Ezra 5:6

פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִ֠גַּרְתָּא דִּֽי שְׁלַ֞ח תַּתְּנַ֣י פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר נַהֲרָ֗ה וּשְׁתַ֤ר בּֽוֹזְנַי֙ וּכְנָ֣וָתֵ֔הּ אֲפַ֨רְסְכָיֵ֔א דִּ֖י בַּֽעֲבַ֣ר נַֽהֲרָ֑ה עַל דָּֽרְיָ֖וֶשׁ מַלְכָּֽא
The copy of the letter that Tatnai, governor on this side the river, and Shethar-boznai, and his companions the Apharsachites, which were on this side the river, sent unto Darius the king:
Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן
פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן
Root word copy
Dictionary form: פַּרְשֶׁגֶן · pahr-sheh-ɡEN

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: the copy
the copy ×2 is the copy ×1
More options
copy — Most natural, widely understood rendering for documents.
transcript — Emphasizes an official, word-for-word reproduction.
duplicate — Stresses that the document is an exact replica.
written record — Useful when the document's permanence is in focus.

BDB9825 H6573

BDB9824 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9826

פַּרְשֶׁ֫גֶן noun masculineEzra 4:23 copy (ᵑ7 שַׁנְנָא-, Syriac ; Aramaic loan-word in Biblical Hebrew, where also פַּתְשֶׁנֶן id.; loan-word from Persian (Thes1133; Add.108), compare Armenian pat³ên, copy, GildemeisterZKM iv. 210 LagGes. Abh. 79, Armen. Stud. § 1838 MeyEnst. J. 22 HoffmZA ii. 52, Old Iranian * paticayan, id., according to AndrM 79*; not clear whether ׳פַּר is textual error for ׳פּת (Hoffm 1.c.), or from different original (Andrl.c. para™ayan? paricayan?), or from same √ in different stage (so apparently Scheft52, citing, for both, Old Baktrian fra-s®nhana, announcement, Old Iranian pra´amsana, pra´¹sana, command, Arabic frasasti, command, patisênhana, answer, Old Persian *patithanhana, announcement, answer)); — construct ׳פ Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:6.

copy
paršegen
a transcript
  • copy

אִ֠גַּרְתָּ א
אִ֠גַּרְתָּ
Root word letter
א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: אִגְּרָא · ig-geh-RAW

Noun — Common, feminine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: of the letter
of the letter ×2 letter ×1
More options
letter — Most natural modern term for written correspondence.
written message — Clarifies the written, communicated nature of the document.
dispatch — Formal register; suits official royal or governmental correspondence.
missive — Slightly literary; good for elevated or formal narrative contexts.
document — Broader term; use when content is more decree-like than personal.

BDB9269 H104 H107

BDB9268 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9270

אִגְּרָה (K§ 50, 3) noun feminine letter-missive (late Biblical Hebrew אִנָּ֫רֶת, Old Aramaic אנרת, Palmyrene אגרתא Lzb207); — absolute ׳א Ezra 4:8 (van d. H. רָא-); emphatic אִגַּרְתָּא Ezra 4:11; Ezra 5:6.

letter
ʾiggĕrāʾ
an epistle (as carried by a state courier or postman)
  • letter, missive (Aramaic loan-word used in last Old Testament books)

דִּֽי
דִּֽי
Particle who, which, that
Dictionary form: דִּי · dee

Particle — Relative

In the KJV here: that
that ×88 of ×60 which ×52 whom ×9 whose ×7 for ×6 and whereas ×4 and whom ×3
More options
that — Most versatile; use as general relative or complementizer.
which — Prefer for non-personal antecedents.
who — Use when antecedent is a person.
whose — Marks genitive/possessive relationship with antecedent.
of — Use for construct-like genitive links between nouns.
because — Use when דִּי introduces a causal clause.

BDB9440 H1768 H2088 H834

BDB9439 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9441

דִּי particle of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of genitive and conjunction that, because (Aramaic of Nineveh, Babylonian, Zinjirli, Nerab, Cilicia, Têma, Egypt, ןי (Lzb267. 446 RES361 S-CPap. A 2 +); Nabataean, Palmyrene די; ᵑ7 דְּ (except in compounds, as דִּילִי mine, דִּילֵיהּ his); Samaritan ; Syriac ; Ethiopic za: of same origin as Arabic possessor of [compare below Biblical Hebrew זֶה]. Properly a demonstrative that [compare זֶה; in Ethiopic ze is 'this', za 'which']; but this being referred by usage to something preceding becomes equivalent to the relative who, which, used, however, more widely than Hebrew אֲשֶׁר); —

