Ezra 4:23

אֱדַ֗יִן מִן דִּ֞י פַּרְשֶׁ֤גֶן נִשְׁתְּוָנָא֙ דִּ֚י (ארתחששתא) אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּ מַלְכָּ֔א קֱרִ֧י קֳדָם רְח֛וּם וְשִׁמְשַׁ֥י סָֽפְרָ֖א וּכְנָוָֽתְה֑וֹן אֲזַ֨לוּ בִבְהִיל֤וּ לִירֽוּשְׁלֶם֙ עַל יְה֣וּדָיֵ֔א וּבַטִּ֥לוּ הִמּ֖וֹ בְּאֶדְרָ֥ע וְחָֽיִל
Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went up in haste to Jerusalem unto the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power.
Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

אֱדַ֗יִן
אֱדַ֗יִן
Adverb then, time, now
Dictionary form: אֱדַיִן · eh-da-YIN

Adverb

In the KJV here: now
then ×53 and then ×1 hither then ×1 now ×1 that time ×1
More options
then — Broadest temporal connector; fits most narrative contexts.
at that point — Emphasizes a precise moment in a sequence of events.
after that — Highlights sequence; useful when succession needs clarity.
at that time — Slightly more formal; good for historical or legal prose.
thereupon — Signals immediate consequence; slightly elevated register.
now — Use when the narrative shifts focus rather than marks sequence.

BDB9270 H116

BDB9269 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9271

אֱדַ֫יִן57 adverb then, thereupon (so Egyptian Aramaic S-CPap. H 1, J 1), not ᵑ7: the usually Aramaic forms are הֵידֵין , Mandean האידין (NöM 207); from [אֱדַי] = Biblical Hebrew אֲזַי (see אָז) + determ. affix n (as in דִּכֵּן, תַּמָּן; in Sabean = post-positive article; HomChr. § 57: compare WCG 115), NöGGA 1884, 1020: אֲזַי, [אֱדַי], probably from same demonstrative √ as זֶה, דָּא, דִּי, etc., , , lo well then, in that case, Ethiopic : when? : now (DiLex. 197, 1072), Syriac (enclitic) but); — then, thereupon, Dan 2:15; Dan 2:17; Dan 2:19; Dan 2:25; Dan 2:48; Dan 3:24 +, Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:4; Ezra 5:9 + (always, except Ezra 5:5, at beginning of sentence, introducing new stage of narrative with some emphasis); so with בְּ, בֵּאדַיִן (3 t. Ezra, 26 t. Daniel) Dan 2:14; Dan 2:35; Dan 2:46; Dan 3:3; Dan 3:13; Dan 3:19; Dan 3:21 (twice in verse); Dan 3:26, etc., Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:2; Ezra 6:1 מִןאֱֿדַיִן from that time Ezra 5:16.

then, time, now
ʾĕdayin
then (of time)
  • then, afterwards, thereupon, from that time

מִן
מִן
Preposition of, from, part, because, after, …
Dictionary form: מִן · min

Preposition

In the KJV here: when
from ×23 of ×19 out of ×8 from me ×3 of thee ×3 thee from ×3 and i ×2 and part ×2
More options
from — Core spatial/temporal origin; broadest default choice.
out of — Emphasizes emergence or separation from a source.
of — Partitive or genitive relationship; less directional than 'from'.
because of — Prefer when מִן expresses cause or reason.
than — Use in comparative constructions.
since — Temporal use; marks a starting point in time.

BDB9670 H4481 H4480

BDB9669 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9671

מִן preposition from, out of, by, by reason of, at, more than (Biblical Hebrew and general Aramaic id.); — rarely assimilated, as in Hebrew, see Dan 6:5 מִצַּד, Ezra 5:11; Ezra 6:14 suffix מִנִּי, מִנָּךְ 3 masculine מִנֵּהּ, feminine מִנַּהּ Dan 2:42; Dan 7:24 3 masculine plural מִנְּהוֺן (so Palmyrene Tariff ii. a 34; Nabataean, Egyptian Aramaic מנהם, CookeNo. 89. 6, S-CPap. A 10) Dan 2:33 (twice in verse); Dan 2:41 (twice in verse); Dan 2:42 (twice in verse) Kt (Qr each time feminine מִנְּהֵן), Dan 6:3 (twice in verse); —

1. of place:
  a. from, Dan 4:10; Dan 4:11; Dan 4:28; Dan 7:4 +, מִן תַּמָּה Ezra 6:6 figurative on the side or part of (compare Biblical Hebrew 1 c) Dan 6:5 מִצַּד מַלְכוּתָא.
  b. out of, Dan 3:15; Dan 3:26; Dan 5:2; Dan 7:3, etc.
  c. (coming) from Dan 2:35, away from, Dan 2:45; Dan 4:11; Dan 4:22; Dan 4:28; Jer 10:11.
  d. to ask or exact of a person, Dan 2:16; Dan 2:49 +; Ezra 7:26 to deliver from Dan 6:21.
2. a. of the source (Biblical Hebrew 2 b), as to be fed from Dan 4:9 or author (ib. d), מִנִּי שִׂים טְעֵם = by me is a decree made, Dan 3:29; Dan 4:3 (Dan 6:27 מִןקֳֿדָמַי), Ezra 4:19 +, compare Ezra 5:17 מִנַּי = on my part Dan 2:5; Dan 2:8 (see אַזְדָּא).
  b. of the immediate cause, as a result of, by, Dan 4:22 (= ב v.Dan 4:12 v.Dan 4:20), v.Dan 4:30; Dan 5:21: so with a verb of fearing Dan 5:19.
  c. of the remoter cause, by reason of (Biblical Hebrew 2 f ), Dan 5:19 מִןרְֿבוּתָא, Dan 7:11 so מִןדִּֿי, see דִּי
3. d. of the norm (compare Biblical Hebrew 2 g) = at, according to, Ezra 6:14 ׳מִןטַֿעַם אֱלָהּ יִשׂ at the decree of, etc., Ezra 7:23; Dan 2:8 מִןיַֿצִּיב according to certainty, vDan 2:47 מִןקְֿשֹׁט.
3. partitively (Biblical Hebrew 3), Dan 6:3 חַד מִנְּהוֺן, Dan 7:8; Dan 7:16; Dan 2:25; Dan 5:13 (some) of Dan 2:41 מִןנִֿצְבְּתָא; מִנְּהוֺן מִ֗֗֗נְּהוֺן some . . . others of them Dan 2:33; Dan 2:41; Dan 2:42a; so vDan 2:42b מִ֗֗֗נַּהּ.
4. of time, from, Dan 2:20 (מִן ֗֗֗ וְעַד), Ezra 4:15; Ezra 4:19 see also אְדַיִן and דַּי
4.
5. in comparisons, different from Dan 7:3; Dan 7:7; Dan 7:19; Dan 7:23; Dan 7:24, beyond, more than Dan 2:30; Dan 2:39; Dan 6:30; Dan 7:20 end; Dan 4:13 לִבְבֵהּ מִןאֲֿנָשָׁא יְשַׁנּוֺן let his heart be changed away from man's (Biblical Hebrew 7 b b; Isa 52:14).
6. compounds: — see לְוָת, קֳדָס, [קַדְמָה], תְּחוֺת.

מְנֵא see מנה. below

of, from, part, because, after, …
min
properly, a part of; hence (prepositionally), from or out of
  • from, out of, by, by reason of, at, more than
    • from, out of (of place)
      • "from, by, as a result of, by reason of, at, according to, (of source)"from (of time)"beyond, more than (in comparisons)

דִּ֞י
דִּ֞י
Particle who, which, that
Dictionary form: דִּי · dee

Particle — Relative

that ×88 of ×60 which ×52 whom ×9 whose ×7 for ×6 and whereas ×4 and whom ×3
More options
that — Most versatile; use as general relative or complementizer.
which — Prefer for non-personal antecedents.
who — Use when antecedent is a person.
whose — Marks genitive/possessive relationship with antecedent.
of — Use for construct-like genitive links between nouns.
because — Use when דִּי introduces a causal clause.

