BDB2100 H3068 H3069 H1961 H430 H589 H2022 H6635
BDB2099 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2101
יהוהc. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (1. ᵑ0 יְהוָֺהC518 (
Qr אֲדֹנָי), or
יֱהוִֺה305 (
Qr אֱלֹהִים), in the combinations
אדני יהוה &
יהוה אדני (see
אֲדֹנֶי), and with preposition
בַּיהוָֺה,
לַיהוָֺה,
מֵיהוָֺה (
Qr בַּאדֹנָי,
לַאדֹנָי,
מֵאדֹנָי), do not give the original form.
ᵐ5 and other
Vrss follow the
Qr. On the basis of
Exod 20:7;
Lev 24:11 יהוה was regarded as a
nomen ineffabile (see Philo
de Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529), called by the Jews
הַשֵּׁם and by the Samaritans
שׁימא. The pronunciation
Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare
Bö§ 88). The traditional
Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the
יָֿהוּ,
יְהוֺֿ of compound proper name and the contracted form
יָהּ all favour
יַהְוֶךְ (compare
יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Ps 74:6 תַּהֲרוּ Isa 33:11), see
LagSym i.14 BaudStudien i.179 ff.;
DrStud.Bib.i.1 ff. For
Jeve see
StaZAW 1881, 346 Deib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii. 2. on literature of interpretations see
NesEg.67 Drl.c. — Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph`il of
היה (=
היה)
the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare
חַוָּה Gen 3:20) Schr
HSch;
giver of existence, creator,
Kue Tiele;
he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),
performer of his promises,
Lag,
NesEg.88 (but
NesEg.91 inclines to Qal as RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev see below); or from
היה he who causes to fall, rain or lightning
RSOTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245, compare
WeSkizzen iii.175; '
Fäller,' destroying foes,
StaG.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of
הוה (=
היה);
the one who is: i.e.
the absolute and unchangeable one,
Ri; the
existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable,
Di; or
the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption,
De Oehl; compare also
RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876,
he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare
Ewinfr),
he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Drl.c.17)).
I. יהוה is not used by E in Genesis, but is given Exod 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : אֶהְיֶה עִמָּ֑ךְ I shall be with thee (Exod 3:12), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I shall be the one who will be it vExod 3:14a (i.e: with thee vExod 3:12) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה vExod 3:14b (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה He who will be it vExod 3:15 (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12). compare EwBTh ii. 337, 338 RSl.c., Proph. 385 ff. Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc LagPsalt.Hieron.156); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר = כִּי; AE JDMich WeJD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה sparingly by the side of אלהים and האלהים in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses Exod 6:3 but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that אֵל שַׁדַּי was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, Gen 21:83 by אל עולם, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De Gen 21:33. Elsewhere יהוה is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים and אדני. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and Job 12:9 (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים and האלהים. Daniel uses יהוה only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI18. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT Gen 2:4b DlPa 158 ff. DrStud. Bib. i. 7 ff.
3. יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh
יהוה יראה Gen 22:14 (
J);
יהוה נסי Exod 17:15 (
E)
יהוה שׁלים Judg 6:24 יהוה צדקנו Jer 33:16 (compare
Jer 23:6 where it is applied to the Messiah);
יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה Ezek 48:35. — On combinations such as
׳הַר י,
צְבָאוֺת ׳י etc., see
הַר,
צָבָא, etc.
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BDB2169 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2171
II. [הָלַל] verb be boastful, Pi`el praise (Arabic shout, both in joy & (if conjecture of Nö RS be right, see citation below) in terror; especially II. in formula of worship; Syriac Pa`el cecinit, laudavit; compare Late Hebrew הִלּוּל praise, הַלֵּל id., Hallel (Psalm 113-118); Aramaic הִילּוּלָא marriage-song, &c.; on Assyrian alâlu, shout for joy, rejoice see LyonSargontexte 66 (Cylinder. 1. 36) also WincklerSargontexte 134, 1. 194; 156. 1. 149 KB44. 1. 36; 80. 1. 194; all variations of cry aloud, compare NöZMG 1887, 723 RSSemitic 411; perhaps originally break through, or out (in a cry), compare WeSkizzen iii. 107 ff., especially 109; compare also (according to PrätBAS i. 369 f.) Ethiopic implore (compare Amharic, Tigrinya), & swear) — 1. praise man or woman, accusative
וַיְהַלֲלוּ אֹתָהּ אֶלפַּֿרְעֹה Gen 12:15 (
J)
and they praised her to Pharaoh, compare
Prov 27:2;
Prov 31:28;
Prov 31:31;
Song 6:9 וְהַמְהַלֲלִים אֶתהַֿמֶּלָךְ 2Chr 23:12 and those praising (shouting acclamations to)
the king; see also
לְהַלֵּל מְאֹד 2Sam 14:25 (of Absalom's beauty); in bas sense
עֹזְבֵי תוֺרָה יְהַלֲלוּ רָשָׁע Prov 28:4 deserters of law praise a wicked man.