1. as rel. who, which (construed like אֲשֶׁר): a. Jer 10:11; Dan 2:11 דִּי מְדָֽרְהוֺן whose dwelling, vDan 2:24 דִּי מַנִּי מַלְבָּא whom the king had appointed, vDan 2:26 ׳דִּי שְׁמֵהּ בּ whose name was B., Dan 4:5; Dan 5:12; Dan 5:23, etc.; = that which Dan 2:23 = him that Ezra 7:25; Ezra 6:15; Dan 7:17 דִּת אִנוּן אַרְבַּע which are four (see אִנּוּן). Following pronoun of 2 person (compare אֲשֶׁר 3), Dan 2:37 thou, O king ..., דִּי ֗֗֗ יְהַב לָח to whom... hath given, Dan 4:19; Dan 4:6 as to whom I know, etc. (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d end). Sq. תַּמָּה = where Ezra 6:1, so דִּי alone Ezra 6:3; Dan 2:38 of time, בְּעִדָּנָא דִּי at the time when, etc., Dan 3:5; Dan 3:15. With the predicate an infinitive with לְ, Dan 6:9 כְּתָבָא דִּי לָא לְהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be changed, Ezra 6:8 a place- or other determination, Dan 3:20 valiant men בְחֵילֵהּ that were in his army, Dan 5:2 הֵיכְלָא דִּי בִירוּשְׁלֵב, Dan 7:20; Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:2; Ezra 6:6 compare Dan 2:25; Dan 5:13; Dan 7:7; Ezra 7:23. דִּי לָא = without, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 7:22 (so דְּלָא ᵑ7 Gen 15:2; Exod 21:11); compare Dan 2:34; Dan 2:45.
  b. מָן דִּי, מָה דִּי (compare in late Hebrew ׳מַהשֶּֿׁ, מַה 1 e b) whoever, whatever, so Dan 3:6; Dan 3:11 יִפֵּל ָ(מןדִּֿילָֿא whoever does not fall down, Dan 4:14 לְמָן דִּי יִצְבֵּא to whomsoever he willeth, v.Dan 4:22 v.Dan 4:29; Dan 5:21 מָה דִי whatever (or simply what), Dan 2:28 מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא what will be, vDan 2:29 vDan 2:29 vDan 2:45; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 7:18. — compare K§ 103.
2. as mark of the genitive, Dan 2:15 שׁליטא די מלכא properly the captain, that of the king = the king's captain (a genuine Aramaic idiom: so ᵑ7 דְּ, Syriac constantly), vDan 2:19 vDan 2:25 vDan 2:49 + often: the substantive in such cases may be either in the emphatic state (determined), as ll. cc. Ezra 4:15; Ezra 5:2, etc., or in the absolute state (undetermined), Dan 5:5; Dan 7:4; Dan 7:9; Dan 7:10 נְהַר דִּי נוּר; or it may have a pleonastic suffix, Dan 2:20 שְׁמֵהּ דִּי אֱלָהָא literally his name, that of God = God's name, vDan 2:44; Dan 3:8; Dan 3:25; Dan 3:26; Dan 4:23, etc. (so also ᵑ7 Syriac). To circumscribe an adjective, especially in specification of the material: Dan 2:38 thou art רֵאשָׁה דִּי דַהֲבָא the head of gold, vDan 2:39; Dan 3:1; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:4 +; as predicate Dan 2:32 רֵאשֵׁהּ דִּידְֿהַב טָב his head (was) of fine gold, vDan 2:33; Dan 7:19 with a pronoun Dan 2:20 wisdom and might דִּילֵֿהּ הִיא are his; compare Dan 6:27 וּמַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּילָֿא תִתְחַבַּל his kingdom (is one) which shall not be destroyed, Dan 7:14. — See further K§ 81.
3. as conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר 8):
  a. that (quod), after verbs of knowing, Dan 2:8; Dan 2:9, seeing Dan 2:45; Dan 3:27, hearing Dan 5:14, etc.; introducing the subject of a sentence, יְדִיעַ ֗֗֗ דִּי ֗֗֗ Dan 3:18; Ezra 4:13; Dan 2:47 מִןקְֿשֹׁט דִּי ֗֗֗ True is it that . . . (compare אָמְנָם כִּי Job 12:2).
  b. = in that, inasmuch as, whereas: Dan 2:41 and whereas (דִּי) thou sawest, etc. . . . it shall be adivided kingdom, vDan 2:43; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:23 as a connecting link$ = seeing that, because, for (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Dan 2:9; Dan 2:20b; Dan 2:23b; Dan 2:47b; Dan 4:15; Dan 6:24b.
  c. that (ut), after verbs of asking Dan 2:16, commanding Dan 3:10; Dan 3:29, expressing a purpose Dan 4:3; Dan 5:15; Ezra 4:15; Ezra 6:10 +; דִּי לָא that not (ne) Dan 2:18; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:18 (on דִּי לְמָה lest Ezra 7:23, see מה).
  d. prefixed to direct narr. (like כִּי 1 b, and sometimes אֲשֶׁר 8 a γ, and ὅτι recitativum), Dan 2:25 and said thus unto him דִּיהַֿשְׁכַּחַת (that) I have found, etc., Dan 5:7; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:14.
4. with prepositions and other prefixes:
  a. כְּ דִי (like Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; so Egyptian Aramaic כזי, Palmyrene, Nabataean כדי, Lzb293 SACG1 62, 63 Cooke369 b RES:361; ᵑ7 כַּד, Syriac ); a according as, Dan 2:43 b. so soon as, when, Dan 3:7; Dan 5:20; Dan 6:11; Dan 6:15.
  b. מִןדִּֿי: a. because that, Dan 3:22; Ezra 5:12 (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Isa 43:4); b. from (the time) that, after (ex quo), Dan 4:23; Ezra 4:23.
  c. עַד דִּי until, Dan 2:9; Dan 2:34; Dan 4:30; Dan 7:22 = ere that Dan 6:25.
  d. עַל דִּי Dan 3:19 is not a conjunction, but means above that which ...
  e. for עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי and כָּלקֳֿבֵל דִּי see [ דִּבְרָה] and קֳבֵל.

BDB9603 H1768 H1836 H2298

BDB9602 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9604

כ

כְּ particle like, as, about (Biblical Hebrew כְּ, q. v.); — like, as Dan 2:40 תַּקִּיפָא כְּפַרְוְלָא, Dan 4:5; Dan 4:32; Dan 5:1 +; according to Dan 4:32 וּכְּ מִצְבְּיֵהּ עָכֵד and according to his will he doeth, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 6:18 +; about (as Biblical Hebrew 1 a: compare Zinjirli Lzb444 [ן] כשלשן מלכ), Dan 4:16 כְּשָׁעָה חֲדָה, Dan 6:1 with infinitive (Biblical Hebrew 3 b), Dan 6:21 וּכְ מִקְרְנֵהּ לִגֻבָּא and as he drew near, etc. Cpds.: — כְּ דִי and כִּדְנָה, see דִּי and דָּאנה; כַּחֲדָה; together, see חַד (sub אחד).

that, of, which, whom, whose, …
dî
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
  • (rel part) who, which, that
    • "(mark of genitive) that of, which belongs to, that"(conj) that, because

שְׁלַ֞ח
שְׁלַ֞ח
Root word sent, put, send
Dictionary form: שְׁלַח · sheh-LA

Verb — Peal, Perfect (Qatal), third person masculine singular simple action (Aramaic) — like Hebrew Qal completed action — try "he ___ed" or "he has ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: sent
sent ×3 hath sent ×2 they sent ×2 had sent ×1 have we sent ×1 send ×1 shall put ×1 then sent ×1
More options
send — Broadest, most neutral modern equivalent; fits most contexts.
dispatch — Formal register; good for official or royal commissioning.
commission — Emphasizes authoritative appointment or mandate to act.
transmit — Prefer when conveying a message or document, not a person.
deploy — Suited to military or strategic sending of personnel.
place — Captures the 'put' nuance when positioning an object or hand.

BDB9957 H7971 H7972

BDB9956 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9958

שְׁלַח verb send (Biblical Hebrew I. שָׁלַח); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳שׁ Ezra 4:17 +; 3 masculine plural שְׁלַ֫חוּ Ezra 4:11 +; 2 masculine plural שְׁלַחְתּוּן Ezra 4:18 1 plural שְׁלַחְנָא Ezra 4:14 Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִשְׁלח Ezra 5:17; Ezra 6:12 Passive participle שְׁלִיחַ Ezra 7:14; Dan 5:24 — send, accusative of letter, etc., with עַל person Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 5:7; Ezra 5:17 absolute Ezra 6:13, followed by finite verb Ezra 4:14, + accusative of person Dan 3:28; Dan 6:23 followed by Infinitive Dan 3:2 send out hand (accusative) to harm (Infinitive); passive, be sent, with מִןקֳֿדָם person: subject person Ezra 7:14 subject כַּפָּא Dan 5:24.

sent, put, send
šĕlaḥ
to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)
  • to send
    • (P'al)
      • to send, send out
        • "to be sent

תַּתְּנַ֣י
תַּתְּנַ֣י
Root word a name — transliterate it ("Tatnai")
Dictionary form: תַּתְּנַי · taht-teh-NAI

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: tatnai
tatnai ×2 them tatnai ×1 therefore tatnai ×1
More options
Tattenai — Standard modern scholarly and Bible-translation spelling.
Tatnai — Closer to Hebrew; used in some modern versions.
Tattanai — Reflects fuller transliteration of the doubled consonant.