BDB9440 H1768 H2088 H834

BDB9439 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9441

דִּי particle of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of genitive and conjunction that, because (Aramaic of Nineveh, Babylonian, Zinjirli, Nerab, Cilicia, Têma, Egypt, ןי (Lzb267. 446 RES361 S-CPap. A 2 +); Nabataean, Palmyrene די; ᵑ7 דְּ (except in compounds, as דִּילִי mine, דִּילֵיהּ his); Samaritan ; Syriac ; Ethiopic za: of same origin as Arabic possessor of [compare below Biblical Hebrew זֶה]. Properly a demonstrative that [compare זֶה; in Ethiopic ze is 'this', za 'which']; but this being referred by usage to something preceding becomes equivalent to the relative who, which, used, however, more widely than Hebrew אֲשֶׁר); —

1. as rel. who, which (construed like אֲשֶׁר): a. Jer 10:11; Dan 2:11 דִּי מְדָֽרְהוֺן whose dwelling, vDan 2:24 דִּי מַנִּי מַלְבָּא whom the king had appointed, vDan 2:26 ׳דִּי שְׁמֵהּ בּ whose name was B., Dan 4:5; Dan 5:12; Dan 5:23, etc.; = that which Dan 2:23 = him that Ezra 7:25; Ezra 6:15; Dan 7:17 דִּת אִנוּן אַרְבַּע which are four (see אִנּוּן). Following pronoun of 2 person (compare אֲשֶׁר 3), Dan 2:37 thou, O king ..., דִּי ֗֗֗ יְהַב לָח to whom... hath given, Dan 4:19; Dan 4:6 as to whom I know, etc. (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d end). Sq. תַּמָּה = where Ezra 6:1, so דִּי alone Ezra 6:3; Dan 2:38 of time, בְּעִדָּנָא דִּי at the time when, etc., Dan 3:5; Dan 3:15. With the predicate an infinitive with לְ, Dan 6:9 כְּתָבָא דִּי לָא לְהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be changed, Ezra 6:8 a place- or other determination, Dan 3:20 valiant men בְחֵילֵהּ that were in his army, Dan 5:2 הֵיכְלָא דִּי בִירוּשְׁלֵב, Dan 7:20; Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:2; Ezra 6:6 compare Dan 2:25; Dan 5:13; Dan 7:7; Ezra 7:23. דִּי לָא = without, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 7:22 (so דְּלָא ᵑ7 Gen 15:2; Exod 21:11); compare Dan 2:34; Dan 2:45.
  b. מָן דִּי, מָה דִּי (compare in late Hebrew ׳מַהשֶּֿׁ, מַה 1 e b) whoever, whatever, so Dan 3:6; Dan 3:11 יִפֵּל ָ(מןדִּֿילָֿא whoever does not fall down, Dan 4:14 לְמָן דִּי יִצְבֵּא to whomsoever he willeth, v.Dan 4:22 v.Dan 4:29; Dan 5:21 מָה דִי whatever (or simply what), Dan 2:28 מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא what will be, vDan 2:29 vDan 2:29 vDan 2:45; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 7:18. — compare K§ 103.
2. as mark of the genitive, Dan 2:15 שׁליטא די מלכא properly the captain, that of the king = the king's captain (a genuine Aramaic idiom: so ᵑ7 דְּ, Syriac constantly), vDan 2:19 vDan 2:25 vDan 2:49 + often: the substantive in such cases may be either in the emphatic state (determined), as ll. cc. Ezra 4:15; Ezra 5:2, etc., or in the absolute state (undetermined), Dan 5:5; Dan 7:4; Dan 7:9; Dan 7:10 נְהַר דִּי נוּר; or it may have a pleonastic suffix, Dan 2:20 שְׁמֵהּ דִּי אֱלָהָא literally his name, that of God = God's name, vDan 2:44; Dan 3:8; Dan 3:25; Dan 3:26; Dan 4:23, etc. (so also ᵑ7 Syriac). To circumscribe an adjective, especially in specification of the material: Dan 2:38 thou art רֵאשָׁה דִּי דַהֲבָא the head of gold, vDan 2:39; Dan 3:1; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:4 +; as predicate Dan 2:32 רֵאשֵׁהּ דִּידְֿהַב טָב his head (was) of fine gold, vDan 2:33; Dan 7:19 with a pronoun Dan 2:20 wisdom and might דִּילֵֿהּ הִיא are his; compare Dan 6:27 וּמַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּילָֿא תִתְחַבַּל his kingdom (is one) which shall not be destroyed, Dan 7:14. — See further K§ 81.
3. as conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר 8):
  a. that (quod), after verbs of knowing, Dan 2:8; Dan 2:9, seeing Dan 2:45; Dan 3:27, hearing Dan 5:14, etc.; introducing the subject of a sentence, יְדִיעַ ֗֗֗ דִּי ֗֗֗ Dan 3:18; Ezra 4:13; Dan 2:47 מִןקְֿשֹׁט דִּי ֗֗֗ True is it that . . . (compare אָמְנָם כִּי Job 12:2).
  b. = in that, inasmuch as, whereas: Dan 2:41 and whereas (דִּי) thou sawest, etc. . . . it shall be adivided kingdom, vDan 2:43; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:23 as a connecting link$ = seeing that, because, for (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Dan 2:9; Dan 2:20b; Dan 2:23b; Dan 2:47b; Dan 4:15; Dan 6:24b.
  c. that (ut), after verbs of asking Dan 2:16, commanding Dan 3:10; Dan 3:29, expressing a purpose Dan 4:3; Dan 5:15; Ezra 4:15; Ezra 6:10 +; דִּי לָא that not (ne) Dan 2:18; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:18 (on דִּי לְמָה lest Ezra 7:23, see מה).
  d. prefixed to direct narr. (like כִּי 1 b, and sometimes אֲשֶׁר 8 a γ, and ὅτι recitativum), Dan 2:25 and said thus unto him דִּיהַֿשְׁכַּחַת (that) I have found, etc., Dan 5:7; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:14.
4. with prepositions and other prefixes:
  a. כְּ דִי (like Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; so Egyptian Aramaic כזי, Palmyrene, Nabataean כדי, Lzb293 SACG1 62, 63 Cooke369 b RES:361; ᵑ7 כַּד, Syriac ); a according as, Dan 2:43 b. so soon as, when, Dan 3:7; Dan 5:20; Dan 6:11; Dan 6:15.
  b. מִןדִּֿי: a. because that, Dan 3:22; Ezra 5:12 (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Isa 43:4); b. from (the time) that, after (ex quo), Dan 4:23; Ezra 4:23.
  c. עַד דִּי until, Dan 2:9; Dan 2:34; Dan 4:30; Dan 7:22 = ere that Dan 6:25.
  d. עַל דִּי Dan 3:19 is not a conjunction, but means above that which ...
  e. for עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי and כָּלקֳֿבֵל דִּי see [ דִּבְרָה] and קֳבֵל.

