Leviticus 25:43

לֹֽא תִרְדֶּ֥ה ב֖וֹ בְּפָ֑רֶךְ וְיָרֵ֖אתָ מֵֽאֱלֹהֶֽיךָ
Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God.
Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

לֹֽא
לֹֽא
Particle not
Dictionary form: לֹא · loh

Particle — Negative

In the KJV here: thou shalt not
not ×882 neither ×399 no ×282 nor ×215 shall not ×205 thou shalt not ×116 is not ×102 and not ×86
More options
not — Default negation; fits nearly every context.
no — Use before nouns or as a standalone negative.
never — Emphasizes total or timeless negation.
nor — Use in paired or continued negative clauses.
neither — Use when negating two elements together.
none — Negates a noun or quantity; no one/nothing.

BDB4266 H3808

BDB4265 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB4267

לֹא or לוֺא adverb not (Arabic , Aramaic לָא, , Sabean לא, Ass. lâ; not in Ethiopic: compare Köii. 1. 236 WalkerAJSL 1896, 237 ff.) — לוֺא, according to Masora (FrMM 248), 35 t., besides בְּלוֺא 6 t., and הֲלוֺא, the orthography of which varies much (ib.p. 251), e.g. in Samuel always הֲלוֺא, in Chronicles always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֺא 141 t., הֲלֹא 128 t.; twice, according to Masora, written לו (Qr לֹא), 1Sam 2:16; 1Sam 20:2, once לה Deut 3:11 Kt: — not — denying objectively, like οὐ (not μὴ = אַל): —

1. in predication:
  a. with a verb; so most frequently, and nearly always
   (a) with the finite tenses, whether perfect (Gen 2:5 b Gen 4:5 etc.) or imperfect (Gen 3:4; Gen 8:21; Gen 8:22 etc.); in short circumstantial clauses, as Gen 44:4 לא הרחיקו, Isa 40:20 לֹא יִמּוֺט, and with a final force Isa 41:7; Exod 28:32 (see Ges«GKC:156»§ 156. 3 R. b, c Dr§ 162). Governing two closely connected verbs (Dr§ 115, לא) Exod 28:43 וְלֹא יִשְׂאוּ עָוֺן וָמֵתוּ, Lev 19:12; Lev 19:29b Deut 7:25; Deut 7:26; Deut 19:10; Deut 22:1 and elsewhere; and two parallel clauses (Ges«GKC:152»§ 152. 3) Isa 23:4b Ps 9:19; Ps 44:19; Job 3:1 and elsewhere With the imperfect, especially with 2 person, לֹא often expresses (not, like אַל, a deprecation, do not . . ., let not . . ., but) a prohibition, as Gen 2:17 לֹא תאֹכַל מִמֶּנּוּ thou shall not eat of it, Gen 3:1; Gen 3:3; Exod 20:3 לֹאיִֿהְיֶה לְךָ there shall not be to thee, etc., vExod 20:13 לא תגנב, etc. With the coh. and jussive moods (which are negatived regularly by אַל), it occurs only exceptionally (Ges«GKC:109»§ 109. 1 b R. 1), Gen 24:8; 1Sam 14:36; 2Sam 17:12; 2Sam 18:14; 1Kgs 2:6; Ezek 48:14.
   (b) with the infinitive (which is negatived by בִּלְתִּי, q. v.), only once, in בְּלֹא (4 a), and with לְ, in the sense of cannot, or must not; Judg 1:19 כי לא להורישׁ for it was not (possible) to dispossess, etc. Amos 6:10 לא ׳להזכיר בשׁם י, 1Chr 5:1; 1Chr 15:2 (Dr§ 202. 2); compare Aramaic לָא Dan 6:9; Ezra 6:8. On its use with the participle, see b c.
   (c) לא always negates properly the word immediately following: hence, in a verbal sentence, where this is not the verb, some special stress rests upon it, Gen 32:29 לֹא יַעֲקֹב ׳יֵאָמֵר עוֺד וג not Jacob shall thy name be called any more, but Israel, Gen 45:8 לֹא אַתֶּם שְׁלַחְתֶּם אֹתִי Not ye (in our idiom: It is not ye who) have sent me hither, but God, Exod 16:8; 1Sam 8:7 כִּי לֹא ׳אֹתְךָ מָאָסוּ כִּי אֹתִי וג, Ps 115:17 without a following correcting clause, Gen 38:9; Num 16:29 שְׁלָחָנִי׃ ׳לֹא י Not ׳י (but another) hath sent me, Deut 32:27 לֹא פָּעַל זֹאת ׳י, 1Chr 17:4; Deut 8:9; Isa 28:28 לא לנצח ֗֗֗ not for ever (but only for a while) . . . (so Isa 57:16; Ps 9:19; Ps 49:18; Ps 103:9 but Isa 13:20 לא תשׁב לנצח is, will not be inhabited for ever), Isa 43:22; Job 13:16; Job 32:9 hence rhetorically, insinuating something very different, not named, 2Kgs 6:10 not once, and not twice (but repeatedly), Ezra 10:13; Jer 4:11 a wind לֹא לְזָרוֺת וְלוֺא לְהַָ˜בר׃ not to winnow, and not to cleanse (but to exterminate), Isa 45:13; Isa 48:1b Josh 24:12; Dan 11:20; Dan 11:29; Job 34:20 לֹא בְיָד (but by a Divine agency: compare Dan 2:34 also Job 20:26 אֵשׁ לֹא נֻפָּ֑ךְ fire not blown upon [but kindled from heaven], Lam 4:6 and אין Isa 47:14).
   (d) standing alone:
   (a) אִםלֹֿא if not, Gen 18:21 וְאִםלֹֿא אֵדָֽעָה׃, Gen 29:49; Gen 42:16; Job 9:24; Job 24:25 (β) הֲאִ֗֗֗םלֿא, or not, Gen 24:21 waiting to know דַּרְכּוֺ אִםלֹֿא ׳הַהִצְלִיחַ י, Gen 27:21; Gen 37:32; Exod 16:4; Num 11:23; Deut 8:2; Judg 2:22 (compare אִם אַיִן, אַיִן 2 d β, δ). In answer to a question or request, to deny, or decline, Nay, Nö: Judg 12:5 ויאמר לא, Hag 2:12 לא אדני Gen 23:11; Gen 42:10; 1Sam 1:15 +; often followed by כי, Nö for . . . = Nö but . . ., Gen 18:15 ויאמר לֹא כִּי צָחָ֑קְתְּ, Gen 19:2; Josh 5:14; Josh 24:21; 1Sam 2:16 Qr (see Dr), 1Sam 10:19 (ᵐ5 MSS), 2Sam 16:18; 2Sam 24:24; 1Kgs 3:22 (twice in verse) +; Job 23:6 (strangely). (compare, in deprecation, אַל.)
   (e) with an interrogative force, which however does not lie in לא as such, but (as in other cases) in the contrast with a preceding clause, or in the tone of voice (compare וְ 1 f; Ew§ 324 a Ges«GKC:150»§ 150. 1 Dr1Sam 11:12): Jonah 4:11 ׳אַתָּה חַסְתָּוַ֗֗֗אֲנִי לֹא אָחוּס וג, Job 2:10; Job 22:11; Exod 8:22; 2Kgs 5:26; Jer 49:9 (|| Obad 1:5 הֲלוֺא), Mal 2:15; Lam 3:38 and in passages, exegesis or text. doubtful (see Commentaries), 1Sam 20:14; 2Sam 23:5 (but see Bu), Hos 10:9 (Ew We), Hos 11:5 (Ew), Job 14:16b (but ᵐ5 Ew Di תַעֲבֹר), Lam 1:12 (Ew Ke), Lam 3:36 (Ke Bä).
  b. with adjectives and substantive:
   (a) Gen 2:18 לֹא טוֺב הֱֶיוֺת הָאָדָם לְבַדֹּו not good is man's being alone, Exod 18:17 + often
   (b) Exod 4:16 לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, Amos 7:14 לא נביא אנכי, Num 23:9 לֹא אִישׁ אֵל וִיכַזֵּב, Deut 17:15 (see אשׁר
2. b) Deut 20:20; Deut 32:47; 1Sam 15:29; 2Sam 18:20 לֹא אִישׁ בְּשׂרָה אַתָּה הַיּוֺם, 2Sam 21:2; 1Kgs 22:33; 2Kgs 6:19 לא זִה הדרך, Mic 2:10; Isa 27:11; Hos 8:6 והמה לא אלהים Jer 2:11; Jer 16:20; 2Kgs 19:18; 1Kgs 19:11 (twice in verse) לֹא ׳בָרַעַשׁ י, Deut 30:12; Deut 30:13; Job 15:9; Job 28:14 לֹא בִי הִיא (|| אֵין עִמָּדִי)s, Ps 74:9; Jer 5:10 המה ׳לוא לי, Jer 10:16; Deut 32:21 בָּנִים לֹא אֵמוּן בָּם, Jer 10:14; Hab 1:14; Job 16:17; Job 38:26 מִדְבָּר לֹא אָדָם בּוֺ; 1Kgs 22:17 לֹא אֲדֹנִים לָאֵלֶּה, Jer 49:31; Ps 22:3 וְלֹא דוּמִיָּה לִי, Job 18:17; Job 18:19; Job 29:12 ולא עֹזֵר לו, Job 30:13; Job 33:9; Jer 2:19 וְלֹא פַחְדָּתִי אֵלַיִךְ and (that) my terror reached not unto thee, Job 21:9 absolute Gen 29:7 לֹאעֵֿתִ הֵאָסֵף הַמִּקְנֶה (Hag 1:2), Num 20:5; 2Kgs 4:23 לא חדשׁ ולא שׁבת, Isa 44:9; Jer 5:12 ויאמרו לוא הוא, Job 9:32; Job 22:16; Job 36:26; Job 41:2; Prov 19:7 (si vera lectio) מְרַדֵּף אֲמָרִים לֹאהֵֿמָּה words which are not, which are nought.
   (c) with the participle לֹא is rare, a finite verb being usually preferred (Exod 34:7 וְנַקִּה לֹא יְנַקֶּה: Ew§ 320 c Dr§ 162): 2Sam 3:34 יָדֶיךָ לֹא אֲסֻרוֺת, Ezek 4:14; Ezek 22:24; Deut 28:61; Ps 38:15 כְּאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא שֹׁמֵעַ who is not hearing, Job 12:3; Job 13:2 לֹא נֹפֵל אָנֹכִי מִכֶּם, Zeph 3:5 (very anomalous); 1Kgs 10:21 לא is probably textual error In וְהוּא לֹא שׂנֵא לוֺ or לא שׂנא הוא לו, Deut 4:42; Deut 19:4; Deut 19:6; Josh 20:5 (compare אֹיֵב Num 35:23), שׂנֵא is best construed as a substantive, he being a not-hater to him afore-time. — In most of the cases under b, c, אין could have been employed; but the negation by לֹא is more pointed and forcible.