BDB10022 H8674

BDB10021 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB0

תַּתְּנַי proper name, masculine Persian prefect in Syria; — Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:6; Ezra 6:13 Θανθανας, A Θαθθαναι; ᵐ5L Τανθαναιος, Σισιννης; also 3 Esdr 6:3; 7:26 JosAnt. «JOSEPHUS:Antiquities 11»xi. 12,89, etc. (LagPsalt. Hieron.162 n.; AS§135 n.; MeyEntst. J. 32 assumes Old Persian * Thithnaya, or *Thathnaia); but Uštanni, Uštanu, was prefect in Syria under Darius, according to contract tablets. See StrassmDarius 27, 82; names probably identical; MeissnZAW xvii (1897), 191 f. reads therefore ושׁתני (וַשְׁתָּנִי Hpt), compare Buhl GuEzr-Neh.63; Scheft94, however, thinks תתני = תסני Old Persian th¹sna, Avestan s¹sna (teaching), and this transposed in New Babylonian Uštanu

tatnai
tattĕnay
gift
Tattenai, a Persian
  • a Persian governor in Syria who opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem

פַּחַ֣ת
פַּחַ֣ת
Root word governor, captains
Dictionary form: פֶּחָה · peh-HAW

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: governor
governor ×5 and captains ×2 and the captains ×2 let the governor ×1
More options
governor — Modernized KJV standard; suits most prose contexts.
provincial governor — Clarifies the administrative, regional scope of the role.
official — Broader term; useful when exact rank is ambiguous.
administrator — Emphasizes the bureaucratic, managerial function.
prefect — Technical term; good for Persian or Assyrian imperial contexts.
commander — Suits military contexts where 'captains' sense is in view.

BDB9806 H6347 H6346

BDB9805 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9807

פ

פֶּחָה noun masculine (Babylonian or Persian) governor (Assyrian loan-word, Biblical Hebrew id.); — absolute ׳פ Ezra 5:14 construct פַּחַת Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:6; Ezra 6:7; Ezra 6:13 plural emphatic פַּחֲוָתָא Dan 3:2; Dan 3:3; Dan 3:27; Dan 6:1.

governor, captains
peḥâ
a prefect (of a city or small district)
  • governor

עֲבַֽר
עֲבַֽר
Root word a name — transliterate it ("On this side")
Dictionary form: עֲבַר · uh-BAHR

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: on this side
on this side ×5 are beyond ×3 beyond ×3 countries beyond ×1 that are on this side ×1 were on this side ×1
More options
the other side — Most natural modern phrase for spatial opposition.
across — Concise; works well with rivers or boundaries.
region beyond — Good for geographic or territorial contexts.
far side — Emphasizes distance; useful in narrative description.
opposite bank — Precise when referencing a river or body of water.

BDB9750 H5675 H5676

BDB9749 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9751

עֲבַר noun masculine region across, beyond (see Biblical Hebrew I. עֵ֫בֶר √עָבַר); — construct in phrase עֲבַר(ֿ)נַהֲרָה, i.e. Syria (Scheft87): Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:20; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:6 (twice in verse); Ezra 6:6 (twice in verse); Ezra 6:8; Ezra 6:13; Ezra 7:21; Ezra 7:25, נהרא ׳ע Ezra 4:16. compare in Cilician Aramaic, Cooke346.

עַד see עדה. below

beyond, side
ʿăbar
properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)
  • region beyond or across

נַהֲרָ ֗ה
נַהֲרָ
Root word a name — transliterate it ("The river")
֗ה
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: נְהַר · neh-HAHR

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: the river
the river ×14 stream ×1
More options
river — Most natural, broadly applicable term for a large waterway.
stream — Suitable for smaller or less imposing waterways.
waterway — Neutral, context-flexible; good for geographic or formal writing.
canal — Appropriate when context implies a man-made or channeled flow.

BDB9696 H5102 H5103

BDB9695 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9697

נְהַר14 noun masculineDan 7:10 river (see Biblical Hebrew I. נהר); — absolute ׳נ Dan 7:10 emphatic נַהֲרָה Ezra 4:10 +, אָ֯, Ezra 4:16 — river, usually of Euphrase, in phrase ׳עֲבַר נ Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:16 + 10 t. Ezra; דִּינֿוּר ׳נ Dan 7:10 a river of fire, in vision.

river, stream
nĕhar
a river, especially the Euphrates
  • river

וּ שְׁתַ֤ר
וּ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
שְׁתַ֤ר
Root word a name — transliterate it
Dictionary form: אָב · awb

Noun — Proper Name

his father ×133 of their fathers ×94 his fathers ×86 my father ×80 thy father ×51 of the fathers ×44 the father ×41 their fathers ×30
More options
father — Default choice; direct, natural, widely understood.
ancestor — Prefer when referring to distant forebears or lineage.
forefather — Slightly more formal; good for ancestral or covenantal contexts.
patriarch — Use for tribal or clan heads with religious authority.
family head — Highlights household-leader role in social/legal contexts.
founder — Suits contexts emphasizing originating or establishing a line.

BDB17 H1

BDB16 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB18

אָב1191 noun masculine father (Phoenician אב, Assyrian abu, Arabic , Sabean אב CISiv, 1, 37 1. 2 and others, Ethiopic Aramaic אַבָּא, — absolute אָב Gen 44:19 + 47 t.; construct אַב Gen 17:4; Gen 17:5 (compare in אַבְרָהָם ib. & elsewhere in proper names. On Hal's proposed אֲבִר see אברהם); אֲבִי (compare Ge§§ 90, 3b, 96) Gen 4:20 +; suffix אָבִי Gen 19:34 + (MI אבי); אָבִיךָ Gen 12:1 +; אָבִיו Gen 2:24 +; אָבִ֫יהוּ Judg 14:10 + 6t.; plural אָבוֺת Exod 12:3 +; construct אֲבוֺת Exod 6:25 + 7 t.; suffix אֲבוֺתַי (אֲבֹתַי, אֲבוֺתָ֑י) Gen 47:9 + 15 t.; אֲבוֺתֵיהֶם 1Chr 4:38 + 32 t. (late); אֲבוֺתָם Exod 4:5 + 106 t. etc.; —