BDB9603 H1768 H1836 H2298

BDB9602 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9604

כ

כְּ particle like, as, about (Biblical Hebrew כְּ, q. v.); — like, as Dan 2:40 תַּקִּיפָא כְּפַרְוְלָא, Dan 4:5; Dan 4:32; Dan 5:1 +; according to Dan 4:32 וּכְּ מִצְבְּיֵהּ עָכֵד and according to his will he doeth, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 6:18 +; about (as Biblical Hebrew 1 a: compare Zinjirli Lzb444 [ן] כשלשן מלכ), Dan 4:16 כְּשָׁעָה חֲדָה, Dan 6:1 with infinitive (Biblical Hebrew 3 b), Dan 6:21 וּכְ מִקְרְנֵהּ לִגֻבָּא and as he drew near, etc. Cpds.: — כְּ דִי and כִּדְנָה, see דִּי and דָּאנה; כַּחֲדָה; together, see חַד (sub אחד).

that, of, which, whom, whose, …
dî
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
  • (rel part) who, which, that
    • "(mark of genitive) that of, which belongs to, that"(conj) that, because

פַּרְשֶׁ֤גֶן
פַּרְשֶׁ֤גֶן
Root word copy
Dictionary form: פַּרְשֶׁגֶן · pahr-sheh-ɡEN

Noun — Common, masculine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: the copy
the copy ×2 is the copy ×1
More options
copy — Most natural, widely understood rendering for documents.
transcript — Emphasizes an official, word-for-word reproduction.
duplicate — Stresses that the document is an exact replica.
written record — Useful when the document's permanence is in focus.

BDB9825 H6573

BDB9824 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9826

פַּרְשֶׁ֫גֶן noun masculineEzra 4:23 copy (ᵑ7 שַׁנְנָא-, Syriac ; Aramaic loan-word in Biblical Hebrew, where also פַּתְשֶׁנֶן id.; loan-word from Persian (Thes1133; Add.108), compare Armenian pat³ên, copy, GildemeisterZKM iv. 210 LagGes. Abh. 79, Armen. Stud. § 1838 MeyEnst. J. 22 HoffmZA ii. 52, Old Iranian * paticayan, id., according to AndrM 79*; not clear whether ׳פַּר is textual error for ׳פּת (Hoffm 1.c.), or from different original (Andrl.c. para™ayan? paricayan?), or from same √ in different stage (so apparently Scheft52, citing, for both, Old Baktrian fra-s®nhana, announcement, Old Iranian pra´amsana, pra´¹sana, command, Arabic frasasti, command, patisênhana, answer, Old Persian *patithanhana, announcement, answer)); — construct ׳פ Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:6.

copy
paršegen
a transcript
  • copy

נִשְׁתְּוָנָ א֙
נִשְׁתְּוָנָ
Root word letter
א֙
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: נִשְׁתְּוָן · nish-teh-WAWN

Noun — Common, masculine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: letter
by letter ×1 letter ×1 the letter ×1
More options
letter — Most natural modern rendering; prefer in narrative contexts.
written letter — Adds clarity when distinguishing from other documents.
official letter — Highlights the formal, administrative nature of the document.
dispatch — Suggests an urgent or governmental communiqué.
document — Broader term; use when letter feels too narrow.
correspondence — Best for collective or formal epistolary contexts.

BDB9724 H5407 H5406

BDB9723 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9725

[נִשְׁתְּרָן] noun masculineEzra 4:18 letter (probably Persian; see Biblical Hebrew); — emphatic נִשְׁתְוָנָא Ezra 4:18; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:5.

letter
ništĕwān
an epistle
  • letter

דִּ֚י
דִּ֚י
Particle who, which, that
Dictionary form: דִּי · dee

Particle — Relative

that ×88 of ×60 which ×52 whom ×9 whose ×7 for ×6 and whereas ×4 and whom ×3
More options
that — Most versatile; use as general relative or complementizer.
which — Prefer for non-personal antecedents.
who — Use when antecedent is a person.
whose — Marks genitive/possessive relationship with antecedent.
of — Use for construct-like genitive links between nouns.
because — Use when דִּי introduces a causal clause.

BDB9440 H1768 H2088 H834

BDB9439 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9441

דִּי particle of relation, who, which, that, used also as mark of genitive and conjunction that, because (Aramaic of Nineveh, Babylonian, Zinjirli, Nerab, Cilicia, Têma, Egypt, ןי (Lzb267. 446 RES361 S-CPap. A 2 +); Nabataean, Palmyrene די; ᵑ7 דְּ (except in compounds, as דִּילִי mine, דִּילֵיהּ his); Samaritan ; Syriac ; Ethiopic za: of same origin as Arabic possessor of [compare below Biblical Hebrew זֶה]. Properly a demonstrative that [compare זֶה; in Ethiopic ze is 'this', za 'which']; but this being referred by usage to something preceding becomes equivalent to the relative who, which, used, however, more widely than Hebrew אֲשֶׁר); —

1. as rel. who, which (construed like אֲשֶׁר): a. Jer 10:11; Dan 2:11 דִּי מְדָֽרְהוֺן whose dwelling, vDan 2:24 דִּי מַנִּי מַלְבָּא whom the king had appointed, vDan 2:26 ׳דִּי שְׁמֵהּ בּ whose name was B., Dan 4:5; Dan 5:12; Dan 5:23, etc.; = that which Dan 2:23 = him that Ezra 7:25; Ezra 6:15; Dan 7:17 דִּת אִנוּן אַרְבַּע which are four (see אִנּוּן). Following pronoun of 2 person (compare אֲשֶׁר 3), Dan 2:37 thou, O king ..., דִּי ֗֗֗ יְהַב לָח to whom... hath given, Dan 4:19; Dan 4:6 as to whom I know, etc. (compare אֲשֶׁר 4 d end). Sq. תַּמָּה = where Ezra 6:1, so דִּי alone Ezra 6:3; Dan 2:38 of time, בְּעִדָּנָא דִּי at the time when, etc., Dan 3:5; Dan 3:15. With the predicate an infinitive with לְ, Dan 6:9 כְּתָבָא דִּי לָא לְהַשְׁנָיָה which is not to be changed, Ezra 6:8 a place- or other determination, Dan 3:20 valiant men בְחֵילֵהּ that were in his army, Dan 5:2 הֵיכְלָא דִּי בִירוּשְׁלֵב, Dan 7:20; Ezra 4:24; Ezra 5:6; Ezra 6:2; Ezra 6:6 compare Dan 2:25; Dan 5:13; Dan 7:7; Ezra 7:23. דִּי לָא = without, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 7:22 (so דְּלָא ᵑ7 Gen 15:2; Exod 21:11); compare Dan 2:34; Dan 2:45.
  b. מָן דִּי, מָה דִּי (compare in late Hebrew ׳מַהשֶּֿׁ, מַה 1 e b) whoever, whatever, so Dan 3:6; Dan 3:11 יִפֵּל ָ(מןדִּֿילָֿא whoever does not fall down, Dan 4:14 לְמָן דִּי יִצְבֵּא to whomsoever he willeth, v.Dan 4:22 v.Dan 4:29; Dan 5:21 מָה דִי whatever (or simply what), Dan 2:28 מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא what will be, vDan 2:29 vDan 2:29 vDan 2:45; Ezra 6:8; Ezra 7:18. — compare K§ 103.
2. as mark of the genitive, Dan 2:15 שׁליטא די מלכא properly the captain, that of the king = the king's captain (a genuine Aramaic idiom: so ᵑ7 דְּ, Syriac constantly), vDan 2:19 vDan 2:25 vDan 2:49 + often: the substantive in such cases may be either in the emphatic state (determined), as ll. cc. Ezra 4:15; Ezra 5:2, etc., or in the absolute state (undetermined), Dan 5:5; Dan 7:4; Dan 7:9; Dan 7:10 נְהַר דִּי נוּר; or it may have a pleonastic suffix, Dan 2:20 שְׁמֵהּ דִּי אֱלָהָא literally his name, that of God = God's name, vDan 2:44; Dan 3:8; Dan 3:25; Dan 3:26; Dan 4:23, etc. (so also ᵑ7 Syriac). To circumscribe an adjective, especially in specification of the material: Dan 2:38 thou art רֵאשָׁה דִּי דַהֲבָא the head of gold, vDan 2:39; Dan 3:1; Dan 5:7; Dan 5:16; Ezra 5:14; Ezra 6:4 +; as predicate Dan 2:32 רֵאשֵׁהּ דִּידְֿהַב טָב his head (was) of fine gold, vDan 2:33; Dan 7:19 with a pronoun Dan 2:20 wisdom and might דִּילֵֿהּ הִיא are his; compare Dan 6:27 וּמַלְכוּתֵהּ דִּילָֿא תִתְחַבַּל his kingdom (is one) which shall not be destroyed, Dan 7:14. — See further K§ 81.
3. as conjunction (compare אֲשֶׁר 8):
  a. that (quod), after verbs of knowing, Dan 2:8; Dan 2:9, seeing Dan 2:45; Dan 3:27, hearing Dan 5:14, etc.; introducing the subject of a sentence, יְדִיעַ ֗֗֗ דִּי ֗֗֗ Dan 3:18; Ezra 4:13; Dan 2:47 מִןקְֿשֹׁט דִּי ֗֗֗ True is it that . . . (compare אָמְנָם כִּי Job 12:2).
  b. = in that, inasmuch as, whereas: Dan 2:41 and whereas (דִּי) thou sawest, etc. . . . it shall be adivided kingdom, vDan 2:43; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:23 as a connecting link$ = seeing that, because, for (compare אֲשֶׁר 8 c) Dan 2:9; Dan 2:20b; Dan 2:23b; Dan 2:47b; Dan 4:15; Dan 6:24b.
  c. that (ut), after verbs of asking Dan 2:16, commanding Dan 3:10; Dan 3:29, expressing a purpose Dan 4:3; Dan 5:15; Ezra 4:15; Ezra 6:10 +; דִּי לָא that not (ne) Dan 2:18; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:18 (on דִּי לְמָה lest Ezra 7:23, see מה).
  d. prefixed to direct narr. (like כִּי 1 b, and sometimes אֲשֶׁר 8 a γ, and ὅτι recitativum), Dan 2:25 and said thus unto him דִּיהַֿשְׁכַּחַת (that) I have found, etc., Dan 5:7; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:14.
4. with prepositions and other prefixes:
  a. כְּ דִי (like Hebrew כַּאֲשֶׁר; so Egyptian Aramaic כזי, Palmyrene, Nabataean כדי, Lzb293 SACG1 62, 63 Cooke369 b RES:361; ᵑ7 כַּד, Syriac ); a according as, Dan 2:43 b. so soon as, when, Dan 3:7; Dan 5:20; Dan 6:11; Dan 6:15.
  b. מִןדִּֿי: a. because that, Dan 3:22; Ezra 5:12 (compare מֵאֲשֶׁר Isa 43:4); b. from (the time) that, after (ex quo), Dan 4:23; Ezra 4:23.
  c. עַד דִּי until, Dan 2:9; Dan 2:34; Dan 4:30; Dan 7:22 = ere that Dan 6:25.
  d. עַל דִּי Dan 3:19 is not a conjunction, but means above that which ...
  e. for עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי and כָּלקֳֿבֵל דִּי see [ דִּבְרָה] and קֳבֵל.