2. Not in predication:
  a. coupled to an adjective to negative it, like the Greek ἀ‐, but usually by way of litotes: Hos 13:13 בן לאחֿכם an unwise son, Ps 36:5 דֶּרֶךְ לֹא טוֺב a way not good, Ps 43:1 גוי לא חסיד, Prov 16:29; Prov 30:25; Prov 30:26; Ezek 20:25; 2Chr 30:17 : Isa 16:14 לוֺא כַבִּיר, compare Isa 10:7 לֹא מְעַט.
  b. with a participle Jer 2:2 ארץ לא זרועה, Jer 18:15 (the finite verb is more common: see Isa 62:12 עִיר לֹא נֱעֶזָ֫בָה (compare Isa 54:11), Jer 6:8 אֶרֶץ לוֺא נוֺשָׁ֫בָה, Jer 15:18; Jer 22:6; Jer 31:18; Zeph 2:1).
  c. Gen 15:13 בארץ לא להם, Jer 5:19; Hab 1:6 מִשְׁכָּנוֺת לֹאלֿוֺ, Prov 26:17 רִיב לֹאלֿוֺ.
  d. with a substantive, in poetry, forming a kind of compound, expressing pointedly its antithesis or negation (German un- is sometimes used similarly): Deut 32:5(?). 17. 21 a they made me jealous בְּלֹא אֵל with a not-God (with what in no respect deserved the name of God), vb בְּלֹא עָם i.e. with an unorganized horde, Amos 6:13 הַשְּׂמֵחִים לְלֹא דָבָר i.e. at a thing which is not, an unreality (of their boasted strength), Isa 10:15 כְּהָרִים מַטֶּה לֹא עֵץ like a rod's lifting up what is no wood (but the agent wielding it), Isa 31:8 חרב לא אישׁ, חרב לא אדם, Isa 55:2 בלוא לחם for what is not bread, בלוא לשׂבעה for what is not for satiety, Jer 5:7 וַיּשָּֽׁבְעוּ בְּלֹא אֱלֹהִים by not-gods, in late prose 2Chr 13:9 כֹּהֵן לְלֹא אֱלֹהִים; Ps 44:13 תִּמְכֹּר עַמְּךָ בְּלֹאהֿוֺן for no-value (i.e. cheaply), Prov 13:23; Job 10:12 צלמות וְלֹא סְדָרִים darkness and disorder; so לֹאעַֿמִּי Hos 1:9; Hos 2:25: still more pregnantly Job 26:2 a מֶהעָֿזַרְתָּ לְלֹאכֹֿחַ (poetic for לאשׁר אין לו כח) the powerless, vJob 26:2b; vJob 26:3a (Ew§ 286 g Ges«GKC:152»§ 152. 1 n.), Job 39:16 הִקְשִׁיחַ בָּנֶיהָ לְלֹא לָהּ useth hardly her young ones (making them) into none of hers; and even Hab 2:6 הַמַּרְבֶּה לֹאלֿוֺ what is not his own (compare Job 18:15 מִבְּלִי לוֺ). compare with a verb, and ellipse of אשׁר, Isa 65:1 לְלֹא שָׁאָ֑לוּ to those who have not asked, vb Jer 2:8 אַחֲרִי לֹא יוֺעִילוּ, vJer 2:11b; also לֹא רֻחָ֫מָה Hos 1:6; Hos 1:8; Hos 2:25, and probably Job 31:31 לֹא נִשְׂבָּ֑ע (perfect in p.) one not satisfied.
  e. in circumstantial clauses (Dr§ 164), in poetry and rare: qualifying a substantive, 2Sam 23:4 בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֺת a morning without clouds, Job 12:24 בְּתֹהוּ לֹא דֶרֶךְ in a pathless waste, Job 38:26a; and a verb Job 34:24 יָרֹעַ כַּבִּרִים לֹא חֵקֶר without inquiry, Ps 59:4 לא פשׁעי ולא חטאתי (compare vPs 59:4 בלי עון), in late prose, twice, 1Chr 2:30; 1Chr 2:32 וימת לא בנים (אֵין and בְּלִי, q. v., are more usual in such cases).