2. usually praise
אֱלֹהִים,
׳י etc.;
a. followed by accusative of heathen god
Judg 16:24.
b. object
׳(אֱלֹהִים) י;
Ps 119:164 (
עַל on account of), subject heaven, earth, seas, etc.,
Ps 69:35 תְּחִי נַפְשִׁי ותְהַלֲלֶךָּ Ps 119:175 in summons to all creatures to praise
Ps 148:5;
Ps 148:13;
Isa 38:18 לֹא שְׁאוֺל תּוֺדֶךָּ מָוֶת יְהַלֲלֶ֑ךָּ (compare
Ps 115:17); often of Public worship in sanctuary,
Isa 62:9 (thanks giving in sanctuary after harvest), compare
Isa 64:10;
Ps 22:23 (||
אֲסַפְּרָה שִׁמְךָ), v
Ps 22:27;
Ps 35:18;
Ps 109:30 (both ||
אוֺדְךָ)
Ps 107:32 (||
יְרוֺמֲמוּהוּ)
Ps 84:5, see also
Ps 146:2 (||
׳אֲזַמְּרָה לֵא)
Ps 149:3 (with
בְּ instrumental; ||
יְזַמְּרוּ לוֺ); also object
׳שֵׁם י (in some cases of public worship)
Ps 74:21;
Ps 148:5;
Joel 2:26 (thanksgiving after harvest);
שֵׁםאֱֿלֹהִים בְּשִׁיר Ps 69:31 (||
וִאֲגַדְּלֶנּוּ בְתוֺדָה),
Ps 145:2 (||
אֲבָֽרֲכֶ֑ךָּ); further,
Ps 56:5 בֵּאלֹהִים אֲהַלֵּל דְּבָרוֺ, also v
Ps 56:11 + v
Ps 56:11b
׳ביהוה וגו, but compare
Hup Che on 11:b as editorial addition; object not expressed
אֶתעַֿמְּךָ ׳הַשְׁמִיעוּ הַלֲלוּ וְאִמְרוּ הוֺשַׁע י Jer 31:7,
וְשִׂפְתֵי רְנָנוֺת יְהַלֶּלפִּֿי Ps 63:6.
c. use of Imperative deserves special notice:
הַלֲלוּהוּ Ps 22:24 (||
כַּבְּדוּהוּ; of temple-worship compare v
Ps 22:23 v
Ps 22:25); also in summons to angles, sun, moon, etc. (all created things) to praise
׳י Ps 148:2 (twice in verse);
Ps 148:3 (twice in verse);
Ps 148:4;
Ps 150:1 of temple-worship
Ps 150:2 (
בְּ on account of) v
Ps 150:2 (
כְּ), v
Ps 150:3 v
Ps 150:3 v
Ps 150:4 v
Ps 150:4 v
Ps 150:5 v
Ps 150:5 (all with
בְּ instrumental); further
Jer 20:13 (||
׳שִׁירוּ לי),
׳הַלֲלוּ אֶתיֿ Ps 117:1 (addressed to nations, ||
שַׁבְּחוּהוּ),
Ps 148:7 (created things),
חַלֲלִי אֱלֹהַיִךְ צִיּוֺן Ps 147:12 (||
שַׁבְּחִי יְרוּשָׁלַםִ ׳אֶתיֿ).
d. note especially:
praise ye yah! הַלֲלויָֿהּ Ps 135:3, liturgical (||
זַמְּרוּ לִשְׁמוֺ); elsewhere always one word see
BaerPsalm p.115, & always at beginning or end of Psalm (chiefly late), apparently liturgical;
הַלֲלוּיָהֿ֑ Ps 104:35 (||
׳בָּֽרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶתיֿ), elsewhere
׃הַלֲלוּיָהּ (I) at beginning
Ps 106:1;
Ps 111:1 (both ||
הודה)
Ps 112:1;
Ps 113:1 (||
הַלֲלוּ &
׳אֶתשֵֿׁם י ׳ה),
Ps 135:1 (||
id.),
Ps 146:1 (||
׳הַלֲלִי נַפְשִׁי אֶתיֿ),
Ps 147:1 (followed by
זַמְּרָה in clause with
כִּי),
Ps 148:1 (||
׳הַלֲלוּ אֶתיֿ,
הַלֲלוּהוּ),
Ps 149:1 (||
׳שִׁירוּ לי),
Ps 150:1 (||
הַלֲלוּאֵֿל,
הַלֲלוּהוּ); (2) at end
Ps 104:35 (above),
Ps 105:45;
Ps 106:48;
Ps 113:9;
Ps 115:18 (||
נְבָרֵךְ יָהּ),
Ps 116:19;
Ps 117:2;
Ps 135:21 (||
׳בָּרוּךְ י)
Ps 146:10;
Ps 147:20;
Ps 148:14;
Ps 149:9;
Ps 150:6 (||
כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ); add to these (not liturgical)
יְהַלֶּליָֿהּ Ps 102:19,
כֹּל נְשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ Ps 150:6,
לֹא הַמֵּתִים יְהַלֲלויָֿהּ Ps 115:17.