BDB9603 H1768 H1836 H2298

BDB9602 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9604

כ

כְּ particle like, as, about (Biblical Hebrew כְּ, q. v.); — like, as Dan 2:40 תַּקִּיפָא כְּפַרְוְלָא, Dan 4:5; Dan 4:32; Dan 5:1 +; according to Dan 4:32 וּכְּ מִצְבְּיֵהּ עָכֵד and according to his will he doeth, Ezra 6:9; Ezra 6:18 +; about (as Biblical Hebrew 1 a: compare Zinjirli Lzb444 [ן] כשלשן מלכ), Dan 4:16 כְּשָׁעָה חֲדָה, Dan 6:1 with infinitive (Biblical Hebrew 3 b), Dan 6:21 וּכְ מִקְרְנֵהּ לִגֻבָּא and as he drew near, etc. Cpds.: — כְּ דִי and כִּדְנָה, see דִּי and דָּאנה; כַּחֲדָה; together, see חַד (sub אחד).

that, of, which, whom, whose, …
dî
that, used as relative conjunction, and especially (with a preposition) in adverbial phrases; also as preposition of
  • (rel part) who, which, that
    • "(mark of genitive) that of, which belongs to, that"(conj) that, because

ארתחששתא
ארתחששתא
Root word a name — transliterate it
Dictionary form: אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׁתָּא · ar-ta-shahsh-TAW

Noun — Proper Name

of artaxerxes ×7 artaxerxes ×6 and artaxerxes ×1 to artaxerxes ×1
More options
Artaxerxes — Standard modern English spelling; use in most contexts.
King Artaxerxes — Add title when royal role needs emphasis.
Artaxerxes the king — Mirrors Hebrew titular style more closely.

BDB788 H783

BDB787 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB789

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא proper name, masculine Artaxerxes (Persian Artakhshatrâ, SpiegAPK 68, 207 ᵐ5 Ἀρταξερξης, compare BeRy on Ezra 4:23; Ezra 7:1f.; Neh 1:1) ׳א Ezra 4:7 see BD102; אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא Ezra 4:7, אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא Ezra 7:1; Ezra 7:11; Ezra 8:1; Neh 2:1; Neh 5:14; Neh 13:6 Artaxerxes I, or Longimanus, son & successor of Xerxes, reigned B.C. 465-424.

BDB9350 H783

BDB9349 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9351

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא proper name, masculine of king, Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 6:14 = שַׁסְתְּא- Ezra 7:12; Ezra 7:21 (Biblical Hebrew שַׁשְׂתָּא-; Egyptian Aramaic ארתחשסש RES438, S-CB2+; see also AndrM 54* Schefti. 79); — Αρσαρθα, Α(ρ)σαθαθα, Αρθασαθα; ᵐ5L Αρταξερξης.

artaxerxes
ʾartaḥšaštāʾ
I will make the spoiled to boil, I will stir myself (in) winter
Artachshasta (or Artaxerxes), a title (rather than name) of several Persian kings
  • son and successor of Xerxes as emperor of Persia, 465–424 BC

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּ
אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּ
Root word a name — transliterate it ("Artaxerxes")
Dictionary form: אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׁתָּא · ar-ta-shahsh-TAW

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: artaxerxes
of artaxerxes ×7 artaxerxes ×6 and artaxerxes ×1 to artaxerxes ×1
More options
Artaxerxes — Standard modern English spelling; use in most contexts.
King Artaxerxes — Add title when royal role needs emphasis.
Artaxerxes the king — Mirrors Hebrew titular style more closely.

BDB788 H783

BDB787 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB789

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתָּא proper name, masculine Artaxerxes (Persian Artakhshatrâ, SpiegAPK 68, 207 ᵐ5 Ἀρταξερξης, compare BeRy on Ezra 4:23; Ezra 7:1f.; Neh 1:1) ׳א Ezra 4:7 see BD102; אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא Ezra 4:7, אַרְתַּחְשַׁסְתְּא Ezra 7:1; Ezra 7:11; Ezra 8:1; Neh 2:1; Neh 5:14; Neh 13:6 Artaxerxes I, or Longimanus, son & successor of Xerxes, reigned B.C. 465-424.