3. Once (according to many MSS), as a substantive, Job 6:21 כִּיעַֿתָּה הֱיִיתֶם לֹא for now are ye become nothing, Hi De Kö (compare Dan 4:32 (Aramaic) כְּלָה חֲשִׁיבִין, ᵑ7 here כְּלָא הֲוֵיתוּן, and אַל Job 24:25); but reading fluctuates (Orientals לֹא, Qr לו, Westerns, Baer (see pp. 37, 56) לוֺ ['now are ye become that,' namely the נַחַל אַכְזָב of vJob 24:15]; but even לוֺ yields a forced sense; and text is probably wrong: Mich Ew Ol Sgf Bu כֵּןלִ֗֗֗י (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 also read לִי); Bö Di כִּילְ֗֗֗אָ֑יִן. compare Köii. 1. 236 f.
4. With prefixes: —
  a. בְּלֹא31 (chiefly in poetry or late), according to the varying significance of בְּ:
   (a) usually with not = without, Jer 22:13 בונה ביתו בלאֿ צדק without justice (|| בלא משׁפט; so Ezek 22:29; Prov 16:8), Isa 55:1 (twice in verse); Prov 19:2; Job 8:11 הֲיִגְאֶהגֹּֿמֶא בְּלֹא בִצָּה without mire || כלי מים, Job 30:28 בְּלֹא חַמָּה (=not through the sun), Lam 1:6 וילכו בלאכֿח, Num 35:22 בְּלֹא אֵיבָה ֗֗֗ בְּלֹא צְדִיָּה, vNum 35:23 (followed by infinitive) בְּלֹא רְאוֺת, 2Chr 21:20; Eccl 10:11; Ps 17:1 תְּפִלָּתִי בְּלֹא שִׂפְתֵי מִרְמָה; used more freely in Chronicles, 1Chr 12:18 בְּלֹא חָמָס בְּכַפָּֽי׃, v.1Chr 12:34 בְּלֹא לֵב וָלֵב, 2Chr 30:18 בְּלֹא כַכָּתוּב. With ellipse of rel., Lam 4:14 בְּלֹא יוּכְלוּ יִגְּעוּ without (that) men are able to touch, etc.
   (b) of time, in not, i.e. outside of, Lev 15:25 בלא עֶתנִֿדָּתָהּ, before Job 15:32 בלאיֿומו, Eccl 7:17 בְּלֹא עִתֶּךְ׃.
   (c) where לֹא belongs to the following word, and is only accidentally preceded by ב (see above 2 d), Deut 32:21 (twice in verse); Jer 5:7; Prov 13:23 בלא משׁפט through injustice; with בְּ pretii, Ps 44:13; Isa 55:2 (twice in verse); Jer 2:11 בְּלוֺא יוֺעִיל for (that which) profiteth not.


  b. הֲלֹא nonne ? Gen 4:7 + often Inviting, as it does, an affirmative answer, it is often used,
   (a) especially in conversation, for pointing to a fact in such a way as to arouse the interest of the person addressed, or to win his assent: Gen 13:19 Is not the whole land before thee ? Gen 19:20; Gen 20:5; Gen 27:36; Gen 29:25; Exod 4:11 Who maketh dumb or deaf, etc. Do not I ? Exod 33:16; Judg 4:6; Judg 4:14; Judg 8:2; Judg 9:28; Judg 9:38; 1Sam 9:20; 1Sam 9:21; 1Sam 15:17 etc.; with a verb in 1 person, Josh 1:9 הלא צויתיך, Judg 6:14 הלא שׁלחתיך, 1Sam 20:30; 2Sam 19:23; Ruth 2:9: similarly in a poetical or rhetorical style, Judg 5:30 הלא ימצאו יחלקו שׁלל, Isa 8:19; Isa 10:8; Isa 10:9; Isa 10:11; Isa 28:25; Isa 29:17; Isa 40:21; Isa 40:23; Isa 42:24; Isa 43:19 etc., Job 4:6; Job 4:21; Job 7:1; Job 10:10; Job 10:20, etc. (β) it has a tendency to become little more than an affirm. particle, declaring with some rhetorical emphasis what is, or might be, well known: Deut 3:11 הֲלֹה הִיא בְרַבַּת בְּנֵי עַמּוֺן, Deut 11:30; 1Sam 21:12 הלוא ׳זה דוד וג (compare 1Sam 29:3; 1Sam 29:5; 2Sam 11:3), 2Sam 23:19; 2Sam 26:1; 2Sam 15:35 it is thus nearly = הִנֵּה (ᵐ5 sometimes represents it by ιδου, as Josh 1:9; Judg 6:14; Ruth 2:9; 2Sam 15:35); so especially in the phrase of the compiler of Kings, And the rest of the acts of . . ., הֲלֹא הֵם (הֵמָּה) כְּתוּבִים are they not written in, etc. ? 1Kgs 11:41; 1Kgs 14:29 + often (with which there interchanges הִנָּם כְּתוּבִים 1Kgs 14:19; 2Kgs 15:11; 2Kgs 15:26; 2Kgs 15:31, which is generally used by the Chronicles, 2Chr 16:11; 2Chr 20:34, etc.), Josh 10:13 (compare 2Sam 1:18 הִנֵּה), 1Kgs 8:53 ᵐ5, Esth 10:2; Ps 56:14 (strangely: contr. Ps 116:8). — הֲלֹא הִנֵּה Hab 2:13; 2Chr 25:26 (הִנָּם). — On Judg 14:15, see הֲ 1 end.


  c. וָלֹ֕א and not=and if not, 2Sam 13:26; 2Kgs 5:17. compare וָּיֵשׁ.
  d. כְּלוֺא Obad 1:16 והיו כלוא היו, poetic for כאשׁר, as though they had not been.


  e. לְלֹא without, literally in the condition of no . . . 2Chr 15:3 (compare לְאֵין, also in Chronicles). Elsewhere לא belongs to the following word, Amos 6:13; 2Chr 13:9; Isa 65:1 (twice in verse); Job 26:2; Job 26:3; Job 39:16 (see above 2 d).

Note. — Fifteen times, according to Masora (see DePs 100. 3 FrMM 247 StrProl. Cr. 84), לא is written by error for לוֺ, namely Exod 21:8; Lev 11:21; Lev 25:30; 1Sam 2:3; 2Sam 16:18; 2Kgs 8:10; Isa 9:2; Isa 63:9; Ps 100:3; Ps 139:16; Job 13:15; Job 41:4; Prov 19:7; Prov 26:2; Ezra 4:2 (always with Qr לוֺ). The passages must be considered each upon its own merits: in some לוֺ yields a preferable sense; but this is not the case in all. There is the same קרי (rightly) on Isa 49:5; 1Chr 11:20 but these were not considered to rest upon equal authority, and are hence not reckoned with the fifteen. — In Judg 21:22 (see GFM), 1Sam 13:13; 1Sam 20:14 (twice in verse), and in Job 9:33 לֹא יֵשׁ, read probably לֻא for לֹא.

BDB4344 H3808

BDB4343 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB4345

לוֺ (Kt 1Sam 2:16; 1Sam 20:2), לוֺא, see לֹא.