e. also followed by
ליהוה, in Chronicles, of technical Levitical function (compare
LagOr.ii.16 ff., who limits this technical
הלל to priests, using
חֲצֹצְרוֺת, for a signal to the people; see e.g.
Neh 12:24 compare v
Neh 12:27),
1Chr 16:4 (with instrumental music, compare
בִּכְלֵי כְבָלִים וּבְכִנֹּרוֺת &
בַּמְצִלְתַּיִ ם, all v
1Chr 16:5, and
Neh 12:27)
1Chr 23:30;
1Chr 25:3 (all ||
הוֺדוֺת); exercised (apparently) by both priests and Levites
Ezra 3:11 (||
הֹדוֺת) compare v
Ezra 3:11 by Levites
2Chr 20:19 (
בְּקֹל גָּדוֺל),
2Chr 29:30 (
בְּדִבְרֵי דָוִיד) in which the people also joined
1Chr 16:36 also
2Chr 5:13 (
בַּחֲצֹצְרוֺת וּבִמְצִלְתַּיִם וּבִכְלֵי הַשִּׁיר compare also v
2Chr 5:12 ||
הֹדוֺת, v
2Chr 5:13 apparently of Levites & priests),
בַּכֵּלִים ׳מְהַלֲלִים לי 1Chr 23:5 (Levites) compare
2Chr 30:21 (Levites & priests
׳בִּכְלֵי עֹז לי); followed by
לְשֵׁם תִּפְאַרְתֶּ֑ךָ 1Chr 29:13 (||
מוֺדִים; David speaks in name of people); followed by
לְהַדְרַתקֹֿ֑דֶשׁ 2Chr 20:11 (before the army; ||
׳מְשֹׁרֲרִים לי; probably of Levites, compare v
2Chr 20:19).
feminine followed by accusative
׳י Ezra 3:10 (priests & Levites:
עַליְֿדֵי דָּוִיד),
Neh 5:13 (people).
g. other forms, with like technical sense, but absolute:
לְהַלֵּל לְהוֺדוֺת בְּמִצְוַת דָּוִיד Neh 12:24 (Levites) compare
1Chr 23:5;
2Chr 8:14;
2Chr 29:30 (
עַדלְֿשִׂמְחָה)
2Chr 31:2 (apparently priests & Levites;
׳בְּשַׁעֲדֵי מַחֲנוֺת י; ||
לְשָׁרֵת וּלְהֹוֺדוֺת); see also
מוֺדִיעִים לְהַלֵּל 2Chr 23:13 (||
מְשׁוֺרֲרִים בִּכְלֵי הַשִּׁיר בְּהַלֵּל דָּוִיד בְּיָדָם ).
2Chr 7:6 (||
הֹדוֺת ליהוּה)
3. apparently
boast, male one's boast compare
Qal 2 (followed by
בְּ in, of),
בֵּאלֹהִים Ps 44:9 (||
שִׁמְךָ לְעוֺלָם נוֺדֶה); so according to most, in bad sense,
רָשָׁע עַלתַּֿאֲוַת נַפְשׁוֺ ׳ה Ps 10:3 a wicked man boasteth of the desire of his soul, but
Che praiseth (
׳י)
for (i.e. in a mercenary spirit).
Pu`al Perfect 3 plural
הוּלָּ֑לוּ Ps 78:63 Imperfect יְהֻלַּלֿ Prov 12:8 Participle מְהֻלָּל 2Sam 22:4 + 6 t.; feminine
הַהֻלָּ֑לָה Ezek 26:17 (compare
Ol§ 250 c Sta§ 220, 617 b;
ᵑ0, however, accents as Perfect, regarding
הַ as = relative, see sta:§ 176 c
Ges«GKC:52»§ 52. 2, R. 6); —
be praised,
1. human subject be
praised, commended Prov 12:18 (opposed to
יִהְיֶה לָבוּז); of maidens,
praised, celebrated (in song)
Ps 78:63 participle (see above) of city,
renowned Ezek 26:17.