1. father of individual Gen 2:24 (+ אֵם) Gen 11:28; Gen 11:29 (twice in verse); Gen 19:31; Gen 19:32; Gen 19:33, + often (mostly J E D); of father as commanding Gen 50:16 (J) Jer 35:6 f Prov 6:20 (compare Gen 18:19 J Gen 28:1; Gen 28:6 P 1Sam 17:20; 1Kgs 2:1); instructing מוסר Prov 1:8; Prov 4:1 (compare Deut 8:5); specifically as begetter, genitor Prov 23:22; Zech 13:3 (twice in verse) (+ אֵם) Isa 45:10 compare Gen 49:4 (J) Lev 18:7; Lev 18:8; Lev 18:11 (P); rebuking Gen 37:10 loving Gen 37:4; Gen 44:20 (J E; compare Gen 22:2; Gen 25:28; Gen 37:3; 2Sam 14:1); pitying Ps 103:13 (in simile compare 2Sam 18:5); blessing Gen 27:41 (J E compare Gen 27:4 also Gen 28:1 P +); as glad Prov 10:1; Prov 15:20 compare Prov 29:3 grieving Gen 37:35 (J E; compare 2Sam 12:22; 2Sam 19:1; 2Sam 19:2 f) etc. Also as object of honour, obedience, love Exod 20:12 (E) = Deut 5:16; Exod 21:15; Exod 21:17 (E) Deut 21:18; Deut 21:19; Gen 28:7 (P) 1Kgs 19:20 (all + אֵם), 1Kgs 50:1; 1Kgs 50:5 (J) Mal 1:6 etc. Hence metaphor of intimate connection Job 17:14 to corruption I cry, My father art thou (|| אִמִּי וַאֲחֹתִי לָֽרִמָּה).
2. of God as father of his people (see RSSem 42), who constituted, controls, guides and lovingly watches over it: Deut 32:6; Jer 3:4; Jer 3:19; Jer 31:9; Isa 63:16 (twice in verse); Isa 64:7; Mal 1:6; Mal 2:10 (compare Exod 4:22; Exod 19:4 (JE) Deut 32:11; Hos 11:1); compare Jer 2:27 (of idolatrous Israel) אֹמְרִים לָעֵץ אָבִי אַתָּה וְלָאֶבֶן אַתְּ ילדתני׃; especially God as father of Davidic line 2Sam 7:14; Ps 89:27 f. of needy (late) Ps 68:6 (compare Ps 103:13) (in proper name, f. of individual, compare below)
3. head of household, family or clan; בֵּית אָבִי as abode Gen 38:11 (twice in verse); Lev 22:13 +; = family Gen 24:40 (|| מִשְׁפַּחְתִּי) Gen 41:51; Gen 46:31 + compare Num 18:1; Num 18:2; Josh 2:12; Josh 2:18; Josh 6:25 especially techn. of divisions of Israel בֵּית אָב לְמִשְׁפָּחוֺת Num 3:30; Num 3:35 = a father's house, i.e. a family or clan; more often plural (אבותם, אבותיו) בֵית אָבוֺת = father's houses = families, clans (compare Di on Exod 6:14) Exod 6:14; Exod 12:3; Num 1:2; Num 1:18 ff (often in Numbers) Josh 14:1; Josh 19:51; Josh 21:1 (twice in verse); Josh 22:14 (twice in verse) (always P in Hexateuch); also 1Chr 5:13; 1Chr 5:15 + often in Chronicles; compare רָאשֵׁי אבות הלוים (= ׳בית א ׳ר) Exod 6:25 compare 1Kgs 8:1; 1Chr 6:4; 1Chr 7:11 + often Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah.
4. ancestor (a) of individual; grandfather (instead of precise term) Gen 28:13; Gen 32:10 (J; where used by Jacob of Abraham & then of Isaac); greatgrandfather 1Kgs 15:13 great-greatgrandfather 1Kgs 15:11 etc.; oft plural (= fathers, forefathers) Gen 15:15; Gen 46:34 (JE) 1Kgs 19:4; 1Kgs 21:3; 1Kgs 21:4; 2Kgs 19:12; 2Kgs 20:17 +; particularly שׁכב עם אבותיו 1Kgs 1:21; 1Kgs 2:10; 1Kgs 11:21; 1Kgs 22:40 +; joined with ׳ויקבר עם אב 1Kgs 14:31; 1Kgs 15:24; 1Kgs 22:51; 2Kgs 8:24; 2Kgs 15:38 compare v2Kgs 15:7, 2Kgs 16:20 + (all of kings of Judah); intensive, אֲבֹתֶיךָ וַאֲבוֺת אֲבֹתֶיךָ Exod 10:6 compare Dan 11:24 (b) of people Gen 10:21 (J) Gen 17:4; Gen 17:5 (P) Gen 19:37; Gen 19:38 (J) Gen 36:9; Gen 36:43 (P) Deut 26:5; Isa 51:2; Isa 43:27 (where אביך הראשׁון thy first father, see Che) compare also Ezek 16:3; Ezek 16:45 + often; plural Exod 3:13; Exod 3:15; Exod 3:16 (E) Deut 1:8; Josh 1:6; Judg 2:1; 1Sam 12:6 +; 1Sam 12:15 near the end read וּבְמַלְכְּכֶם ᵐ5 We Dr.
5. originator or patron of a class, profession, or art Gen 4:20; Gen 4:21.
6. figurative of producer, generator Job 38:28 הֲיֵשׁ לַמָּטָר אָ֑ב (|| הוֺלִיד אֶגְלֵיטָֽֿל׃ מִיֿ).
7. figurative of benevolence & protection Job 29:6 אָב אָֽנֹכִי לָֽאֶבְיוֺנִים, compare Job 31:18 of Eliakim Isa 22:21 perhaps also of gracious Messianic king אֲבִי עַד Isa 9:5 everlasting father (Ge Ew De Che Brd Di) — others divider of spoil (Abarb Hi Kn Kue BrMP).
8. term of respect & honour (Abbas, Pater, Papa, Pope); applied to master 2Kgs 5:13 priest Judg 17:10; Judg 18:19 prophet 2Kgs 2:12 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 6:21; 2Kgs 13:14 (twice in verse); compare 2Kgs 8:9 counsellor Gen 45:8 (E; compare δευτέρου πατρός ᵐ5 add. Esth 3:13 τῷ πατρί 1 Mac Esth 11:32); king 1Sam 24:12 artificer 2Chr 2:12; 2Chr 4:16.
9. specifically, ruler, chief (late) 1Chr 2:24; 1Chr 2:42 (twice in verse); etc. (compare Ew§ 273 b) see also EwGeschichte. i. 524. H i. 365. On the force of אָב in proper names (in many probably a divine title), see CheEncy. Bib., ABI, NAMES WITH Nöib., NAMES, §§ 44, 45.

fathers, father, chief, families, patrimony, …
ʾāb
father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application
  • father of an individual
    • "of God as father of his people"head or founder of a household, group, family, or clan"ancestor
    • grandfather, forefathers (of a person)
      • "of people
    originator or patron of a class, profession, or art"of producer, generator (figuratively)"of benevolence and protection (figuratively)"term of respect and honor"ruler or chief (specifically)

בּֽוֹזְנַי֙
בּֽוֹזְנַי֙
Root word a name — transliterate it ("And shethar-boznai")
Dictionary form: שְׁתַר בּוֹזְנַי · sheh-TAHR boh-dzeh-NAI

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: and shethar-boznai
and shethar-boznai ×2 shethar-boznai ×2
More options
Shethar-Bozenai — Standard modern scholarly spelling; preferred in critical editions.
Shethar-Boznai — Simplified spelling, closer to Hebrew transliteration.
Shethar Boznai — Unhyphenated form; used in some modern translations.