BDB9350 H783

BDB9349 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9351

אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא proper name, masculine of king, Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 6:14 = שַׁסְתְּא- Ezra 7:12; Ezra 7:21 (Biblical Hebrew שַׁשְׂתָּא-; Egyptian Aramaic ארתחשסש RES438, S-CB2+; see also AndrM 54* Schefti. 79); — Αρσαρθα, Α(ρ)σαθαθα, Αρθασαθα; ᵐ5L Αρταξερξης.

artaxerxes
ʾartaḥšaštāʾ
I will make the spoiled to boil, I will stir myself (in) winter
Artachshasta (or Artaxerxes), a title (rather than name) of several Persian kings
  • son and successor of Xerxes as emperor of Persia, 465–424 BC

מַלְכָּ ֔א
מַלְכָּ
Root word king, kings, royal
֔א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: מֶלֶךְ · meh-LEK

Noun — Common, masculine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: of king
the king ×75 o king ×19 the kings ×12 king ×10 kings ×9 unto the king ×9 and the king ×7 to the king ×6
More options
king — Standard modern rendering; broadly suitable in most contexts.
monarch — Formal or literary tone; emphasizes sovereign authority.
ruler — Broader term; useful when royal title is less central.
sovereign — Elevated register; stresses supreme political power.
royal — Adjectival use; prefer when modifying a noun directly.

BDB9662 H4429 H4430

BDB9661 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9663

מֶ֫לֶךְ178 noun masculine king (general Semitic; see Biblical Hebrew); — ׳מ absolute Dan 2:10 + 2 t.; construct Dan 4:34 + 6 t.; usually emphatic מַלְכָּא Ezra 4:8 + 154 t., ָ  ה Dan 2:11 plural מַלְכִין Ezra 4:15 + 9 t., ִ  ים Ezra 4:13 (Hebraism, BeRy M41*); emphatic מַלְכַיָּא Dan 2:44 + 2 t.; — king Dan 2:4; Dan 2:5 + 132 t. Daniel; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:11 + 42 t. Ezra (מֶלָךְ מַלְכַיָּא of Nebuchadnezzar Dan 2:37, of Artaxerxes Ezra 7:12 [compare Cooke71.3, of Xerxes]; מַלְכִין Dan 7:17 = kingdoms, compare מַלְכוּ vDan 7:23).

king, kings, royal
melek
a king
  • king

קֱרִ֧י
קֱרִ֧י
Root word read, cried, called
Dictionary form: קְרָא · keh-RAW

Verb — Peil, Perfect (Qatal), third person masculine singular simple passive (Aramaic) — "it was done" completed action — try "he ___ed" or "he has ___ed" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: was read
read ×3 cried ×2 be called ×1 he cried ×1 i will read ×1 shall read ×1 they should read ×1 was read ×1
More options
read — Modernized from KJV; prefer for textual/scribal contexts.
call out — Vocal proclamation; good for public announcements or names.
proclaim — Formal, authoritative declaration to an audience.
cry out — Emotional urgency; suits distress or loud appeals.
summon — Calling a person or group to appear; relational context.
recite — Reading aloud from a written text; liturgical or scribal use.

BDB9869 H7123 H7121

BDB9868 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9870

[קְרָא] verb call, read out, aloud (see Biblical Hebrew I. קרא); —

Pe`al Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִקְרֵה Dan 5:7, 1 singular אֶקְרֵא vDan 5:17 3 masculine plural יִקְרוֺן vDan 5:15 Infinitive לְמִקְרֵא vDan 5:8 vDan 5:16 Participle active קָרֵא Dan 3:4 +; —
1. call, proclaim, בְּהַיִל: Dan 3:4; Dan 4:11; Dan 5:7
2. read out, aloud, accusative כְּתָבָא Dan 5:7; Dan 5:8; Dan 5:15; Dan 5:16; Dan 5:17 (ל person). Pe`îl (WCG 225) Perfect 3 masculine singular קֱרִי Ezra 4:18; Ezra 4:23 it was read, קֳדָם person Hithpe`el be summoned, Imperfect 3 masculine singular יִתְקְרֵי Dan 5:12.

read, cried, called
qĕrāʾ
to call out to (i.e., properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
  • to call, read aloud, read out, shout
    • (P'al)
      • to call, proclaim
        • "to read aloud, read out
      (Ithp'el) to be summoned, be called

קֳדָם
קֳדָם
Preposition before, him, me, pleased, presence, …
Dictionary form: קֳדָם · koh-DAWM

Preposition

In the KJV here: before
before ×22 before me ×3 and before ×2 him ×2 before him ×1 i thought ×1 in the presence of ×1 it before ×1
More options
in front of — Spatial sense; prefer for physical or positional contexts.
in the presence of — Formal/courtly register; suits throne-room or divine scenes.
before — Modernized KJV staple; broadly versatile across contexts.
in the sight of — Emphasizes the observer's perspective or judgment.
it seemed good to — Use when the lemma carries a 'pleased' or approval nuance.
I considered — Use when the lemma reflects an inner thought or deliberation.

BDB9849 H6925

BDB9848 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9850

קֳדָם42 preposition before (so Old Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, etc. (Lzb360 f.), ᵑ7 קָדָם, Syriac ; properly a substantive the front, compare Arabic the front; for √ see Biblical Hebrew קדם); — suffix קָדָמַי Dan 2:9 +, מָ֑י- vDan 2:6 קדמיך Kt, קֳדָמָךְ Qr, Dan 5:23; Dan 6:23 קֳדָמוֺהִי Dan 4:5 + (compare Nerab קדמוה, Cooke189); 3 feminine singular קדמיה Kt, קֳדָמַהּ Qr, Dan 7:7; Dan 7:8; Dan 7:20 קֳדָמֵיהוֺן Dan 4:4 —

1. before (= Hebrew לפְנֵי), especially in the phrases to answer, pray, say, etc., before a superior (as more respectful than to), Dan 2:9 לְמֵאמַד קֳדָמַי, vDan 2:10 vDan 2:11 vDan 2:27; Dan 6:11 (see Dr), v.Dan 6:12 v.Dan 6:13 v.Dan 6:14 ׳קֱרִי ק Ezra 4:18; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:23 (twice in verse); with שְׁפַר to seem fair Dan 3:32; Dan 6:2 after verbs of motion, in before, Dan 2:24; Dan 2:25; Dan 3:13; Dan 4:3 +; of time Dan 7:7.
2. מִןקֳֿדָם from before ( = מִלִּפְנֵי, but as used in late Hebrew, Esth 1:19; Esth 4:8), with קַבֵּל Dan 2:6, בְּעָא vDan 2:18 of a decree, Dan 6:27 מִןקֳֿדָמִי שִֹׁים טְעֵם (|| מִנִּי Dan 3:29 +), compare Dan 2:15; Ezra 7:14 of God, Dan 5:24 מִןקֳֿדָמוֺהִי שְׁלִיחַ פַּסָּא דַּייְֿדָא, Dan 7:10 (so very often in ᵑ7, DrSm lxx. f. lxxiii). Also = Hebrew מִפְּנֵי, with to fear Dan 5:19; Dan 6:27, be rooted up Dan 7:8, fall vDan 7:20.

before, him, me, pleased, presence, …
qŏdām
before
  • before, in front of
    • before
      • "from before

רְח֛וּם
רְח֛וּם
Root word a name — transliterate it ("Rehum")
Dictionary form: רְחוּם · reh-HOOM

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: rehum
rehum ×7 wrote rehum ×1
More options
Rehum — Standard proper-name rendering; use in most contexts.
Rehum (official) — Clarifies his administrative role when context requires.
the official Rehum — Useful when introducing the character for the first time.

BDB7869 H7348

BDB7868 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB7870

רְחוּם, רְחֻם proper name, masculine (compassion, or softness, gentleness ?); — post-exilic name:

1. with Zerubbabel:
  a. רְחוּם Ezra 2:2, A Ιρεουμ’, ᵐ5L Ναουμ ( = נְחוּם || Neh 7:7).
  b. priest, רְחֻם Neh 12:3 Ρεουμ ( = חָרִם vNeh 12:15, compare Neh 7:42 = Ezra 2:39; Ezra 10:21, see חָרִם 3 a).
2. רְחוּם, with Nehemiah:
  a. Levite Neh 3:17, Βασουθ, א A ᵐ5L Ραουμ.
  b. Neh 10:26, Ρα[ε]ουμ.