2. of glorying, making one's boast in (
בְּ, on the ground of)
׳תִּתְהַלֵּל ׃י ׳בי נַפְשִׁי Ps 34:3, compare
Isa 45:25;
Jer 4:2 (||
וְהִתְבָּֽרְכוּ בוֺ); followed by
בִּקְדוֺשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל Isa 41:16 see also
Ps 105:3 =
1Chr 16:10 followed by
) בְּשֵׁם קָדְשׁוֺ ||
׳(יִשְׂמַה לֵב מְבַקְשֵׁי י, compare further
Jer 9:23 less often absolute
Jer 9:23;
Ps 63:12;
Ps 64:11;
followed by
עִםנַֿחֲלָתֶ֑ךָ together with thine heritage (||
לִשְׂמֹהַ בְּשִׂמְהַת גּוֶֺ י֑ךָ).
3. once, late = passive
be praised, commended, of God-fearing woman
Prov 31:30.
Po`el Imperfect יְהוֺלֵל Isa 44:25 + 2 t.; —
make into a fool, make fool of, object
שֹׁפְטִים Job 12:17 (subject
׳י; ||
מוֺלִיךְ יוֺעֲצִים שׁוֺלָ֑ל); object
קֹסְמִים Isa 44:25 (subject
׳י ||
מֵפֵר אֹתוֺת בַּדִּים; object
הָכָם Eccl 7:7 (subject
הָעשֶׁק; ||
וִיאַבֵּד אֶתלֵֿב מַתָּנָה).
Po`al Participle לִשְׂהוֺק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֺלָ֑ל Eccl 2:2 of laughter I said, It is
mad (folly);
מְהוֺלָלַי Ps 102:9 those mad against me (||
אוֺיְבָ֑י).
Hithpo`el Imperfect וַיִּתְהֹלֵל 1Sam 21:14 3 masculine plural
יִתְהֹלֲלוּ Jer 51:7,
יִתְהוֺלֲלוּ Nah 2:5,
יִתְהֹלֶ֑לוּ Jer 50:38 Imperative masculine plural
הִתְהֹלֲלוּ Jer 49:9,
הִתְהֹלָ֑לוּ Jer 25:16 —
act madly, or
like a madman,
וַיִּתְהֹלֵל בְּיָדָם 1Sam 21:14 (of David)
and he acted like a madman in their hands; of idolatrous worship by Chaldeans
׳וּבָאֵימִים יִתְה Jer 50:38 of nations, as drunken men, figurative of terror at Yahweh's judgements,
Jer 25:16 (||
הִתְגֹּעֲשׁוּ)
Jer 51:7 also of madly driving & jolting chariots
Nah 2:5;
Jer 46:9.
BDB430 H430
BDB429 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB431
אֱלֹהִים2570 noun masculine plural (feminine 1Kgs 11:33 on number of occurrences of אֵל, אֱלוֺהַּ, אֱלֹהִים compare also Nesl. c,)
1. plural in number.
a. rulers, judges, either as divine representatives at sacred places or as reflecting divine majesty and power:
האלהים Exod 21:6 (
Onk ᵑ6, but
τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ᵐ5)
Exod 22:7;
Exod 22:8 אלהים Exod 22:8;
Exod 22:27 (
ᵑ7 Ra AE Ew RVm; but
gods,
ᵐ5 Josephus Philo
AV;
God,
Di RV; all Covt. code of
E) compare
1Sam 2:25 see
Dr.;
Judg 5:8 (
Ew, but
gods ᵐ5;
God ᵑ6 BarHebr.;
יהוה ᵑ9 Be)
Ps 82:1;
Ps 82:6 (
De Ew Pe; but
angels Bl Hup)
Ps 138:1 (
ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Rab
Ki De; but
angels ᵐ5 Calv;
God,
Ew;
gods,
Hup Pe Che).
b. divine ones, superhuman beings including God and angels
Ps 8:6 (
De Che Br; but
angels ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Ew;
God,
RV and most moderns)
Gen 1:27 (if with Philo
ᵑ7 Jerome De Che we interpret
נעשה as God's consultation with angels; compare
Job 38:7).