BDB9993 H8370

BDB9992 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9994

שְׁתַר בּוֺזְנַי proper name, masculine Persian official Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:6; Ezra 6:13 Σαθαρβουζανα (αι, ε, ης); ᵐ5L Σαθραβωζαης (AndrM 87 * proposes ׳מתרב, Greek Μιθροβουζάνης, = Old Iranian *Mithrabauzana, Mithra is delieverer (or the like), MeyEntst, J.32; Scheft92 f. Old Iranian Šêtharabûzana, empire-delivering; WklMVAG 1887, 281 f. conjecture a title).

shethar-boznai
šĕtar bôzĕnay
star of splendor
Shethar-Bozenai, a Persian officer
  • a Persian officer in the reign of Darius

וּ כְנָ֣וָתֵ ֔הּ
וּ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
כְנָ֣וָתֵ
Root word companions
֔הּ
Suffix — pronoun his / him / it
Dictionary form: כְּנָת · keh-NAWT

Noun — Common, masculine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: and his companions
and their companions ×3 of their companions ×2 and his companions ×1 and your companions ×1
More options
colleague — Neutral, professional register; suits official or formal contexts.
associate — Broad applicability; implies shared role or affiliation.
companion — Modernized KJV gloss; retains relational warmth.
ally — Emphasizes solidarity or common cause between parties.
peer — Highlights equality of status among the group.
fellow — Informal; good for rendering group membership naturally.

BDB9616 H3675

BDB9615 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9617

[כְּנָת] noun masculine associate (Old Aramaic id, Lzb298 SAC65; S-CB 6; Syriac ; Christian-Palestinian Aramaic [, ] SchwIdioticon 46 SchulthLex. 93; √ apparently כנח K§ 56, a) β 2 M§ 74 c; Buhl makes loan-word from Assyrian kinâtu, 'Genosse,' but see DlWB 338 ZimM.p. 66 *); — associate, plural suffix כְּבָוָתֵהּ Ezra 5:6, תְהוֺן- Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 6:6; Ezra 6:13.

companions
kĕnāt
a colleague (as having the same title)
  • companion, associate

אֲפַ֨רְסְכָיֵ ֔א
אֲפַ֨רְסְכָיֵ
Root word a name — transliterate it ("The apharsachites")
֔א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: אֲפַרְסְכַי · uh-pahr-seh-KAI

Noun — Common, masculine plural, determined state plural — usually add "-s"; determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: the apharsachites
the apharsachites ×2 the apharsathchites ×1
More options
Apharsachites — Modernized spelling; best for formal or study Bibles.
Apharsachians — Treats the term as a standard ethnic group name.
Apharsach officials — Use when the term likely denotes an administrative role.
Persian officials — Interpretive; clarifies likely cultural background for readers.

BDB9333 H671

BDB9332 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9334

אֲפָֽרְסְכָיֵא Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:6 = (according to most)

BDB9334 H671

BDB9333 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9335

אֲפָֽרְסַתְּכָיֵא Ezra 4:9, proper name, plural of a people, so most hitherto, and still MeyEnst. J. 38 ff. (Persians), but many moderns think official title (HoffmZA ii. 54 Marquart64 JenThLZ, 1895, 509 Ency. Bib.:190 f.; plausible explanations are: AndrM 53* = Assyrian šuparša‡ (see Muss-ArnAssyrian Dict. 1098 š¹q¥

3., general, IdAJSL xx (1904), 186 ff.); Scheft76 = Old Iranian aparasaraka, lesser ruler; IdMGWJ 47 (1903),315f. explained תְּכָיֵא- as Old Persian *aparaθrãka, lesser governor).

apharsachites, apharsathchites
ʾăparsĕkay
as causers of division(?), I will divide the deceivers(?)
an Apharsekite or Apharsathkite, an unknown Assyrian tribe
  • a group of people (perhaps Assyrians)
    • "perhaps an office or an official

דִּ֖י
דִּ֖י
Particle who, which, that
Dictionary form: דִּי · dee

Particle — Relative

In the KJV here: which
that ×88 of ×60 which ×52 whom ×9 whose ×7 for ×6 and whereas ×4 and whom ×3
More options
that — Most versatile; use as general relative or complementizer.
which — Prefer for non-personal antecedents.
who — Use when antecedent is a person.
whose — Marks genitive/possessive relationship with antecedent.
of — Use for construct-like genitive links between nouns.
because — Use when דִּי introduces a causal clause.

BDB9440 H1768 H2088 H834

BDB9439 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9441

דִּי particle of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of genitive and conjunction that, because (Aramaic of Nineveh, Babylonian, Zinjirli, Nerab, Cilicia, Têma, Egypt, ןי (Lzb267. 446 RES361 S-CPap. A 2 +); Nabataean, Palmyrene די; ᵑ7 דְּ (except in compounds, as דִּילִי mine, דִּילֵיהּ his); Samaritan ; Syriac ; Ethiopic za: of same origin as Arabic possessor of [compare below Biblical Hebrew זֶה]. Properly a demonstrative that [compare זֶה; in Ethiopic ze is 'this', za 'which']; but this being referred by usage to something preceding becomes equivalent to the relative who, which, used, however, more widely than Hebrew אֲשֶׁר); —