BDB9898 H7348

BDB9897 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9899

רְחוּם proper name, masculine Persian official Ezra 4:8 (usually explained from √ רחם, see Biblical Hebrew; Scheft92 thinks possibly originally רוחם, Old Iranian proper name rukma, = splendour).

rehum
rĕḥûm
compassion
Rechum, the name of three Israelites
  • an man who returned from exile with Zerubbabel
    • also 'Nehum'
    a commander who wrote a letter to the king Artaxerxes in which he opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem"a Levite of the family of Bani who assisted in rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem"one of the chiefs of the people who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah"a priest who returned from exile with Zerubbabel

וְ שִׁמְשַׁ֥י
וְ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
שִׁמְשַׁ֥י
Root word a name — transliterate it ("And shimshai")
Dictionary form: שִׁמְשַׁי · shim-SHAI

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: and shimshai
and shimshai ×3 and to shimshai ×1
More options
Shimshai — Standard transliteration; best for most Bible translations.
Shimshay — Alternate spelling reflecting Hebrew vowel more closely.
Shim-Shai — Hyphenated form aiding pronunciation for new readers.

BDB9972 H8124

BDB9971 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9973

שִׁמְשַׁי proper name, masculine; — always סָֽפְרָא ׳שׁ: Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:23 (AndrM 86 * conjectures Old Iranian caritative ששמי, conformed to שׁמשׁ, compare Scheft92, who, however, prefers Old Baktrian sim¢zhi = sima¢zhi, proper name).

שֵׁן see שׁנן. below

shimshai
šimšay
sunny
Shimshai, a Samaritan
  • the scribe for Rehum, the satrap of Judea for the Persian government

סָֽפְרָ ֖א
סָֽפְרָ
Root word scribe
֖א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: סָפֵר · saw-PARE

Noun — Common, masculine singular, determined state determined — includes "the" (Aramaic)

In the KJV here: the scribe
the scribe ×5 a scribe ×1
More options
scribe — Standard modern equivalent; widely understood in biblical contexts.
secretary — Emphasizes administrative, official role in government settings.
scholar — Highlights learned, literate aspect; suits priestly or wisdom contexts.
clerk — Stresses record-keeping duties; fits bureaucratic or court settings.

BDB9740 H5613 H5608

BDB9739 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9741

[סָפֵר] noun masculine secretary, scribe (ᵑ7 Syriac; Biblical Hebrew סֹפֵר); — emphatic סָֽפְרָא the secretary, Persian official, Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:23 construct סָפַר the scribe Ezra 7:12; Ezra 7:21, of Ezra as learned in God's law.

scribe
sāpēr
a scribe (secular or sacred)
  • scribe, secretary

וּ כְנָוָֽתְ ה֑וֹן
וּ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
כְנָוָֽתְ
Root word companions
ה֑וֹן
Suffix — pronoun their / them
Dictionary form: כְּנָת · keh-NAWT

Noun — Common, masculine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: and their companions
and their companions ×3 of their companions ×2 and his companions ×1 and your companions ×1
More options
colleague — Neutral, professional register; suits official or formal contexts.
associate — Broad applicability; implies shared role or affiliation.
companion — Modernized KJV gloss; retains relational warmth.
ally — Emphasizes solidarity or common cause between parties.
peer — Highlights equality of status among the group.
fellow — Informal; good for rendering group membership naturally.

BDB9616 H3675

BDB9615 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9617

[כְּנָת] noun masculine associate (Old Aramaic id, Lzb298 SAC65; S-CB 6; Syriac ; Christian-Palestinian Aramaic [, ] SchwIdioticon 46 SchulthLex. 93; √ apparently כנח K§ 56, a) β 2 M§ 74 c; Buhl makes loan-word from Assyrian kinâtu, 'Genosse,' but see DlWB 338 ZimM.p. 66 *); — associate, plural suffix כְּבָוָתֵהּ Ezra 5:6, תְהוֺן- Ezra 4:9; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:3; Ezra 6:6; Ezra 6:13.

companions
kĕnāt
a colleague (as having the same title)
  • companion, associate

אֲזַ֨לוּ
אֲזַ֨לוּ
Root word went, go, up
Dictionary form: אֲזַל · uh-DZAHL

Verb — Peal, Perfect (Qatal), third person masculine plural simple action (Aramaic) — like Hebrew Qal completed action — try "he ___ed" or "he has ___ed" the built-in subject is "they"

In the KJV here: they went up
went ×2 and went ×1 go ×1 he went ×1 they went up ×1 we went ×1
More options
go — Default, neutral choice for most contexts.
went — Past-tense narrative; most common contextual form.
depart — Emphasizes leaving a place; slightly formal register.
head off — Colloquial; suits informal or dialogue-heavy passages.
set out — Implies purposeful movement toward a destination.
move on — Stresses continuation or transition away from a location.

BDB9281 H235 H236

BDB9280 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9282

אֲזַל verb go, go off (Biblical Hebrew: [rare]); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 masculine singular ׳א Dan 2:24 + (אֲזַל֑ vDan 2:17; Dan 6:20); 3 plural אֲזַ֫לוּ Ezra 4:23 I plural אֲוַלְנָא Ezra 5:8 Imperative masculine singular (אֲֿחֵת) ֵ˜אוֶל vEzra 5:15 (for אֱזַל K§ § 15 e); 38, 1 c)); —
1. go, go off, with ל location Dan 2:17; Dan 6:19; Dan 6:20; Ezra 4:23 (+ עַל person), Ezra 5:8 go and say Dan 2:24, go (and) put Ezra 5:15.

went, go, up
ʾăzal
to depart
  • to go, to go off
    • (P'al) to go, go off

בִ בְהִיל֤וּ
בִ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
בְהִיל֤וּ
Root word haste
Dictionary form: בְּהִילוּ · beh-hee-LOO

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: in haste
in haste ×1
More options
urgency — Broad noun; fits most narrative and formal contexts.
haste — Modernized from KJV; natural and widely understood.
hurry — Informal register; suits lively, conversational narrative.
speed — Emphasizes swiftness over anxious rushing.
rush — Captures sudden, impulsive movement or action.

BDB9365 H924

BDB9364 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9366

בְּהִילוּ noun feminine haste (ᵑ7); — ׳בְּכ Ezra 4:23 (K§ 61, 4).

haste
bĕhîlû
a hurry; only adverb, hastily
  • haste, hastily

לִ ירֽוּשְׁלֶם֙
לִ
Prefix — preposition to, for
ירֽוּשְׁלֶם֙
Root word a name — transliterate it ("To jerusalem")
Dictionary form: יְרוּשָׁלֵם · yeh-roo-shaw-LAME

Noun — Proper Name

In the KJV here: to jerusalem
is at jerusalem ×6 is in jerusalem ×5 jerusalem ×3 and jerusalem ×2 at jerusalem ×2 to jerusalem ×2 was in jerusalem ×2 are at jerusalem ×1
More options
Jerusalem — Standard modern spelling; use in virtually all contexts.
the city of Jerusalem — Use when clarifying Jerusalem as a city for new readers.
the holy city — Thematic substitute when sacred significance is being emphasized.
Zion — Poetic or prophetic contexts where Zion is synonymous.

BDB9593 H3390 H3389

BDB9592 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9594

יְרוּשְׁלֵם25 proper name, of a location Jerusalem (Biblical Hebrew יְרוּשָׁלִַם); — Dan 5:2; Dan 5:3; Dan 6:11; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 4:12 + 20 t. Ezra.

jerusalem
yĕrûšālēm
teaching of peace
Jerusalem
  • the chief city of Palestine and capital of the united kingdom and the nation of Judah after the split

עַל
עַל
Preposition upon, unto, over, in, against, …
Dictionary form: עַל · al

Preposition

In the KJV here: unto
upon ×16 over ×9 unto ×8 against ×7 concerning ×5 in ×5 for ×4 to ×4
More options
on — Most versatile default; covers surface and figurative senses.
over — Use for authority, coverage, or position above.
about — Best for topics or subjects of speech or thought.
against — Use for opposition, complaint, or hostile action.
concerning — Formal; suits legal or prophetic discourse on a subject.
regarding — Neutral modern alternative to 'concerning'.