c. angels Psalm
Job 97:7 (
ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Calv; but
gods,
Hup De Pe Che); compare
בני (ה)אלהים = (
the)
sons of God, or
sons of gods = angels
Job 1:6;
Job 2:1;
Job 38:7;
Gen 6:2;
Gen 6:4 (
J; so
ᵐ5 Books of Enoch & Jubilees Philo Jude v
Jude 1:6;
2Pet 2:4 JosAnt. «JOSEPHUS:Antiquities 1:3»i. 3. 1, most ancient fathers and modern critics; against usage are
sons of princes, mighty men,
Onk and Rab.;
sons of God, the pious,
Theod Chrys
Jerome Augustine Luther
Calv Hengst;
ᵐ5L read
οἱ υιὁὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ), compare
בני אלים.
d. gods האלהים Exod 18:11;
Exod 22:19 (
E)
1Sam 4:8;
2Chr 2:4;
Ps 86:8 אלהי האלהים the
God of gods, supreme God
Deut 10:17;
Ps 136:2 אלהים Exod 32:1;
Exod 32:23 (
JE)
Judg 9:13 אלהים אחרים other gods Exod 20:3;
Exod 23:13;
Josh 24:2;
Josh 24:16 (
E)
Deut 31:18;
Deut 31:20 (
JE)
Deut 5:7 + (17 t. in
D, not
P)
Judg 2:12;
Judg 2:17;
Judg 2:19;
Judg 10:13;
1Sam 8:8;
1Sam 26:19;
1Kgs 9:6;
1Kgs 9:9 (=
2Chr 7:19;
2Chr 7:22)
2Chr 11:4;
2Chr 11:10;
2Chr 14:9;
2Kgs 5:17;
2Kgs 17:35;
2Kgs 17:37;
2Kgs 17:38;
2Kgs 22:17 (=
2Chr 34:25)
2Chr 28:25;
Jer 1:16 + (18 t. Jeremiah)
Hos 3:1 אלהי (ה)נכר foreign gods Gen 35:2;
Gen 35:4;
Josh 24:20;
Josh 24:23 (
E)
Deut 31:16 (
JE)
Judg 10:16;
1Sam 7:3;
2Chr 33:15;
Jer 5:19 נחור ׳א Gen 31:53 (
E);
מצרים ׳א Exod 12:12 (
P)
Jer 43:12;
Jer 43:13 האמרי ׳א Josh 24:15 (
E)
Judg 6:10 ארם ׳א etc.
Judg 10:6 אלהים מעשה ידי Deut 4:28 הגוים ׳א gods of the nations 2Kgs 18:33;
2Kgs 19:12;
Deut 29:17;
2Chr 32:17;
2Chr 32:19;
Isa 36:18;
Isa 37:12 העמים ׳א Deut 6:14;
Deut 13:8;
Judg 2:12;
Ps 96:5;
1Chr 5:25;
1Chr 16:26;
2Chr 32:13;
2Chr 32:14 כסף ׳א Exod 20:23 (
E);
זהב ׳א Exod 20:23 (
E)
Exod 32:31 (
JE);
מַסֵּכָה ׳א Exod 34:17 (
J)
Lev 19:4 (
H).
2. Plural intensive. a. god or goddess, always with suffix
1Sam 5:7 (Dagon),
Judg 11:24 (Chemosh),
1Kgs 18:24 (Baal),
Judg 9:27;
Dan 1:2 (twice in verse); or construct
לעשתרת מואב ׳צדנים לכמוש א ׳א to Ashtoreth goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh god of Moab, etc.
1Kgs 11:33 הארץ ׳א god of the land
2Kgs 17:26 (twice in verse);
2Kgs 17:27, and so the Syrians suppose that Yahweh is a mountain-god and not a god of valleys
1Kgs 20:28.
b. godlike one Exod 4:16 (
J; Moses in relation to Aaron),
Exod 7:1 (
P; in relation to Pharaoh),
1Sam 28:13 (the shade of Samuel),
Ps 45:7 (the Messianic king,
O God,
ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Jerome, most scholars ancient and modern, but
thy throne is God's = God's throne
AE Ki Thea
Ew Hup, compare
1Chr 28:5).
c. works of God, or things specially belonging to him (see
אֵל 5)
הר אלהים Ps 68:16;
Ezek 28:14;
Ezek 28:16 אש אלהים Job 1:16 גן (ה)אלהים Ezek 28:13;
Ezek 31:8;
Ezek 31:9.
d. God (see
3 &
4).
3. הָאֱלֹהִים the (
true)
God,
הוא האלהים ׳י Yahweh is (
the)
God Deut 4:35;
Deut 4:39;
Deut 7:9;
1Kgs 8:60;
1Kgs 18:39 (twice in verse);
2Chr 33:13 הוא האלהים Isa 45:18 האלהים ׳י Josh 22:34 (
P ?)