1. as rel. who, which (construed like אֲשֶׁר): a. Jer 10:11; Dan 2:11 דִּי מְדָֽרְהוֺן whose dwelling, vDan 2:24 דִּי מַנִּי מַלְבָּא whom the king had appointed, vDan 2:26 ׳דִּי שְׁמֵהּ בּ whose name was B., Dan 4:5; Dan 5:12; Dan 5:23, etc.; = that which Dan 2:23 = him that Ezra 7:25; Ezra 6:15; Dan 7:17 דִּת אִנוּן אַרְבַּע which are four (see אִנּוּן). Following pronoun of 2 person (compare אֲשֶׁר 3), Dan 2:37 thou, O king ..., דִּי ֗֗֗ יְהַב לָח to whom... hath given, Dan 4:19; Dan 4:6 as to whom I know, etc. (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d end). Sq. תַּמָּה = where Ezra 6:1, so דִּי alone Ezra 6:3; Dan 2:38 of time, בְּעִדָּנָא דִּי at the time when, etc., Dan 3:5; Dan 3:15. With the predicate an infinitive with לְ, Dan 6:9 כְּתָבָא דִּי לָא לְהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be changed, Ezra 6:8 a place- or other determination, Dan 3:20 valiant men בְחֵילֵהּ that were in his army, Dan 5:2 הֵיכְלָא דִּי בִירוּשְׁלֵב, Dan 7:20; Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:2; Ezra 6:6 compare Dan 2:25; Dan 5:13; Dan 7:7; Ezra 7:23. דִּי לָא = without, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 7:22 (so דְּלָא ᵑ7 Gen 15:2; Exod 21:11); compare Dan 2:34; Dan 2:45.
  b. מָן דִּי, מָה דִּי (compare in late Hebrew ׳מַהשֶּֿׁ, מַה 1 e b) whoever, whatever, so Dan 3:6; Dan 3:11 יִפֵּל ָ(מןדִּֿילָֿא whoever does not fall down, Dan 4:14 לְמָן דִּי יִצְבֵּא to whomsoever he willeth, v.Dan 4:22 v.Dan 4:29; Dan 5:21 מָה דִי whatever (or simply what), Dan 2:28 מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא what will be, vDan 2:29 vDan 2:29 vDan 2:45; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 7:18. — compare K§ 103.
2. as mark of the genitive, Dan 2:15 שׁליטא די מלכא properly the captain, that of the king = the king's captain (a genuine Aramaic idiom: so ᵑ7 דְּ, Syriac constantly), vDan 2:19 vDan 2:25 vDan 2:49 + often: the substantive in such cases may be either in the emphatic state (determined), as ll. cc. Ezra 4:15; Ezra 5:2, etc., or in the absolute state (undetermined), Dan 5:5; Dan 7:4; Dan 7:9; Dan 7:10 נְהַר דִּי נוּר; or it may have a pleonastic suffix, Dan 2:20 שְׁמֵהּ דִּי אֱלָהָא literally his name, that of God = God's name, vDan 2:44; Dan 3:8; Dan 3:25; Dan 3:26; Dan 4:23, etc. (so also ᵑ7 Syriac). To circumscribe an adjective, especially in specification of the material: Dan 2:38 thou art רֵאשָׁה דִּי דַהֲבָא the head of gold, vDan 2:39; Dan 3:1; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:4 +; as predicate Dan 2:32 רֵאשֵׁהּ דִּידְֿהַב טָב his head (was) of fine gold, vDan 2:33; Dan 7:19 with a pronoun Dan 2:20 wisdom and might דִּילֵֿהּ הִיא are his; compare Dan 6:27 וּמַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּילָֿא תִתְחַבַּל his kingdom (is one) which shall not be destroyed, Dan 7:14. — See further K§ 81.
3. as conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר 8):
  a. that (quod), after verbs of knowing, Dan 2:8; Dan 2:9, seeing Dan 2:45; Dan 3:27, hearing Dan 5:14, etc.; introducing the subject of a sentence, יְדִיעַ ֗֗֗ דִּי ֗֗֗ Dan 3:18; Ezra 4:13; Dan 2:47 מִןקְֿשֹׁט דִּי ֗֗֗ True is it that . . . (compare אָמְנָם כִּי Job 12:2).
  b. = in that, inasmuch as, whereas: Dan 2:41 and whereas (דִּי) thou sawest, etc. . . . it shall be adivided kingdom, vDan 2:43; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:23 as a connecting link$ = seeing that, because, for (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Dan 2:9; Dan 2:20b; Dan 2:23b; Dan 2:47b; Dan 4:15; Dan 6:24b.
  c. that (ut), after verbs of asking Dan 2:16, commanding Dan 3:10; Dan 3:29, expressing a purpose Dan 4:3; Dan 5:15; Ezra 4:15; Ezra 6:10 +; דִּי לָא that not (ne) Dan 2:18; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:18 (on דִּי לְמָה lest Ezra 7:23, see מה).
  d. prefixed to direct narr. (like כִּי 1 b, and sometimes אֲשֶׁר 8 a γ, and ὅτι recitativum), Dan 2:25 and said thus unto him דִּיהַֿשְׁכַּחַת (that) I have found, etc., Dan 5:7; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:14.
4. with prepositions and other prefixes:
  a. כְּ דִי (like Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; so Egyptian Aramaic כזי, Palmyrene, Nabataean כדי, Lzb293 SACG1 62, 63 Cooke369 b RES:361; ᵑ7 כַּד, Syriac ); a according as, Dan 2:43 b. so soon as, when, Dan 3:7; Dan 5:20; Dan 6:11; Dan 6:15.
  b. מִןדִּֿי: a. because that, Dan 3:22; Ezra 5:12 (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Isa 43:4); b. from (the time) that, after (ex quo), Dan 4:23; Ezra 4:23.
  c. עַד דִּי until, Dan 2:9; Dan 2:34; Dan 4:30; Dan 7:22 = ere that Dan 6:25.
  d. עַל דִּי Dan 3:19 is not a conjunction, but means above that which ...
  e. for עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי and כָּלקֳֿבֵל דִּי see [ דִּבְרָה] and קֳבֵל.

BDB9603 H1768 H1836 H2298

BDB9602 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9604

כ

כְּ particle like, as, about (Biblical Hebrew כְּ, q. v.); — like, as Dan 2:40 תַּקִּיפָא כְּפַרְוְלָא, Dan 4:5; Dan 4:32; Dan 5:1 +; according to Dan 4:32 וּכְּ מִצְבְּיֵהּ עָכֵד and according to his will he doeth, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 6:18 +; about (as Biblical Hebrew 1 a: compare Zinjirli Lzb444 [ן] כשלשן מלכ), Dan 4:16 כְּשָׁעָה חֲדָה, Dan 6:1 with infinitive (Biblical Hebrew 3 b), Dan 6:21 וּכְ מִקְרְנֵהּ לִגֻבָּא and as he drew near, etc. Cpds.: — כְּ דִי and כִּדְנָה, see דִּי and דָּאנה; כַּחֲדָה; together, see חַד (sub אחד).

that, of, which, whom, whose, …
dî
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
  • (rel part) who, which, that
    • "(mark of genitive) that of, which belongs to, that"(conj) that, because

בַּ ֽעֲבַ֣ר
בַּ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
ֽעֲבַ֣ר
Root word a name — transliterate it ("Were on this side")
Dictionary form: עֲבַר · uh-BAHR

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: were on this side
on this side ×5 are beyond ×3 beyond ×3 countries beyond ×1 that are on this side ×1 were on this side ×1
More options
the other side — Most natural modern phrase for spatial opposition.
across — Concise; works well with rivers or boundaries.
region beyond — Good for geographic or territorial contexts.
far side — Emphasizes distance; useful in narrative description.
opposite bank — Precise when referencing a river or body of water.

BDB9750 H5675 H5676

BDB9749 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9751

עֲבַר noun masculine region across, beyond (see Biblical Hebrew I. עֵ֫בֶר √עָבַר); — construct in phrase עֲבַר(ֿ)נַהֲרָה, i.e. Syria (Scheft87): Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:20; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 5:6 (twice in verse); Ezra 6:6 (twice in verse); Ezra 6:8; Ezra 6:13; Ezra 7:21; Ezra 7:25, נהרא ׳ע Ezra 4:16. compare in Cilician Aramaic, Cooke346.

עַד see עדה. below

beyond, side
ʿăbar
properly, a region across; but used only adverbially (with or without a preposition) on the opposite side (especially of the Jordan; ususally meaning the east)
  • region beyond or across

נַֽהֲרָ ֑ה
נַֽהֲרָ
Root word a name — transliterate it ("The river")
֑ה
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: נְהַר · neh-HAHR

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: the river
the river ×14 stream ×1
More options
river — Most natural, broadly applicable term for a large waterway.
stream — Suitable for smaller or less imposing waterways.
waterway — Neutral, context-flexible; good for geographic or formal writing.
canal — Appropriate when context implies a man-made or channeled flow.