BDB9768 H5922 H5921

BDB9767 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9769

עַל preposition upon, over, on account of, above, to, against (Biblical Hebrew and general Aramaic id.); — suffix 1 singular עֲלַי; 2 masculine singular עליך Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, CookeNo. 77, A 5, 6, B 8, S-CPap. A 3, B 5 +), עֲלָךְ, Qr (ᵑ7 עֲלַךְ, Dalm§ 47, 2) Dan 3:12 + 6 t. Daniel; Ezra 7:18 3 masculine singular עֲלוֺהִי (so Nabataean, Palmyrene; Egyptian Aramaic עלוי S-CA 6 +) Dan 3:28 +, עֲלֹהִי Ezra 6:11 3 feminine singular עליה Kt (so Egyptian Aramaic, S-CD 24), עֲלַהּ Qr (so ᵑ7) Dan 4:14; Dan 5:21 1 plural עֲלֵינָא Ezra 4:12, עֲלֵ֑ינָא Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:17 Baer (Gi עֲלֶ֑ינָא); 3 masculine plural עֲלֵיהֹם (so Nabataean, CISii. 226; Egyptian Aramaic, S-CPap. F 5, 8+) Ezra 7:24, עֲלֵיהוֺן Ezra 5:1; Ezra 5:3 —

1. a. upon, Dan 2:10; Dan 2:28; Dan 2:46; Dan 5:5; Dan 5:7; Dan 6:11 + often, Dan 4:26 עַלהֵֿיכַל מַלְכוּתָא (2Sam 11:2); to be established עַל מַלְכוּתִי 2Sam 4:33 (compare 2Chr 1:1 Biblical Hebrew II. 1) to lay an impost upon, Ezra 7:24 to trust on, Dan 3:28 after a verb of motion, מְטָא עַל to come upon, Dan 4:21; Dan 4:25 of times, to pass over, Dan 4:13; Dan 4:20; Dan 4:22; Dan 4:29; Ezra 5:1 בְּשֻׁם אֱלָהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲלֵיהוֺן i.e. (named) over them.
  b. idiomatic (as in Biblical Hebrew; see II. 1 d) of the person who is the subject of an emotion or experience, Dan 5:9 וְזִיוֺתִי שָׁנַיִן עֲלוֺהִי were changed upon him, Dan 7:28; Dan 6:19 וְשִׁנְּתֵהּ נַדַּת עֲלוֺהִי (compare Dan 2:1).
  c. on accusative of (Biblical Hebrew 1 f b), Dan 3:16 פִּתְגָּם עַלדְּֿנָה. So in עַלדְּֿנָה on this accusative Ezra 4:15; Ezra 4:22; Ezra 5:17, עַלמָֿה wherefore ? Dan 2:15 and עַל דִּבְרַת דִּי (see ׳דְּ).
  d. on behalf of (ib. 1 f c), Ezra 6:17.
  e. regarding, concerning (ib. 1 f g), Dan 2:18; Dan 5:14; Dan 5:29; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:13; Ezra 7:14 + often
2. over, with verbs of ruling, appointing, etc., Dan 2:48; Dan 2:49; Dan 3:12; Dan 4:14 +, Ezra 4:20; Ezra 6:18.
3. in a comparative sense, above, beyond, Dan 3:19; Dan 6:4.
4. expressing direction:
  a. to, of a person, after a verb of motion (compare Biblical Hebrew 7 c a a), Dan 2:24; Dan 4:31; Dan 4:33; Dan 6:7; Dan 6:16; Ezra 4:12; Ezra 4:23 + often; after to send (a letter, etc.) Ezra 4:11; Ezra 4:17; Ezra 4:18; Ezra 5:6 +, write Ezra 4:7, prophesy Ezra 5:1 of the direction of the mind (ib. 7c c), Dan 3:12; Dan 6:14 (twice in verse); Dan 6:15 compare Ezra 5:5 הֲוַת עַל ׳וְעֵין אֱל (compare Jer 40:4 and אֶל Ps 34:16).
  b. against, Dan 3:19; Dan 3:29; Dan 5:23; Dan 6:5; Dan 6:6 +; Ezra 4:8; Ezra 7:23.
5. in such phrases as שְׁפַר עַל, טְאֵב (to be) good or acceptable to (as in Syriac and late Hebrew: see Biblical Hebrew 8), Ezra 5:17 אִם עַל מַלְכָּא טָב, Ezra 7:18 (twice in verse); Dan 4:24 (יִשְׁפַּר), Dan 6:15 (בְּאֵשׁ), v.Dan 6:24 (טְאֵב). — compare the synopsis of meanings in Lzb340.

upon, unto, over, in, against, …
ʿal
above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
  • upon, over, on account of, above, to, against
    • upon, over, on account of, regarding, concerning, on behalf of
      • "over (with verbs of ruling)"above, beyond (in comparison)"to, against (of direction)

יְה֣וּדָיֵ ֔א
יְה֣וּדָיֵ
Root word a name — transliterate it ("The jews")
֔א
Prefix — article the
Dictionary form: יְהוּדָאִי · yeh-hoo-daw-EE

Noun — Gentilic, masculine plural, determined state plural — usually add "-s"; determined — includes "the" (Aramaic); a people-group name (like "Hittite")

In the KJV here: the jews
of the jews ×4 the jews ×3 jews ×2 that the jews ×1
More options
Jew — Standard, widely recognized term; best default choice.
Jewish person — More explicit; useful when emphasizing individual identity.
Judean — Highlights ethnic-geographic origin; preferred in historical contexts.
member of the Jewish people — Formal; use when community belonging is foregrounded.

BDB9575 H3062 H3064

BDB9574 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9576

[יְהוּדַי] name, of a people Jew (Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדִי); — plural absolute יְהוּדָאִין (K§ 61, 6)) Dan 3:12 emphatic יְהוּדָיֵא (Ib.ib.) vDan 3:8; Ezra 4:12; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:1; Ezra 5:5; Ezra 6:7 (twice in verse); Ezra 6:8; Ezra 6:14.

jews
yĕhûdāʾî
a Jehudaite (or Judaite), i.e., Jew
  • Jew

וּ בַטִּ֥לוּ
וּ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
בַטִּ֥לוּ
Root word cease, ceased, hindered
Dictionary form: בְּטֵל · beh-TALE

Verb — Pael, Perfect (Qatal), third person masculine plural intensive (Aramaic) — like Hebrew Piel completed action — try "he ___ed" or "he has ___ed" the built-in subject is "they"

In the KJV here: to cease
to cease ×3 ceased ×1 hindered ×1
More options
stop — Most neutral and broadly applicable modern choice.
halt — Emphasizes an abrupt or forceful interruption.
cease — Modernized KJV form; slightly formal but still current.
be brought to a standstill — Captures the passive, externally imposed sense.
be hindered — Highlights obstruction by an outside force or agent.
be suspended — Good for work, activity, or processes officially paused.