1Kgs 18:21;
1Kgs 18:24;
2Chr 32:16 אתה הוא האלהים 2Sam 7:28;
1Kgs 18:37;
2Kgs 19:15;
1Chr 17:26;
Isa 37:16;
Neh 9:7 האלהים as subject or object is used in
E 33 t., Chronicles 38 t.,
Eccl 31 t., Jonah 5 t., elsewhere
Gen 5:22;
Gen 5:24;
Gen 6:9;
Gen 6:11 (sources of
P)
Gen 17:18 (
P)
Josh 22:34 (
P ?)
Gen 44:16 (
J)
Deut 4:35;
Deut 4:39;
Deut 7:9;
Judg 6:36;
Judg 6:39;
Judg 7:14;
Judg 10:14;
Judg 16:28;
Judg 21:2;
1Sam 10:3;
1Sam 10:7;
1Sam 14:36;
2Sam 2:27;
2Sam 6:7;
2Sam 7:28;
2Sam 12:16;
1Kgs 8:60;
1Kgs 18:21;
1Kgs 18:24 (twice in verse);
1Kgs 18:37;
1Kgs 18:39 (twice in verse);
1Kgs 19:15 (
Ephr)
Job 2:10;
Jer 11:12;
Isa 37:16;
Isa 45:18;
Ps 108:14;
Dan 1:9;
Dan 1:17 הקדוש ׳הא ׳י 1Sam 6:20 הגדול ׳הא ׳י Neh 8:6 אשר ׳בירושלם הא Ezra 1:3 אדני האלהים Dan 9:3 in many phrases, as
איש האלהים the man of God, acting under divine authority and influence: =
(
a)
angel Judg 13:6;
Judg 13:8,
(
b)
prophet (the term coming into use in the Northern kingdom in the age of Elijah
1Sam 9:9-10, compare
אִישׁ הָרוּחַ Hos 9:7): of
Moses Deut 33:1;
Josh 14:6 (
E)
1Chr 23:14;
2Chr 30:16;
Ezra 3:2;
Ps 90:1 of
Samuel 1Sam 9:6-10 of
David 2Chr 8:14;
Neh 12:24;
Neh 12:36 Shemaiah 1Kgs 12:22 (=
2Chr 11:2);
Elijah, Elisha, and others of their time
1Kgs 13:1-31;
1Kgs 17:18-24;
1Kgs 20:28;
2Kgs 1:9-13;
2Kgs 4:7-42;
2Kgs 5:8-20;
2Kgs 6:6-15;
2Kgs 7:2-9;
2Kgs 8:2-11;
2Kgs 13:19;
2Kgs 23:16-17 (
Ephr)
2Chr 25:7;
2Chr 25:9 unnamed prophet
1Sam 2:27 Hanan Jer 35:4 a later title of prophet was
עֶבֶד האלהים the servant of God, used of Moses
1Chr 6:34;
2Chr 24:9;
Neh 10:30;
Dan 9:11.
בית האלהים the house of God,
Judg 18:31, especially late, Chronicles (52 t.)
Eccl 4:17;
Dan 1:2 ׳בית י ׳הא 1Chr 22:1 ארון (ברית) האלהים the ark (
of the covenant)
of God Judg 20:27;
1Sam 4:1-5:12;
1Sam 14;
2Sam 6:1-7:29;
2Sam 15 (23 t.);
1Chr 13;
1Chr 15;
1Chr 16;
2Chr 1:4 (13 t.);
מטה האלהים the rod of God Exod 4:20;
Exod 17:9 (
E);
הר האלהים the mount of God (Horeb)
Exod 3:1;
Exod 4:27;
Exod 18:5;
Exod 24:13 (
E)
1Kgs 19:8 (
Ephr);
מלאך האלהים the (
theophanic)
angel of God Gen 31:11;
Exod 14:19 (
E)
Judg 6:20;
Judg 13:6;
Judg 13:9;
2Sam 14:17;
2Sam 14:20;
2Sam 19:28 in other combinations
Exod 18:16;
Num 23:27 (
E)
Judg 20:2;
1Sam 4:8;
1Sam 5:11;
1Sam 10:5;
2Sam 16:23;
1Kgs 12:22;
1Chr 21:7 + (14 t.)
Ps 87:3;
Eccl 9:1.
