn contexts.
residue — Technical register; use when precision about leftovers matters.
remaining portion — Clarifies a physical or material share explicitly.
whatever else — Fits additive, list-closing contexts naturally.

BDB9924 H7605 H7606

BDB9923 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9925

שְׁאָר noun masculineEzra 7:20 rest, remainder (see Biblical Hebrew I. שׁאר; Egyptian Aramaic noun שאר Cooke203, verb ישתאר be left (outstanding) Cooke404 = S-CL 9, Christian-Palestinian Aramaic ); — ׳שׁ absolute Ezra 4:10 +, construct vEzra 4:9 +; emphatic שְׁאָרָא Dan 7:7; Dan 7:19 — of a thing, remainder Ezra 7:18; Ezra 7:20 of cities Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:17 of persons vEzra 4:9 vEzra 4:10 vEzra 4:17 6:16>; Dan 2:18, of beasts Dan 7:7; Dan 7:12; Dan 7:19.

rest, residue, more
šĕʾār
a remainder
  • rest, remainder

עֲבַֽר
עֲבַֽר
Root word a name — transliterate it ("Beyond")
Dictionary form: עֲבַר · uh-BAHR

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: beyond
on this side ×5 are beyond ×3 beyond ×3 countries beyond ×1 that are on this side ×1 were on this side ×1
More options
the other side — Most natural modern phrase for spatial opposition.
across — Concise; works well with rivers or boundaries.
region beyond — Good for geographic or territorial contexts.
far side — Emphasizes distance; useful in narrative description.
opposite bank — Precise when referencing a river or body of water.

BDB9750 H5675 H5676

BDB9749 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9751

עֲבַר noun masculine region across, beyond (see Biblical Hebrew I. עֵ֫בֶר √עָבַר); — construct in phrase עֲבַר(ֿ)נַהֲרָה, i.e. Syria (Scheft87): Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:20; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:6 (twice in verse); Ezra 6:6 (twice in verse); Ezra 6:8; Ezra 6:13; Ezra 7:21; Ezra 7:25, נהרא ׳ע Ezra 4:16. compare in Cilician Aramaic, Cooke346.

עַד see עדה. below

beyond, side
ʿăbar
properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)
  • region beyond or across

נַהֲרָ ֛ה
נַהֲרָ
Root word a name — transliterate it ("The river")
֛ה
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: נְהַר · neh-HAHR

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: the river
the river ×14 stream ×1
More options
river — Most natural, broadly applicable term for a large waterway.
stream — Suitable for smaller or less imposing waterways.
waterway — Neutral, context-flexible; good for geographic or formal writing.
canal — Appropriate when context implies a man-made or channeled flow.

BDB9696 H5102 H5103

BDB9695 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9697

נְהַר14 noun masculineDan 7:10 river (see Biblical Hebrew I. נהר); — absolute ׳נ Dan 7:10 emphatic נַהֲרָה Ezra 4:10 +, אָ֯, Ezra 4:16 — river, usually of Euphrase, in phrase ׳עֲבַר נ Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:16 + 10 t. Ezra; דִּינֿוּר ׳נ Dan 7:10 a river of fire, in vision.

river, stream
nĕhar
a river, especially the Euphrates
  • river

שְׁלָ֖ם
שְׁלָ֖ם
Root word peace
Dictionary form: שְׁלָם · sheh-LAWM

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: peace
peace ×4
More options
peace — Modernized KJV form; broadest, most natural equivalent.
well-being — Emphasizes wholeness and flourishing of a person.
welfare — Good for inquiring about someone's condition or state.
harmony — Highlights relational or communal dimension of šālôm.
prosperity — Use when material or social thriving is in focus.

BDB9962 H8001

BDB9961 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9963

שְׁלָם noun masculineDan 3:31 welfare, prosperity; — in greetings: absolute Ezra 4:17 prosperity! emphatic שְׁלָמָא Ezra 5:7 suffix שְׁלָֽמְכוֺן יַשְׂגִּיא Dan 3:31; Dan 6:26.

peace
šĕlām
prosperity
  • welfare, prosperity, peace, well-being

וּ כְעֶֽת
וּ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
כְעֶֽת
Adverb time
Dictionary form: כְּעֶנֶת · keh-eh-NET

Adverb

In the KJV here: and at such a time
and at such a time ×3 peace and at such a time ×1
More options
at this time — Neutral, broadly useful for pointing to a present moment.
at that time — Use when referring to a past or narrative moment.
at such a time — Modernized KJV; retains slight formal or solemn tone.
right now — Colloquial; good for immediate, urgent contexts.
at the present moment — Formal register; suits official or diplomatic speech.