BDB9696 H5102 H5103

BDB9695 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9697

נְהַר14 noun masculineDan 7:10 river (see Biblical Hebrew I. נהר); — absolute ׳נ Dan 7:10 emphatic נַהֲרָה Ezra 4:10 +, אָ֯, Ezra 4:16 — river, usually of Euphrase, in phrase ׳עֲבַר נ Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:16 + 10 t. Ezra; דִּינֿוּר ׳נ Dan 7:10 a river of fire, in vision.

river, stream
nĕhar
a river, especially the Euphrates
  • river

עַל
עַל
Preposition upon, unto, over, in, against, …
Dictionary form: עַל · al

Preposition

In the KJV here: unto
upon ×16 over ×9 unto ×8 against ×7 concerning ×5 in ×5 for ×4 to ×4
More options
on — Most versatile default; covers surface and figurative senses.
over — Use for authority, coverage, or position above.
about — Best for topics or subjects of speech or thought.
against — Use for opposition, complaint, or hostile action.
concerning — Formal; suits legal or prophetic discourse on a subject.
regarding — Neutral modern alternative to 'concerning'.

BDB9768 H5922 H5921

BDB9767 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9769

עַל preposition upon, over, on account of, above, to, against (Biblical Hebrew and general Aramaic id.); — suffix 1 singular עֲלַי; 2 masculine singular עליך Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, CookeNo. 77, A 5, 6, B 8, S-CPap. A 3, B 5 +), עֲלָךְ, Qr (ᵑ7 עֲלַךְ, Dalm§ 47, 2) Dan 3:12 + 6 t. Daniel; Ezra 7:18 3 masculine singular עֲלוֺהִי (so Nabataean, Palmyrene; Egyptian Aramaic עלוי S-CA 6 +) Dan 3:28 +, עֲלֹהִי Ezra 6:11 3 feminine singular עליה Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, S-CD 24), עֲלַהּ Qr (so ᵑ7) Dan 4:14; Dan 5:21 1 plural עֲלֵינָא Ezra 4:12, עֲלֵ֑ינָא Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:17 Baer (Gi עֲלֶ֑ינָא); 3 masculine plural עֲלֵיהֹם (so Nabataean, CISii. 226; Egyptian Aramaic, S-CPap. F 5, 8+) Ezra 7:24, עֲלֵיהוֺן Ezra 5:1; Ezra 5:3 —

1. a. upon, Dan 2:10; Dan 2:28; Dan 2:46; Dan 5:5; Dan 5:7; Dan 6:11 + often, Dan 4:26 עַלהֵֿיכַל מַלְכוּתָא (2Sam 11:2); to be established עַל מַלְכוּתִי 2Sam 4:33 (compare 2Chr 1:1 Biblical Hebrew II. 1) to lay an impost upon, Ezra 7:24 to trust on, Dan 3:28 after a verb of motion, מְטָא עַל to come upon, Dan 4:21; Dan 4:25 of times, to pass over, Dan 4:13; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:22; Dan 4:29; Ezra 5:1 בְּשֻׁם אֱלָהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלֵיהוֺן i.e. (named) over them.
  b. idiomatic (as in Biblical Hebrew; see II. 1 d) of the person who is the subject of an emotion or experience, Dan 5:9 וְזִיוֺתִי שָׁנַיִן עֲלוֺהִי were changed upon him, Dan 7:28; Dan 6:19 וְשִׁנְּתֵהּ נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי (compare Dan 2:1).
  c. on accusative of (Biblical Hebrew 1 f b), Dan 3:16 פִּתְגָּם עַלדְּֿנָה. So in עַלדְּֿנָה on this accusative Ezra 4:15; Ezra 4:22; Ezra 5:17, עַלמָֿה wherefore ? Dan 2:15 and עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי (see ׳דְּ).
  d. on behalf of (ib. 1 f c), Ezra 6:17.
  e. regarding, concerning (ib. 1 f g), Dan 2:18; Dan 5:14; Dan 5:29; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:13; Ezra 7:14 + often
2. over, with verbs of ruling, appointing, etc., Dan 2:48; Dan 2:49; Dan 3:12; Dan 4:14 +, Ezra 4:20; Ezra 6:18.
3. in a comparative sense, above, beyond, Dan 3:19; Dan 6:4.
4. expressing direction:
  a. to, of a person, after a verb of motion (compare Biblical Hebrew 7 c a a), Dan 2:24; Dan 4:31; Dan 4:33; Dan 6:7; Dan 6:16; Ezra 4:12; Ezra 4:23 + often; after to send (a letter, etc.) Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:6 +, write Ezra 4:7, prophesy Ezra 5:1 of the direction of the mind (ib. 7c c), Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 (twice in verse); Dan 6:15 compare Ezra 5:5 הֲוַת עַל ׳וְעֵין אֱל (compare Jer 40:4 and אֶל Ps 34:16).
  b. against, Dan 3:19; Dan 3:29; Dan 5:23; Dan 6:5; Dan 6:6 +; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 7:23.
5. in such phrases as שְׁפַר עַל, טְאֵב (to be) good or acceptable to (as in Syriac and late Hebrew: see Biblical Hebrew 8), Ezra 5:17 אִם עַל מַלְכָּא טָב, Ezra 7:18 (twice in verse); Dan 4:24 (יִשְׁפַּר), Dan 6:15 (בְּאֵשׁ), v.Dan 6:24 (טְאֵב). — compare the synopsis of meanings in Lzb340.

upon, unto, over, in, against, …
ʿal
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
  • upon, over, on account of, above, to, against
    • upon, over, on account of, regarding, concerning, on behalf of
      • "over (with verbs of ruling)"above, beyond (in comparison)"to, against (of direction)

דָּֽרְיָ֖וֶשׁ
דָּֽרְיָ֖וֶשׁ
Root word a name — transliterate it ("Darius")
Dictionary form: דָּֽרְיָוֵשׁ · DAW-reh-yaw-waysh

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: darius
darius ×8 of darius ×3 and darius ×2 to darius ×1 unto darius ×1
More options
Darius — Standard modern English rendering of this Persian royal name.
King Darius — Use when royal title adds clarity in narrative context.
Darius the Mede — Distinguishes the Median Darius from later Persian rulers.