4. אֱלֹהִים =
God אֱלֹהִים אֱמֶת ׳י =
Yahweh is God in truth Jer 10:10.
a. אלהים (as subject object direct or indirect) is used by
P (50 t. in story of creation and deluge, elsewhere 28 t.), by
E (91 t.),
J chiefly in poetic sources
Gen 3:1;
Gen 3:3;
Gen 3:5 (twice in verse);
Gen 9:27;
Gen 39:9;
Deut 32:17;
Deut 32:39, by
D (11 t.) Judges (21 t.) Samuel (50 t.) Kings (29 t.) Chronicles (45 t.); in Psalm 42-86 (180 t. often by editorial change for an original
יהוה), elsewhere
Ps 3:3;
Ps 5:11;
Ps 7:11;
Ps 7:12;
Ps 9:18;
Ps 10:4;
Ps 10:13;
Ps 14:1;
Ps 14:2;
Ps 14:5;
Ps 25:22;
Ps 36:2;
Ps 36:8;
Ps 77:14;
Ps 100:3;
Ps 108:2;
Ps 108:6;
Ps 108:8;
Ps 108:12 (twice in verse);
Ps 149:9;
Job 5:8;
Job 20:29;
Job 28:23;
Job 32:2;
Job 34:9 (& in Prologue 6 t.)
Prov 2:5;
Prov 3:4;
Prov 25:2 Ecclesiastes (7 t.) Hosea (5 t.);
Amos 4:11 (
כמהפכת אלתים את סדם as God overthrew Sodom =
Jer 50:40 =
Isa 13:19)
Zech 8:23;
Zech 12:8;
Mic 3:7 (but
אליהם ᵐ5 ᵑ6)
Isa 35:4 Isa2 (9 t.);
Jer 10:10 Ezekiel (13 t.); Malachi (5 t.); Jonah (4 t.); the phrase
לאלהים ׳היה ל Gen 28:21 (
ER)
Gen 17:7;
Gen 17:8;
Exod 6:7;
Exod 29:45;
Lev 11:45;
Lev 22:33;
Lev 25:38;
Lev 26:12;
Lev 26:45;
Num 15:41 (
P);
Deut 26:17;
Deut 29:13;
2Sam 7:24 (=
1Chr 17:22);
Zech 8:8 Jeremiah (6 t.); Ezekiel (6 t.);
אלהים צדיק righteous God Ps 7:10 קדשים ׳א holy God Josh 24:19 (
E);
חיים ׳א living God Deut 5:23;
1Sam 17:26;
1Sam 17:36;
Jer 10:10;
Jer 23:36 חי ׳א 2Kgs 19:4;
2Kgs 19:16 (=
Isa 37:4;
Isa 37:17). For the phrases
׳יהוה א,
צבאות ׳א ׳י,
צבאות ׳א,
׳י ׳אל א,
׳יה א,
׳צבאות א ׳י,
אלתי ׳י,
צבאות,
׳אדני א see
יהוה,
יה,
צבאות &
אדני.
b. construct
אֱלֹהֵי (
a)
with persons אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם =
God of Abraham, a phrase of
J,
Gen 26:24;
Gen 28:13;
Gen 31:53, elsewhere
Ps 47:10;
1Kgs 18:36;
1Chr 29:18;
2Chr 30:6 אדני אברהם ׳א Gen 24:12;
Gen 24:27;
Gen 24:42;
Gen 24:48 (
J);
אלהי אב father's God (various suffix & names), a phrase of
E,
Gen 31:5;
Gen 31:29;
Gen 31:42;
Gen 46:3;
Gen 50:17;
Exod 3:6;
Exod 3:13;
Exod 3:15;
Exod 3:16;
Exod 15:2;
Exod 18:4;
Josh 18:3, elsewhere
Gen 32:10;
Gen 43:23 (
J)
Exod 4:5 (
J ?) Deuteronomy (8 t.);
Judg 2:12;
2Kgs 21:22 Chronicles (31 t.);
Dan 11:37 אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel's God, phrase of
E,
Gen 33:20;
Exod 5:1;
Exod 24:10;
Exod 32:27;
Josh 8:30;
Josh 14:14;
Josh 22:16;
Josh 24:2;
Josh 24:23, elsewhere
Exod 34:23;
Josh 7:13;
Josh 7:19;
Josh 7:20 (
JE)
Num 16:9;
Josh 9:18;
Josh 9:19;
Josh 22:24;
Josh 10:40;
Josh 10:42;
Josh 13:14;
Josh 13:33 (R see
Di Josh 7:13)
Judg 4:6;
Judg 5:3;