BDB9368 H988 H989

BDB9367 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9369

[בְּטֵל] verb cease (late Biblical Hebrew); —

Pe`al Perfect 3 feminine singular בְּטִלַת Ezra 4:24, Participle feminine singular בָּֽטְלָא vEzra 4:24 (both of work). Pa`el make to cease, accusative of person: Perfect 3 masculine plural בַּטִּ֫לוּ Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:5 Infinitive לְבַטָּלָא Ezra 4:21, accusative of person omitted Ezra 6:3.

cease, ceased, hindered
bĕṭēl
to stop
  • (P'al) to cease
    • to cease
      • "to make to cease

Breakdown unavailable for this word. Dictionary form: הִמּוֹ · him-MOH

Noun — masculine plural plural — usually add "-s"

In the KJV here: and made them
them ×5 and made them ×1 are ×1 cause them ×1 them to ×1 those ×1
More options
them — Default pronoun for third-person plural objects.
they — Use when functioning as a subject pronoun.
those — Demonstrative use; pointing to a previously mentioned group.
these — Demonstrative; prefer when referents are near or just introduced.
are — Copular use; Aramaic equative clause with no overt verb.

BDB9475 H1994 H1992

BDB9474 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9476

הִמּוֺ9 (Ezra), הִמּוֺן3 (Daniel), pronoun 3 plural they, them (= Biblical Hebrew הֵם, הֵמָּה, q. v., but the more original forms. Egyptian Aramaic המו CIS145 B 4 (Cooke207),149 A 1, S-CPap. C 7, 10 +; not ᵑ7 Syriac, which use אִנּוּן , , instead; Arabic , . The n in הִמּוֺן, as in דֵּין, אִלֵּין, by the side of זֶה, אֵלֶּה, ; NöM 86 WCG 106); — they, them:
  a. as nominative Ezra 5:11 אֲבַחְנָא הִמּוֺ עַבְדוֺהִי we are his servants (construction as in Syriac, Nö§ 312 D Matt 5:13, K§ 87. 3).
  b. as accusative (in Biblical Aramaic, as in Syriac, there being no verbal suffix of 3 plural; so Egyptian Aramaic Cooke76 B 4, S-CPap. E 5 +), En 2:34 והדקת הִמּוֺ and crushed them, v35; 3:22; Ezra 4:10; Ezra 4:23; Ezra 5:5; Ezra 5:12; Ezra 5:14 (twice in verse); Ezra 5:15; Ezra 7:17. — compare אִנּוּן.

them, those, are
himmô
they
  • they, them
    • they (subject)
      • "them (object)

בְּ אֶדְרָ֥ע
בְּ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
אֶדְרָ֥ע
Root word force
Dictionary form: אֶדְרָע · ed-RAW

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: by force
by force ×1
More options
strength — General-purpose; suits most narrative contexts.
power — Good for political or authoritative contexts.
might — Slightly elevated tone; fitting for poetic passages.
force — Modernized KJV rendering; implies coercion or compulsion.
arm — Literal sense; highlights embodied, physical strength.

BDB9459 H153 H248

BDB9458 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9460

אֶדְרַע (K§ 60, l)) noun [feminine] force (properly arm, ᵑ7 (rare); Biblical Hebrew אֶזְרוֺעַ); — absolute וְחָ֑יִל ׳בְּא Ezra 4:23 by force and power, forcibly.

force
ʾedrāʿ
an arm, i.e., (figuratively) power
  • strong, force, arm, power

וְ חָֽיִל
וְ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
חָֽיִל
Root word aloud, army, most, power
Dictionary form: חַיִל · ha-YIL

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: and power
aloud ×3 and power ×1 in the army ×1 the most ×1 were in his army ×1
More options
army — Best for military contexts; organized fighting force.
strength — Good for abstract power or might contexts.
force — Covers both military units and raw power.
troops — Collective military sense; more concrete than 'force'.
might — Emphasizes inherent capacity or vigor.
loudly — Adverbial use; reserve for 'aloud/crying out' contexts.

BDB9524 H2428 H2429

BDB9523 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9525

חַ֫יִל noun masculine power, strength, army (see Biblical Hebrew II. חול, חיל); —

1. power: absolute בְּאֶדְרָע וְחָ֑יִל Ezra 4:23 by force and power; ׳קרא בְח i.e. call loudly Dan 3:4, בְּחַיִל Dan 4:11; Dan 5:7 ׳גִּבָּרֵיאח Dan 3:20 mighty men of power.
2. force, army, suffix חֵילֵהּ Dan 3:20 construct חֵיל שְׁמַיָּא Dan 4:32 (= Biblical Hebrew צְכָא הַשָּׁמַיִם).

aloud, army, most, power
ḥayil
an army, or strength
  • strength, army, power
    • power
      • "force, army

The cantillation accents are the Masoretes' punctuation: each group below ends at a pausing accent. Translate a group as one unit.
אֱדַ֗יִן Revia — a lesser break מִן דִּ֞י פַּרְשֶׁ֤גֶן נִשְׁתְּוָנָא֙ Pashta — a lesser break דִּ֚י Yetiv — a lesser break ארתחששתא אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּ מַלְכָּ֔א Zaqef Qatan — a strong break קֱרִ֧י קֳדָם רְח֛וּם Tevir — a lesser break וְשִׁמְשַׁ֥י סָֽפְרָ֖א Tipeha — a lesser break וּכְנָוָֽתְה֑וֹן Etnahta — the verse's main pause — take a breath here אֲזַ֨לוּ בִבְהִיל֤וּ לִירֽוּשְׁלֶם֙ Pashta — a lesser break עַל יְה֣וּדָיֵ֔א Zaqef Qatan — a strong break וּבַטִּ֥לוּ הִמּ֖וֹ Tipeha — a lesser break בְּאֶדְרָ֥ע וְחָֽיִל Silluq — end of the verse

אֱדַיִן מִן-דִּי פַּרְשֶׁגֶן נִשְׁתְּוָנָא דִּי ‫(ארתחששתא)‬ אַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּ מַלְכָּא קֱרִי קֳדָם-רְחוּם וְשִׁמְשַׁי סָֽפְרָא וּכְנָוָֽתְהוֹן אֲזַלוּ בִבְהִילוּ לִירֽוּשְׁלֶם עַל-יְהוּדָיֵא וּבַטִּלוּ הִמּוֹ בְּאֶדְרָע וְחָֽיִל׃
23
Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went up in haste to Jerusalem unto the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power.
Cross References

Romans 3:15

ὀξεῖς οἱ πόδες αὐτῶν ἐκχέαι αἷμα
15
Their feet are swift to shed blood:

Ezra 4:17

פִּתְגָמָא שְׁלַח מַלְכָּא עַל-רְחוּם בְּעֵל-טְעֵם וְשִׁמְשַׁי סָֽפְרָא וּשְׁאָר כְּנָוָתְהוֹן דִּי יָֽתְבִין בְּשָֽׁמְרָיִן וּשְׁאָר עֲבַֽר-נַהֲרָה שְׁלָם וּכְעֶֽת׃
17
Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions that dwell in Samaria, and unto the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a time.

Ezra 4:8

רְחוּם בְּעֵל-טְעֵם וְשִׁמְשַׁי סָֽפְרָא כְּתַבוּ אִגְּרָה חֲדָה עַל-יְרֽוּשְׁלֶם לְאַרְתַּחְשַׁשְׂתְּא מַלְכָּא כְּנֵֽמָא׃
8
Rehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort:

Proverbs 4:16

כִּי לֹא יִֽשְׁנוּ אִם-לֹא יָרֵעוּ וְֽנִגְזְלָה שְׁנָתָם אִם-לֹא ‫(יכשולו)‬ יַכְשִֽׁילוּ׃
16
For they sleep not, except they have done mischief; and their sleep is taken away, unless they cause some to fall.

Micah 2:1

הוֹי חֹֽשְׁבֵי-אָוֶן וּפֹעֲלֵי רָע עַל-מִשְׁכְּבוֹתָם בְּאוֹר הַבֹּקֶר יַעֲשׂוּהָ כִּי יֶשׁ-לְאֵל יָדָֽם׃
1
Woe to them that devise iniquity, and work evil upon their beds! when the morning is light, they practise it, because it is in the power of their hand.
Ezra 4:22
Read Ezra 4
Ezra 4:24