BDB9782 H3706 H3705

BDB9781 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9783

כְּעֶ֫נֶת and (Ezra 4:17) contracted כְּעֶת adverb now (feminine of כְּעַן; so first SS TorreyJBL 16 (1897), 166 ff.; now confirmed by Egyptian Aramaic כענת CowleyPSBA xxv. 264, 311, 312 ( = RES492-4 = S-CM, N, O); ׳וכ formerly taken to mean and so forth); — always ׳וּכ, and always in a letter, introducing the business of the letter, and to be connected with what follows, not, as ᵑ0, with what precedes: Ezra 4:10 (strike out, as introduced by error from end of vEzra 4:11), vEzra 4:11 (joining to vEzra 4:12) and now, let it be known, etc., vEzra 4:17f. and now, the letter which, etc., Ezra 7:12f. and now, I make a decree, etc. (compare וְעַתָּה similarly in letters 2Kgs 5:6; 2Kgs 10:2, and καὶ νῦν 2 Macc 1:6).

time
kĕʿenet
thus (only in the formula 'and so forth')
  • now, and now

The cantillation accents are the Masoretes' punctuation: each group below ends at a pausing accent. Translate a group as one unit.
פִּתְגָמָ֞א שְׁלַ֣ח מַלְכָּ֗א Revia — a lesser break עַל רְח֤וּם בְּעֵל טְעֵם֙ Pashta — a lesser break וְשִׁמְשַׁ֣י סָֽפְרָ֔א Zaqef Qatan — a strong break וּשְׁאָר֙ Pashta — a lesser break כְּנָוָ֣תְה֔וֹן Zaqef Qatan — a strong break דִּ֥י יָֽתְבִ֖ין Tipeha — a lesser break בְּשָֽׁמְרָ֑יִן Etnahta — the verse's main pause — take a breath here וּשְׁאָ֧ר עֲבַֽר נַהֲרָ֛ה Tevir — a lesser break שְׁלָ֖ם Tipeha — a lesser break וּכְעֶֽת Silluq — end of the verse

פִּתְגָמָא שְׁלַח מַלְכָּא עַל-רְחוּם בְּעֵל-טְעֵם וְשִׁמְשַׁי סָֽפְרָא וּשְׁאָר כְּנָוָתְהוֹן דִּי יָֽתְבִין בְּשָֽׁמְרָיִן וּשְׁאָר עֲבַֽר-נַהֲרָה שְׁלָם וּכְעֶֽת׃
17
Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions that dwell in Samaria, and unto the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a time.
Cross References

Luke 10:5

εἰς ἣν δ' ἂν οἰκίαν εἰσέρχησθε πρῶτον λέγετε Εἰρήνη τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ
5
And into whatsoever house ye enter, first say, Peace be to this house.

Ezra 7:12

אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא מֶלֶךְ מַלְכַיָּא לְעֶזְרָא כָֽהֲנָא סָפַר דָּתָא דִּֽי-אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיָּא גְּמִיר וּכְעֶֽנֶת׃
12
Artaxerxes, king of kings, unto Ezra the priest, a scribe of the law of the God of heaven, perfect peace, and at such a time.

Ezra 5:7

פִּתְגָמָא שְׁלַחוּ עֲלוֹהִי וְכִדְנָה כְּתִיב בְּגַוֵּהּ לְדָֽרְיָוֶשׁ מַלְכָּא שְׁלָמָא כֹֽלָּא׃
7
They sent a letter unto him, wherein was written thus; Unto Darius the king, all peace.

Romans 1:7

πᾶσιν τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Ῥώμῃ ἀγαπητοῖς θεοῦ κλητοῖς ἁγίοις χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
7
To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Acts 23:26

Κλαύδιος Λυσίας τῷ κρατίστῳ ἡγεμόνι Φήλικι χαίρειν
26
Claudius Lysias unto the most excellent governor Felix sendeth greeting.

Ezra 4:9

אֱדַיִן רְחוּם בְּעֵל-טְעֵם וְשִׁמְשַׁי סָֽפְרָא וּשְׁאָר כְּנָוָֽתְהוֹן דִּֽינָיֵא וַֽאֲפַרְסַתְכָיֵא טַרְפְּלָיֵא אֲפָֽרְסָיֵא ‫(ארכוי)‬ אַרְכְּוָיֵא בָֽבְלָיֵא שֽׁוּשַׁנְכָיֵא ‫(דהוא)‬ דֶּהָיֵא עֵֽלְמָיֵֽא׃
9
Then wrote Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions; the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the Dehavites, and the Elamites,

Ezra 4:7

וּבִימֵי אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא כָּתַב בִּשְׁלָם מִתְרְדָת טָֽבְאֵל וּשְׁאָר ‫(כנותו)‬ כְּנָוֺתָיו עַל-‫(ארתחששתא)‬ אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּ מֶלֶךְ פָּרָס וּכְתָב הַֽנִּשְׁתְּוָן כָּתוּב אֲרָמִית וּמְתֻרְגָּם אֲרָמִֽית׃
7
And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue.
Ezra 4:16
Read Ezra 4
Ezra 4:18