Judg 5:5;
Judg 6:8;
Judg 11:21;
Judg 11:23;
Judg 21:3;
1Sam 1:17 + (20 t.) Kings (26 t.) Chronicles (45 t.);
Ps 41:14;
Ps 106:48 (doxology)
Ps 59:6;
Ps 69:7;
Isa 17:6;
Isa 21:10;
Isa 21:17;
Isa 29:23 Isa3,
Isa 24:15;
Isa 37:16;
Isa 37:21 Isa2,
Isa 41:17 + (6 t.);
Jer 35:17 + (48 t.);
Ezek 8:4 + (7 t.);
Zeph 2:9;
Mal 2:16;
Ruth 2:12 מערכות ישראל ׳א God of the battle array of Israel 1Sam 17:45 ׳א יַעֲקֹב 2Sam 23:1 (poetry)
Ps 20:2;
Ps 46:8;
Ps 46:12;
Ps 75:10;
Ps 76:7;
Ps 81:2;
Ps 81:5;
Ps 84:9;
Ps 94:7;
Isa 2:3 (=
Mic 4:2);
העבריים ׳א God of the Hebrews Exod 3:18;
Exod 5:3;
Exod 7:16;
Exod 9:1;
Exod 9:13 (
JE); it is used with other proper names, Nahor
Gen 31:53 (
E), Shem
Gen 9:26 (
J), David
2Kgs 20:5;
2Chr 21:12;
2Chr 34:3;
Isa 38:5, Hezekiah
2Chr 32:17, Elijah
2Kgs 2:14 ארני המלך ׳א the God of my lord the king 1Kgs 1:36. (
β)
with nouns of attributes or relationships,
קֶרֶם ׳א ancient God Deut 33:27 עולם ׳א everlasting God Isa 40:28 אֱמֶת ׳א true God 2Chr 15:3 אָמֵן ׳א Isa 65:16 (see
אָמֵן);
משפט ׳א Isa 30:18;
Mal 2:17 מרום ׳א Mic 6:6 כָל בָשָׂר ׳א God of all flesh Jer 32:27 compare
׳א הרוחות לכל בשר Num 16:22;
Num 27:16 (
P);
השמים ׳א God of heaven Gen 24:7 (
JR)
2Chr 36:23;
Ezra 1:2;
Neh 1:4;
Neh 1:5;
Neh 2:4;
Neh 2:20 compare
כל הארץ ׳א Isa 54:5 ׳השמים וא ׳א ׳י הארץ Gen 24:3 (
JR);
מִקָּרֹב ׳א a God at hand opposed to
מֵרָחֹק ׳א Jer 23:23,
ישועתי ׳א,
יִשְׁעִי ׳א God of my salvation Ps 18:47 (=
2Sam 22:47)
Ps 24:5;
Ps 25:5;
Ps 27:9;
Ps 65:6;
Ps 79:9;
Ps 85:5;
Isa 17:10;
Mic 7:7;
Hab 3:18;
1Chr 16:35 ישועתי ׳א Ps 88:2 תשועתי ׳א Ps 51:16 צִדְקִי ׳א God of righteousness Ps 4:2 חַסְדִּי ׳א Ps 59:11;
Ps 59:18 צוּרִי ׳א God who is my rock 2Sam 22:3 (compare
Ps 18:3);
מָעוּזִּי֯ ׳א God who is my stronghold Ps 43:2 תְהִלָּתִי ׳א God who is my praise Ps 109:1.
c. with suffix in
P (22 t. including phrase
ויראת מאלהיך)
Lev 19:14;
Lev 19:32;
Lev 25:17;
Lev 25:36;
Lev 25:43 (
H)
Exod 8:21;
Josh 24:27 (
E)
Deut 32:37 (poetry)
Josh 9:23 (
JE)
Deut 10:21;
Deut 31:17;
Judg 10:10;
Judg 16:23;
Judg 16:24;
1Sam 10:19;
2Sam 10:12;
2Sam 22:32 + (4 t. poetry)
1Kgs 12:28;
1Kgs 20:23;
2Kgs 19:10 Chronicles (83 t.); Psalms (62 t.);
Prov 2:17;
Prov 30:9;
Ruth 1:15;
Ruth 1:16 (twice in verse);
Isa 1:10;
Isa 7:13;
Isa 8:19;
Isa 8:21 Isa2 (29 t.);
Jer 5:4;
Jer 5:5;
Jer 23:36;
Jer 51:5;
Ezek 34:31 Daniel (5 t.); Hosea (12 t.);
Amos 2:8;
Amos 4:12;
Joel 1:13 (twice in verse);
Joel 1:16;
Joel 2:17;
Mic 6:8;
Mic 7:7;
Jonah 1:5;
Jonah 1:6;
Zeph 3:2;
Nah 1:14;
Zech 9:7;
Zech 12:5 אלהים with suffix is also used with
יהוה several hundred times (see
יהוה).