BDB9632 H3808 H3809

BDB9631 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9633

לָא (לָה Dan 4:32) adverb not (Biblical Hebrew לא; Aramaic of Têma, Egyptian, etc., לא; Nerab ל (Lzb301 CookG1. 67); ᵑ7 לָא; Syriac ); — not Jer 10:11; Dan 2:5; Dan 2:9; Dan 2:10, etc.; before a participle (so rarely in Biblical Hebrew, 1 b c), Dan 2:27; Dan 2:43; Dan 3:16; Dan 4:4; Dan 4:6; Dan 4:15 +, so v.Dan 4:32 וְכָלדָּֿאְרֵי אַרְעָא כְּלָה חֲשׁיבִין; are as men not accounted of (so Bev Behrm Marti, compare Isa 53:8 ᵑ7 בסירין ולא חשׁיבין; > most 'accounted as nothing,' for which no analogy, yet compare Ps 39:6 ᵑ7); followed by אִיתַי, see אִיתַי. With infinitive and לְ Dan 6:9 דִּי לָא לִהַשְׁנָיָה which it is not to alter = which is not to be altered (compare v.Dan 6:16), Ezra 6:8 (K§ 67, 1 Dr§ 202, 2.; compare Isa 35:6 ᵑ7, DAramaic Dialektproben, p. 1). With interr. הֲלָא Dan 3:24; Dan 4:27; Dan 6:13.

BDB9640 H3809 H3861 H518 H2006 H3808 H3588

BDB9639 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9641

II. לָהֵן conjunction except, but (from לָא and הֵן 'not if' (compare Hebrew אם לא Gen 24:38); so Nabataean and Egyptian Aramaic להן Cooke217, 219, 241 S-CPap. C 6, 7 +; lâinnî, however SocArab. Dial. see Marokko 44, Anm. 103; ᵑ7 אִילָּהֵין Gen 32:28; Gen 43:3 and elsewhere); —

1. after a negative (= Biblical Hebrew כִּי אִם, q. v.):
  a. except Dan 2:11; Dan 3:28; Dan 6:6; Dan 6:8.
  b. but (German sondern) Dan 2:30.
2. without a negative: however, but Ezra 5:12.

not, no, neither, nor, none, …
lōʾ
not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often used with other particles
  • not, no
    • not (with verb—absolute prohibition)
      • "not (with modifier—negation)"nothing (subst)"without (with particle)"before (of time)

תִרְדֶּ֥ה
תִרְדֶּ֥ה
Root word rule, dominion, ruled, ruler, taken, …
Dictionary form: רָדָה · raw-DAW

Verb — Qal, Imperfect (Yiqtol), second person masculine singular simple action — "he did" not-yet-complete action — try "he will ___" or "he ___s" the built-in subject is "you"

In the KJV here: rule
rule ×5 and have dominion ×1 and he took ×1 and it prevaileth against ×1 and let them have dominion ×1 bear rule ×1 had dominion ×1 have dominion ×1
More options
rule — Broadest, most natural modern equivalent; use by default.
govern — Emphasizes structured, authoritative oversight of others.
have dominion over — Retains scope of mastery; good for creation/sovereignty contexts.
reign over — Highlights royal or kingly authority specifically.
hold sway over — Conveys dominant influence; slightly literary register.
subjugate — Use when the ruling involves forceful control or subjection.

BDB7768 H7287

BDB7767 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB7769

I. [רָדָה] verb have dominion, rule, dominate (Late Hebrew רָדָה, ᵑ7Jon רָדָא, chastise; Arabic tread, trample; Syriac chastise, also (and so Assyrian radû) go, flow); —

Qal Perfect 3 plural consecutive וְרָדוּ Isa 14:2; Lev 26:17 2 masculine plural רְדִיתֶם Ezek 34:4 Imperfect 3 masculine singular suffix יִרְדֶּנּוּ Lev 25:53, וַיִּרְדֶּ֑נָּה Lam 1:13, jussive וְיֵרְדְּ Num 24:19; Ps 72:8 2 masculine singular תִּרְדֶּה Lev 25:43; Lev 25:46, etc.; Imperative masculine singular רְדֵה Lev 110:2 masculine plural רְדוּ Gen 1:28 (Joel 4:13 see ירד); Infinitive construct רְדוֺת Ezek 29:15 Participle רֹדֶת 1Kgs 5:4; Isa 14:6 suffix רֹדֵם Ps 68:28 plural הָדֹדִים 1Kgs 5:30 + 2 t.; — have dominion, rule, over, usually with ב person or pop. 1Kgs 5:4; 1Kgs 5:30; 1Kgs 9:23 = 2Chr 8:10; Isa 14:2; Lev 25:43; Lev 25:46; Lev 25:53; Lev 26:17; Ezek 29:15; Neh 9:28; Ps 49:15 ב of fish, etc., Gen 1:26; Gen 1:28 בְּקֶרֶב Ps 110:2 with accusative of person Ezek 34:4; Isa 14:6 (perhaps + accusative of congnate meaning with verb, see [ מִרְדָּה] below); accusative omitted Num 24:19 (מִיַעֲקֹב), Jer 5:31 (+ עַליְֿדֵיהֶם, see יָד 5 h (2); see also ingenious conjecture below II. רדה; but < Gr יוֺרוּ teach), Ps 72:8 for וַיִרְדֶּנָּה Lam 1:13 and it (the fire) prevailed against them (my bones), read perhaps יָרָ֑דָה into my bones it descended (Bu). — רֹדֵם Ps 68:28 is dubious; Grill Hup-Now Che Du קִדֵם. יְרַד Judg 5:13 (twice in verse) see יָרַד. Hiph`il Imperfect 3 masculine singular וּמְלָכִים יַרְדְּ Isa 41:2 and kings he causeth (him) to dominate; but apocopatic form strange, read יָרֹד (√ רדד q. v.) Ew Di Du; יַחֲרִד ᵐ5 Klo Che.

BDB7770 H7287

BDB7769 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB7771

II. רָדָה verb scrape out (Late Hebrew id., scrape or draw off, out (bread from oven)); —

Qal Perfect 3 masculine singular הַדְּבָ֑שׁ ׳ר Judg 14:9b out of the carcass he scraped the honey (see GFM); suffix וַיִרְדֵּהוּ אֶלכַֿפָּיו vJudg 14:9 a he scraped it out into his palms; BuhlLex Du also עַליְֿדֵיהֶם ׳ר Jer 5:31, namely, gifts, money, figurative for making gain (most I. רדה q. v.).

רַדַּי proper name see רדד

rule, dominion, ruled, ruler, taken, …
rādâ
to tread down, i.e., subjugate; specifically, to crumble off
  • to rule, have dominion, dominate, tread down
    • (Qal) to have dominion, rule, subjugate
      • "(Hiphil) to cause to dominate
    to scrape out
    • (Qal) to scrape, scrape out

ב ֖וֹ
ב
Preposition in, at, by, with
֖וֹ
Suffix — pronoun his / him / it

Preposition

it ×144 him ×95 them ×83 thee ×59 me ×53 unto him ×35 you ×28 he ×22

בְּ פָ֑רֶךְ
בְּ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
פָ֑רֶךְ
Root word rigour, cruelty
Dictionary form: פֶּרֶךְ · peh-REK

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: over him with rigour
with rigour ×3 and with cruelty ×1 over him with rigour ×1 was with rigour ×1
More options
harshness — Broad, natural modern word; fits most contexts well.
brutality — Emphasizes physical or violent severity of oppression.
cruelty — Modernizes the KJV gloss; strong moral condemnation.
rigor — Closer to KJV 'rigour'; prefer for systematic, relentless severity.
oppression — Highlights the power dynamic over the victim.
severity — Milder tone; suits contexts needing restraint.