BDB9456 H1867 H1868

BDB9455 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9457

דָּֽרְיָ֫וֶשׁ15 proper name, masculine (Biblical Hebrew id.; Egyptian Aramaic דריוהוש RŠS361 S-CH 1+); —

1. Darius Hystaspis Ezra 4:24 + 8 t. Ezra.
2. 'Darius the Mede' Dan 6:1; Dan 6:2; Dan 6:7; Dan 6:10; Dan 6:26; Dan 6:29.

darius
dārĕyāwēš
lord
Darejavesh, a title (rather than name) of several Persian kings
  • Darius the Mede, the son of Ahasuerus, king of the Chaldeans, who succeeded to the Babylonian kingdom on the death of Belshazzar; probably the same as ___%___Astyages___%___ the last king of the Medes (538 BC) (same as H1867 (1))
    • "Darius, the son of Hystaspes, the founder of the Perso-Arian dynasty (521 BC) (same as H1867 (2))"Darius II or Darius III
    • Darius II, Nothus (Ochus) was king of Persia during the time of Nehemiah (424/3–405/4 BC). Darius II is the most probable because he is mentioned by Nehemiah and ruled during the time of Nehemiah
      • "Darius III, Codomannus was king of Persia during its last years at the time of Alexander the Great and was his opponent (336–330 BC)

מַלְכָּֽ א
מַלְכָּֽ
Root word king, kings, royal
א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: מֶלֶךְ · meh-LEK

Noun — Common, masculine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: the king
the king ×75 o king ×19 the kings ×12 king ×10 kings ×9 unto the king ×9 and the king ×7 to the king ×6
More options
king — Standard modern rendering; broadly suitable in most contexts.
monarch — Formal or literary tone; emphasizes sovereign authority.
ruler — Broader term; useful when royal title is less central.
sovereign — Elevated register; stresses supreme political power.
royal — Adjectival use; prefer when modifying a noun directly.

BDB9662 H4429 H4430

BDB9661 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9663

מֶ֫לֶךְ178 noun masculine king (general Semitic; see Biblical Hebrew); — ׳מ absolute Dan 2:10 + 2 t.; construct Dan 4:34 + 6 t.; usually emphatic מַלְכָּא Ezra 4:8 + 154 t., ָ  ה Dan 2:11 plural מַלְכִין Ezra 4:15 + 9 t., ִ  ים Ezra 4:13 (Hebraism, BeRy M41*); emphatic מַלְכַיָּא Dan 2:44 + 2 t.; — king Dan 2:4; Dan 2:5 + 132 t. Daniel; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:11 + 42 t. Ezra (מֶלָךְ מַלְכַיָּא of Nebuchadnezzar Dan 2:37, of Artaxerxes Ezra 7:12 [compare Cooke71.3, of Xerxes]; מַלְכִין Dan 7:17 = kingdoms, compare מַלְכוּ vDan 7:23).

king, kings, royal
melek
a king
  • king

The cantillation accents are the Masoretes' punctuation: each group below ends at a pausing accent. Translate a group as one unit.
פַּרְשֶׁ֣גֶן אִ֠גַּרְתָּא דִּֽי שְׁלַ֞ח תַּתְּנַ֣י פַּחַ֣ת עֲבַֽר נַהֲרָ֗ה Revia — a lesser break וּשְׁתַ֤ר בּֽוֹזְנַי֙ Pashta — a lesser break וּכְנָ֣וָתֵ֔הּ Zaqef Qatan — a strong break אֲפַ֨רְסְכָיֵ֔א Zaqef Qatan — a strong break דִּ֖י Tipeha — a lesser break בַּֽעֲבַ֣ר נַֽהֲרָ֑ה Etnahta — the verse's main pause — take a breath here עַל דָּֽרְיָ֖וֶשׁ Tipeha — a lesser break מַלְכָּֽא Silluq — end of the verse

פַּרְשֶׁגֶן אִגַּרְתָּא דִּֽי-שְׁלַח תַּתְּנַי׀ פַּחַת עֲבַֽר-נַהֲרָה וּשְׁתַר בּֽוֹזְנַי וּכְנָוָתֵהּ אֲפַרְסְכָיֵא דִּי בַּֽעֲבַר נַֽהֲרָה עַל-דָּֽרְיָוֶשׁ מַלְכָּֽא׃
6
The copy of the letter that Tatnai, governor on this side the river, and Shethar-boznai, and his companions the Apharsachites, which were on this side the river, sent unto Darius the king:
Cross References

Ezra 4:9

אֱדַיִן רְחוּם בְּעֵל-טְעֵם וְשִׁמְשַׁי סָֽפְרָא וּשְׁאָר כְּנָוָֽתְהוֹן דִּֽינָיֵא וַֽאֲפַרְסַתְכָיֵא טַרְפְּלָיֵא אֲפָֽרְסָיֵא ‫(ארכוי)‬ אַרְכְּוָיֵא בָֽבְלָיֵא שֽׁוּשַׁנְכָיֵא ‫(דהוא)‬ דֶּהָיֵא עֵֽלְמָיֵֽא׃
9
Then wrote Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions; the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the Dehavites, and the Elamites,

Ezra 6:6

כְּעַן תַּתְּנַי פַּחַת עֲבַֽר-נַהֲרָה שְׁתַר בּֽוֹזְנַי וּכְנָוָתְהוֹן אֲפַרְסְכָיֵא דִּי בַּֽעֲבַר נַֽהֲרָה רַֽחִיקִין הֲווֹ מִן-תַּמָּֽה׃
6
Now therefore, Tatnai, governor beyond the river, Shethar-boznai, and your companions the Apharsachites, which are beyond the river, be ye far from thence:

Ezra 5:3

בֵּהּ-זִמְנָא אֲתָא עֲלֵיהוֹן תַּתְּנַי פַּחַת עֲבַֽר-נַהֲרָה וּשְׁתַר בּֽוֹזְנַי וּכְנָוָֽתְהוֹן וְכֵן אָֽמְרִין לְהֹם מַן-שָׂם לְכֹם טְעֵם בַּיְתָא דְנָה לִבְּנֵא וְאֻשַּׁרְנָא דְנָה לְשַׁכְלָלָֽה׃
3
At the same time came to them Tatnai, governor on this side the river, and Shethar-boznai, and their companions, and said thus unto them, Who hath commanded you to build this house, and to make up this wall?

Ezra 4:11

דְּנָה פַּרְשֶׁגֶן אִגַּרְתָּא דִּי שְׁלַחוּ עֲלוֹהִי עַל-אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא מַלְכָּא עַבְדֶיךְ אֱנָשׁ עֲבַֽר-נַהֲרָה וּכְעֶֽנֶת׃
11
This is the copy of the letter that they sent unto him, even unto Artaxerxes the king; Thy servants the men on this side the river, and at such a time.

Ezra 4:23

אֱדַיִן מִן-דִּי פַּרְשֶׁגֶן נִשְׁתְּוָנָא דִּי ‫(ארתחששתא)‬ אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּ מַלְכָּא קֱרִי קֳדָם-רְחוּם וְשִׁמְשַׁי סָֽפְרָא וּכְנָוָֽתְהוֹן אֲזַלוּ בִבְהִילוּ לִירֽוּשְׁלֶם עַל-יְהוּדָיֵא וּבַטִּלוּ הִמּוֹ בְּאֶדְרָע וְחָֽיִל׃
23
Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went up in haste to Jerusalem unto the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power.
Ezra 5:5
Read Ezra 5
Ezra 5:7