BDB6783 H6531

BDB6782 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB6784

פֶּ֫רֶךְ noun [masculine] harshness, severity; — in phrase ׳בְּפ Lev 25:33, בְּפָ֑רֶךְ vLev 25:43 vLev 25:46 (H P), Ezek 34:4 (all with רדה rule harshly); Exod 1:13 (with וַיַּעֲבִדוּ), vExod 1:14 (with עֲכֹדָה; both P).

rigour, cruelty
perek
fracture, i.e., severity
  • harshness, severity, cruelty

וְ יָרֵ֖אתָ
וְ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
יָרֵ֖אתָ
Root word fear, afraid, feared, terrible, dreadful, …
Dictionary form: יָרֵא · yaw-RAY

Verb — Qal, Sequential Perfect (Weqatal), second person masculine singular simple action — "he did" carries the story forward — try "and he will ___" the built-in subject is "you"

In the KJV here: but shalt fear
fear ×65 afraid ×22 feared ×15 be afraid ×9 to fear ×9 and fear ×8 and terrible ×7 be not afraid ×7
More options
fear — Most versatile; covers dread, awe, and reverence.
be afraid — Emphasizes emotional alarm or fright in context.
revere — Prefer when object is God or a figure of honor.
stand in awe — Captures worshipful wonder; slightly more formal.
dread — Stresses deep, weighty terror rather than passing alarm.
hold in reverence — Good for cultic or relational respect contexts.

BDB3708 H3372 H3373

BDB3707 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB3709

יָרֵא verb fear (Late Hebrew id.; Assyrian îrû, id.; Hpt KAT2, Gloss i., COTGloss) —

Qal328 Perfect ׳יר Gen 19:30 + 14 t.; 3 feminine יָ˜רְאָה Jer 3:8; Ps 76:9 יָרֵ֑אָה Gen 18:15 plural 2 masculine יְרֵאתֶם Num 12:8 + 2 t.; + 23 t. Perfect; Imperfect יִירָא Amos 3:8 + 3 t.; וַיִּירָא Gen 28:17 + 5 t.; וַיִּרָא Jer 26:21 + 5 t.; plural (יִָֽרְאוּ) יִירְאוּ Jer 23:4 +; יִרָאוּן Deut 13:12, +, etc.; 136 t. Imperfect; Imperative יְרָא Prov 3:7 + 3 t.; יְראוּ Josh 24:14 + 2 t.; Infinitive construct יְרֹא Josh 22:25 לֵרֹא 1Sam 18:29 (Ges«GKC:69»§ 69, R. i.); לְיִרְאָה Deut 4:10 + 13 t.; suffix יִרְאָתוֺ 2Sam 3:11 יִרְאָתָם Isa 29:13 יְרָאתֶם Josh 4:24 (read יִרְאָתָם Bö§ 1081 a Ew337 b Di etc.); Participle יָרֵא Gen 32:12 + 15 t.; construct יְרֵא Gen 22:12 + 10 t.; plural יְרֵאִים Jer 42:11 + 6 t.; construct יִרְאֵי Exod 18:21 + 12 t.; feminine construct יִרְאַת Prov 31:30 —
1. fear, be afraid (not in P):
  a. absolute Gen 3:10; Gen 18:15; Gen 32:8; Gen 43:18; Exod 14:10 (J), Gen 20:8; Gen 28:17; Gen 42:35; Exod 2:14; Josh 10:2 (E), Deut 20:8; Deut 31:8; Judg 7:3; Judg 8:20; 1Sam 4:7; 1Sam 17:11; 1Sam 17:24; 1Sam 23:3; 1Sam 28:5; 1Sam 31:4 = 1Chr 10:4; 2Kgs 10:4; 2Chr 20:3; Neh 2:2; Neh 6:13; Isa 54:14; Jer 3:8; Jer 23:4; Jer 26:21; Amos 3:8; Jonah 1:5; Jonah 1:10; Ps 27:3; Ps 46:3; Ps 49:6 (but Bae reads ראה) Ps 56:4; Ps 56:5; Ps 56:12; Ps 64:5; Ps 65:10; Ps 76:9; Ps 112:8; Ps 118:6; Prov 14:16; Job 6:21; Job 11:15 אַלתִּֿירָא(יו׳ּׅ fear not Gen 15:1; Gen 21:17; Gen 35:17; Gen 50:19; Gen 50:21; Exod 20:20; Josh 10:25 (E), Gen 26:24; Gen 43:23; Exod 14:13; Josh 8:1 (J), Deut 1:21; Deut 20:3; Deut 31:6; Judg 4:18; Judg 6:23; 1Sam 4:20; 1Sam 12:20; 1Sam 22:23; 1Sam 23:17; 1Sam 28:13; 2Sam 9:7; 2Sam 13:28; 1Kgs 17:13; 2Kgs 6:16; 1Chr 22:13; 1Chr 28:20; 2Chr 20:17; Isa 7:4; Isa 35:4; Isa 40:9; Isa 41:10; Isa 41:13; Isa 41:14; Isa 43:1; Isa 43:5; Isa 44:2; Isa 54:4; Jer 30:10; Jer 46:27; Jer 46:28; Joel 2:21; Joel 2:22; Zeph 3:16; Hag 2:5; Zech 8:13; Zech 8:15; Ps 49:17; Lam 3:57; Dan 10:12; Dan 10:19; Ruth 3:11 ׳יִשְׁמְעוּ וי hear and fear Deut 13:12; Deut 17:13; Deut 19:20; Deut 21:21 ׳(י)ראו וי see and fear Ps 40:4; Ps 52:8; Isa 41:5; Zech 9:5.
  b. with accusative of thing or person Num 14:9 (twice in verse) (J), Num 21:34 (E), Deut 3:2; Deut 3:22; Judg 6:27; 1Sam 15:24; 2Sam 3:11; 1Kgs 1:51; Isa 8:12; Isa 51:7; Isa 57:11; Ezek 3:9; Ezek 11:8; Hab 3:2 (accusative פעלךָ in corrected rhythm), Ps 23:4; Dan 1:10 accusative of God (׳י) 1Sam 12:18; 2Sam 6:9 = 1Chr 13:12; Isa 57:11; Jer 5:22; Jonah 1:16; Job 9:35; Job 37:24.
  c. with מִן be afraid of, Deut 1:29; Deut 2:4; Deut 7:18; Deut 20:1; Deut 28:10; Josh 10:8 (D) 1Sam 28:20; 2Kgs 25:24; Isa 10:24; Isa 51:12; Jer 10:5; Jer 42:11; Jer 42:16; Ezek 2:6 (3 t. in verse); Mic 7:17; Ps 3:7; Ps 27:1; Ps 65:9; Ps 91:5; Ps 112:7; Ps 119:120; Prov 3:25; Prov 31:21; Job 5:21; Job 5:22; Eccl 12:5 with מִפְּנֵי Deut 5:5; Deut 7:19; Josh 9:24; Josh 11:6 (D), 1Sam 7:7; 1Sam 18:29; 1Sam 21:23; 1Kgs 1:50; 2Kgs 1:15; 2Kgs 19:6 (= Isa 37:6) 2Kgs 25:26; 2Chr 20:15; 2Chr 32:7; Neh 4:8; Jer 1:8; Jer 41:18; Jer 42:11 (twice in verse); מִלִּפְנֵי 1Sam 18:12, with בְּ because of, for Jer 51:46.
  d. with infinitive and לְ fear to do a thing Gen 19:30; Gen 26:7 (J), Num 12:8 (E), Judg 7:10; 2Sam 1:14; 2Sam 10:19; 2Sam 12:18 with infin. and מִן, afraid of doing Gen 46:3; Exod 3:6 (E), 1Sam 3:15; Jer 40:9; Job 32:6.
  e. with פֶּן fear lest Gen 31:31 (E) Gen 32:12 (J).
2. stand in awe of, with מן and infinitive וַיִּירְאוּ מִגֶּשֶׁת אֵלָיו Exod 34:30 (P) and they stood in awe of drawing nigh unto him; יִירְאוּ מֵיהוה ׳וגו Ps 33:8 let all the earth stand in awe of Yahweh; וְיָרֵאתָ מֵאֱלהֶיךָ and thou shalt stand in awe of thy God Lev 19:14; Lev 19:32; Lev 25:17; Lev 25:36; Lev 25:43 (all H); with מִפְּנֵי, of the king Solomon 1Kgs 3:28 ׳מִפְּנֵי י אלהים Exod 9:30 (J?); ׳מפני י Hag 1:12 מלפני (אלהיםׅ ׳י stand in awe before (God) Eccl 3:14; Eccl 8:12; Eccl 8:13.
3. fear, reverence, honour, e.g. parents Lev 19:3 (H), Moses and Joshua Josh 4:14 (twice in verse), the oath 1Sam 14:26; Eccl 9:2, commandment Prov 13:13, the sanctuary Lev 19:30; Lev 26:2 (H), other gods Judg 6:10; 2Kgs 17:7; 2Kgs 17:35; 2Kgs 17:37; 2Kgs 17:38 elsewhere of God:
  a. absolute Jer 44:10.
  b. with accusative (ה)אלהים Gen 22:12; Gen 42:18; Exod 1:17; Exod 1:21; Exod 18:21 (E), Deut 25:18; Ps 55:20; Ps 66:16; Job 1:1; Job 1:8; Job 1:9; Job 2:3; Eccl 5:6; Eccl 7:18; Eccl 8:12; Eccl 12:13; יהוה ׳יר Exod 14:31 (J), Josh 22:25 (P), Josh 24:14 (E), 1Sam 12:14; 1Sam 12:24; 1Kgs 18:3; 1Kgs 18:12; 2Kgs 4:1; 2Kgs 17:25; 2Kgs 17:28; 2Kgs 17:32; 2Kgs 17:33; 2Kgs 17:34; 2Kgs 17:41; Isa 50:10; Jer 5:24; Jer 26:19; Hos 10:3; Jonah 1:9; Mal 3:16 (twice in verse); Ps 15:4; Ps 22:24; Ps 25:12; Ps 34:10; Ps 112:1; Ps 115:11; Ps 115:13; Ps 118:4; Ps 128:1; Ps 128:4; Ps 135:20; Prov 3:7; Prov 14:2; Prov 24:21; Prov 31:30 אֱלֹהֶיךָ ׳י ׳יר (and other suffixes) Deut 6:2; Deut 6:13; Deut 6:24; Deut 10:12; Deut 10:20; Deut 14:23; Deut 17:19; Deut 31:12; Deut 31:13; Josh 4:24 (D), 2Kgs 17:39 with suffixes referring to Yahweh or Elohim Deut 4:10; Deut 5:26; Deut 8:6; Deut 13:5; 1Kgs 8:40; 1Kgs 8:43 = 2Chr 6:31; 2Chr 6:33; 2Kgs 17:36; Isa 25:3; Isa 29:13; Jer 10:7; Jer 32:39; Mal 2:5; Mal 3:5; Zeph 3:7; Ps 22:26; Ps 25:14; Ps 31:20; Ps 33:18; Ps 34:8; Ps 34:10; Ps 60:6; Ps 67:8; Ps 72:5; Ps 85:10; Ps 103:11; Ps 103:13; Ps 103:17; Ps 111:5; Ps 119:63; Ps 119:74; Ps 119:79; Ps 145:19; Ps 147:11 ׳הַיָּרֵא אֶתדְּֿבַר י Exod 9:20 he that feared the word of Yahweh (J); the name (of Yahweh) Deut 28:58; Isa 59:19; Mal 3:20; Ps 61:6; Ps 86:11; Ps 102:16; Neh 1:11.

Niph`al45 Imperfect 2 masculine תִּוָּרֵא Ps 130:4 Participle נוֺרָא Gen 28:17 + 33 t.; feminine נוֺרָאָה Isa 21:1 plural נוֺרָאוֺת Isa 64:2 + 5 t.; נוֺרָאֹת Deut 10:21 נֹרָאוֺת 2Sam 7:23 suffix נוֺרְאוֺתֶיךָ Ps 145:6 —

1. be fearful, dreadful, e.g. wilderness Deut 1:19; Deut 8:15, land Isa 21:1, people Isa 18:2; Isa 18:7; Hab 1:7, ice (in simile) ׳כְּעֵין הַקֶּרַח הנ Ezek 1:22 (strike out ᵐ5 Co).
2. cause astonishment and awe: of Yahweh himself Ps 47:3; Ps 68:36; Ps 76:8 נוֺרָא תְהִלֹּת awe-inspiring in praises Exod 15:11 (song); עַלאֿלוהּ נוֺרָא הוֺד awe-inspiring majesty (is) upon Eloah Job 37:22 with לְ, to kings of the earth Ps 76:13 with על of hostile nations Zeph 2:11 of ׳י's doings Exod 34:10 (J) Ps 66:3; Ps 66:5 (ה)נוראות wonderful, glorious things, of Messianic king Ps 45:5 of Yahweh himself Deut 10:21; 2Sam 7:23 = 1Chr 17:21; Isa 64:2; Ps 106:22; Ps 145:6 ׳נו adverbially in Ps 65:6; Ps 139:14 Ges«GKC:118»§ 118. 5. b DaSynt. § 70(b); הגדול והנורא ׳יוֺם י the great and awful day of Yahweh Joel 3:4; Mal 3:23 compare Joel 2:11.
3. inspire reverence, godly fear, and awe:
  a. as attribute of God, לְמַעַן תִּוָּרֵא that thou mightest be revered Ps 130:4 (ה)גָּדוֺל ו(ה)נוֺרָא (the) great and awful (God) Deut 7:21; Deut 10:17; Neh 1:5; Neh 4:8; Neh 9:32; with עַל, above all gods Ps 96:4 = 1Chr 16:25 above the angels round about him Ps 89:8.
  b. of the name of Yahweh Deut 28:58; Ps 99:3; Ps 111:9; Mal 1:14.
  c. of sacred things: מלאךְ האלהים Judg 13:6 place of theophany Gen 28:17 (E).

Piel.5 Perfect 3 masculine suffix יֵָֽרְאֻנִי 2Sam 14:15 Infinitive suffix לְיָָֽרְאֵנִי Neh 6:19 לְיָֽרְאָם 2Chr 32:18 Participle plural מְיָָֽרְאִים Neh 6:9; Neh 6:14 make afraid, terrify, with accusative

BDB9812 H6399 H3372 H6342

BDB9811 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9813

[פְּלַח] verb pay reverence to, serve (deity) (compare Assyrian palâ—u, fear, revere (and Biblical Hebrew יָרֵא, פָּחַד etc.); Egyptian Aramaic פלח worship Lzb351; ᵑ7 פְּלַח serve, Syriac ; Palmyrene פלחא soldier); —

Pe`al
1. pay reverence to deity (usually ל accusative): imperfect 3 masculine plural יִפְלְחין Dan 3:28; Dan 7:14; Dan 7:27 so Participle active פָּלַח Dan 6:17; Dan 6:21, plural פָּֽלְחִין Dan 3:12; Dan 3:14; Dan 3:18, and (accusative of deity) vDan 3:17.
2. plural construct as noun פָּֽלְחֵי בֵית אֱלָהָא Ezra 7:24 servants of the house of God ( + priests, Nethinim, etc.).

fear, afraid, feared, terrible, dreadful, …
yārēʾ
to fear; morally to revere; causatively to frighten
  • to fear, revere, be afraid
    • (Qal)
      • to fear, be afraid
        • "to stand in awe of, be awed"to fear, reverence, honor, respect
      (Niphal)
      • to be fearful, be dreadful, be feared
        • "to cause astonishment and awe, be held in awe"to inspire reverence or godly fear or awe
      (Piel) to make afraid, terrify

מֵ ֽאֱלֹהֶֽי ךָ
מֵ
Prefix — preposition from, out of
ֽאֱלֹהֶֽי
Root word god, gods, judges, great, goddess, …
ךָ
Suffix — pronoun your / you (one man)
Dictionary form: אֱלֹהִים · eh-loh-HEEM

Noun — Common, masculine plural, construct state plural — usually add "-s"; "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: thy god
god ×587 thy god ×320 of god ×316 your god ×162 our god ×116 the god ×110 gods ×95 their god ×62
More options
God — Preferred for the God of Israel; singular context.
gods — Use for polytheistic or plural divine beings.
deity — Neutral, academic tone; suits comparative religion contexts.
divine being — Emphasizes nature over identity; good for ambiguous referents.
judge — Use when context is legal or judicial authority.
mighty one — Captures intensifying plural; rare angelic or hero contexts.

BDB2100 H3068 H3069 H1961 H430 H589 H2022 H6635

BDB2099 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2101

יהוהc. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (

1. ᵑ0 יְהוָֺהC518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים), in the combinations אדני יהוה & יהוה אדני (see אֲדֹנֶי), and with preposition בַּיהוָֺה, לַיהוָֺה, מֵיהוָֺה (Qr בַּאדֹנָי, לַאדֹנָי, מֵאדֹנָי), do not give the original form. ᵐ5 and other Vrss follow the Qr. On the basis of Exod 20:7; Lev 24:11 יהוה was regarded as a nomen ineffabile (see Philode Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529), called by the Jews הַשֵּׁם and by the Samaritans שׁימא. The pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare Bö§ 88). The traditional Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the יָֿהוּ, יְהוֺֿ of compound proper name and the contracted form יָהּ all favour יַהְוֶךְ (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Ps 74:6 תַּהֲרוּ Isa 33:11), see LagSym i.14 BaudStudien i.179 ff.; DrStud.Bib.i.1 ff. For Jeve see StaZAW 1881, 346 Deib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii.
2. on literature of interpretations see NesEg.67 Drl.c. — Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph`il of היה (=היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare חַוָּה Gen 3:20) Schr HSch; giver of existence, creator, Kue Tiele; he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),performer of his promises, Lag, NesEg.88 (but NesEg.91 inclines to Qal as RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev see below); or from היה he who causes to fall, rain or lightning RSOTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245, compare WeSkizzen iii.175; 'Fäller,' destroying foes, StaG.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of הוה (= היה); the one who is: i.e. the absolute and unchangeable one, Ri; the existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable, Di; or the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption, De Oehl; compare also RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876, he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare Ewinfr), he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Drl.c.17)).
**Theories of non-Hebrew or non-Semitic origin, opposed (in their older forms) by BauRel. i. 181 ff. (see especially 230); DlPa 162 ff. claimed Babylonian origin for יהו, against this Kuenational Religions, etc., Note iv (Eng. Trans. 329 ff.) JastrJBL xiil {1894}, 103 f. compare HptBAS i. 170 N; DlBabel u. Bibel, 46 f., 73 f. makes same claim for יהוה, against this see especially HirschZAW xxiil {1903}, 355 ff. ZimKATS. 465 ff.; SpiegelbZMG:liii {1899}, 633 ff. proposes (improbable) Egyptian etymology for יהוה; further discussions see in KöEB NAMES, § 112 and n.3. 'Jehovah' found in Jacob (? Johannes) Wessel († 1480), according to SchwThLZ, 1905, col. 612.

I. יהוה is not used by E in Genesis, but is given Exod 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : אֶהְיֶה עִמָּ֑ךְ I shall be with thee (Exod 3:12), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I shall be the one who will be it vExod 3:14a (i.e: with thee vExod 3:12) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה vExod 3:14b (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה He who will be it vExod 3:15 (i.e. with thee vExod 3:12). compare EwBTh ii. 337, 338 RSl.c., Proph. 385 ff. Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc LagPsalt.Hieron.156); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר = כִּי; AE JDMich WeJD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה sparingly by the side of אלהים and האלהים in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses Exod 6:3 but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that אֵל שַׁדַּי was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, Gen 21:83 by אל עולם, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De Gen 21:33. Elsewhere יהוה is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים and אדני. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and Job 12:9 (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים and האלהים. Daniel uses יהוה only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI18. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT Gen 2:4b DlPa 158 ff. DrStud. Bib. i. 7 ff.

II. 1. יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D;
  a. with אֱלֹהֶיךָ in the Ten Words Exod 20:2-12 (5 t.) = Deut 5:6-16 in the law of worship of J E, Exod 23:19; Exod 34:24; Exod 34:26 in D 234 t.; Josh 1:9; Josh 1:17; Josh 9:9; Josh 9:24 (D2); elsewhere Gen 27:20; Exod 15:26 (JE), Judg 6:26 Samuel & Kings 20 t.; 1Chr 11:2; 1Chr 22:11; 1Chr 22:12; 2Chr 9:8 (twice in verse); 2Chr 16:7; Isa 7:11; Isa 37:4 (twice in verse); Isa 41:13; Isa 43:3; Isa 51:15; Isa 55:5; Jer 40:2 + (3t.); Hos 12:10; Hos 13:4; Hos 14:2; Amos 9:15; Ps 81:11.
  b. with אֱלֹהֵיכֶם in D 46 t.; D2 28 t.; H 15 t.; P 15 t.; elsewhere Exod 23:25 (E); Exod 8:24; Exod 10:8; Exod 10:16; Exod 10:17 (JE); Judg 6:10; 1Sam 12:12; 1Sam 12:14; 2Kgs 17:39; 2Kgs 23:21; 1Chr 22:18 + (10 t. Chronicles) Ps 76:12; Jer 13:16 + (5 t.) Ezek 20:5; Ezek 20:7; Ezek 20:19; Ezek 20:20; Joel 2:13 + (6 t.) Zech 6:15.
  c. with אֱלֹהֵינוּ in D 23 t.; in D2 5 t.; Exod 8:6 (JE) Exod 3:18; Exod 5:3; Exod 8:22; Exod 8:23; Exod 10:25; Exod 10:26 (E) Judg 11:24; 1Sam 7:8; 1Kgs 8:57; 1Kgs 8:59; 1Kgs 8:61; 1Kgs 8:65; 2Kgs 18:22; 2Kgs 19:10 = Isa 36:7; Isa 37:20; 1Chr 13:2 + (15 t. Chronicles) Mic 4:5; Mic 7:17; Isa 26:13; Jer 3:22 + (17 t.) Ps 20:8; Ps 90:17 (?;Baer אֲדנָֹי); Ps 94:23; Ps 99:5; Ps 99:8; Ps 99:9 (twice in verse); Ps 105:7; Ps 106:47; Ps 113:5; Ps 122:9; Ps 123:2; Dan 9:10; Dan 9:13; Dan 9:14.
  d. with אֱלֹהֵיהֶם Exod 10:7 (J) Exod 29:46 (twice in verse); Lev 26:44 (P) Judg 3:7; Judg 8:34; 1Sam 12:9; 1Kgs 9:9; 2Kgs 17:7; 2Kgs 17:9; 2Kgs 17:14; 2Kgs 17:16; 2Kgs 17:19; 2Kgs 18:12; 2Chr 31:6; 2Chr 33:17; 2Chr 34:33; Neh 9:3 (twice in verse); Neh 9:4; Jer 3:21; Jer 22:9; Jer 30:9; Jer 43:1 (twice in verse); Jer 50:4; Ezek 28:26; Ezek 34:30; Ezek 39:22; Ezek 39:28; Hos 1:7; Hos 3:5; Hos 7:10; Zeph 2:7; Hag 1:12 (twice in verse); Zech 9:16; Zech 10:6.
  e. with אֱלֹהָיו Num 23:21 (E) Exod 32:11 (J) Lev 4:22 (P) Deut 17:19; Deut 18:7; 1Sam 30:6; 1Kgs 5:17; 1Kgs 11:4; 1Kgs 15:3; 1Kgs 15:4; 1Kgs 2:11; 1Kgs 16:2; 1Kgs 2:1 + 13 t. Chronicles; Mic 5:3; Jer 7:28; Ps 33:12; Ps 144:15; Ps 146:5; Jonah 2:2. feminine with אֱלֹהַי Num 22:18 (JE) Deut 4:5; Deut 18:16; Deut 26:14; Josh 14:8; Josh 14:9; 2Sam 24:24; 1Kgs 3:7; 1Kgs 5:18; 1Kgs 5:19; 1Kgs 8:28; 1Kgs 17:20; 1Kgs 17:21; 1Chr 21:17; 1Chr 22:7; 2Chr 2:3; 2Chr 6:19; 2Chr 9:5; Ps 7:2; Ps 7:4; Ps 13:4; Ps 18:29; Ps 30:3; Ps 30:13; Ps 35:24; Ps 40:6; Ps 104:1; Ps 109:26; Isa 25:1; Jer 31:18; Dan 9:4; Dan 9:20; Jonah 2:7; Hab 1:12; Zech 11:4; Zech 13:9; Zech 14:5.
  g. with אֱלֹהַיִךְ Isa 60:9; Jer 2:17; Jer 2:19; Jer 3:13; Mic 7:10; Zeph 3:17.
  h. with אלהים, probably always due to later editors, or to a Qr which has crept into the text Gen 2:4b — Gen 3:23 (J, 20 t. either אלהים inserted by RP as Di De; or יהוה inserted by J in an older source); Exod 9:30 (J, but not in ᵐ5 ⅏; Samaritan אדני יהוה; possibly ᵑ0 from earlier Qr, & ⅏ from later Qr); 2Sam 7:22; 2Sam 7:25 (ᵐ5 אדני יהוה and 1Chr 17:20-23 only יהוה); 1Chr 17:16; 1Chr 17:17 (but 2Sam 7:18; 2Sam 7:19 אדני יהוה) 1Chr 28:20; 1Chr 29:1; 2Chr 1:9; 2Chr 6:41 (twice in verse); 2Chr 6:42; 2Chr 26:18 (but in the original Ps 132:8 stood יהוה (so ℌ), or else no divine name); Ps 72:18 (the late doxology) Ps 84:12 (but it makes the line too long); Jonah 4:6. For the combinations with other divine names see those names.
2. the phrase אֲנִי יהוה is noteworthy: —
  a. after אמר either alone Exod 6:2; Exod 6:29 (P) or before relative and other clauses: Gen 28:13 (J) Gen 15:7 (R) Exod 6:6 (P) with אלהיכם Judg 6:10; Ezek 20:5.
  b. after ידע כי (α) Exod 7:17; Exod 8:18; Exod 10:2 (J); Exod 7:5; Exod 14:4; Exod 14:18 (P); 1Kgs 20:13; 1Kgs 20:28; Jer 24:7; Ezek 6:7 + 48 t. Ezekiel; (β) with אלהיכם Exod 6:7; Exod 16:12; Deut 29:5 (P) Exod 20:20; Joel 4:17 (γ) with אלהיהם Exod 29:46 (P) Ezek 28:26; Ezek 34:30; Ezek 39:22; Ezek 39:28 (δ) before relative and other clauses Isa 45:3; Isa 49:23; Isa 49:26; Isa 60:16; Ezek 7:9; Ezek 17:24; Ezek 21:10; Ezek 22:22; Ezek 35:12; Ezek 36:36 (ε) with various forms of קדשׁ Exod 31:13 (P) Ezek 20:12; Ezek 37:28; Ezek 39:7 (ζ) with דברתי Ezek 5:13; Ezek 17:21, compare ׳יֵדְעוּ אשׁר אני י Ezek 20:26.
  c. after כִּי in various combinations Lev 11:44; Lev 11:45; Num 35:34 (P), Lev 20:7; Lev 20:26; Lev 21:8; Lev 21:15; Lev 21:23; Lev 22:16; Lev 24:22; Lev 25:17; Lev 26:1; Lev 26:44 (all H); Exod 15:26 (R) Isa 41:13; Isa 43:3; Isa 61:8; Jer 9:23; Ezek 12:25; Ezek 21:4; Zech 10:6; Mal 3:6.
  d. emphatic Exod 6:8; Exod 12:12; Lev 26:2; Lev 26:45; Num 3:13; Num 3:41; Num 3:45 (all P); Lev 18:5; Lev 18:6; Lev 18:21; Lev 19:12; Lev 19:14; Lev 19:16; Lev 19:18; Lev 19:28; Lev 19:30; Lev 19:32; Lev 19:37; Lev 21:12; Lev 22:2; Lev 22:3; Lev 22:8; Lev 22:30; Lev 22:31; Lev 22:33 (all H) Isa 43:15 with אלהיהם Exod 29:46 with אלהיךָ Isa 48:17 with אלהיכם Lev 23:43; Lev 25:38; Lev 25:55; Num 10:10; Num 15:41 (twice in verse) (P) Lev 18:2; Lev 18:4; Lev 18:30; Lev 19:2; Lev 19:3; Lev 19:4; Lev 19:10; Lev 19:25; Lev 19:31; Lev 19:34; Lev 19:36; Lev 20:24; Lev 23:22; Lev 26:13 (all H) Ezek 20:7; Ezek 20:19; Joel 2:27 with מְקַדֵּשׁ Lev 20:8; Lev 22:9; Lev 22:32 (H), with דברתי Num 14:35 (P) Ezek 5:15 + (11 t. Ezekiel); with clauses Isa 27:3; Isa 41:4; Isa 41:17; Isa 42:6; Isa 42:8; Isa 45:5; Isa 45:6; Isa 45:7; Isa 45:8; Isa 45:18; Isa 45:19; Isa 45:21; Isa 60:22; Jer 17:10; Jer 32:27; Ezek 14:4; Ezek 14:7; Ezek 14:9; Ezek 34:24 אָנֹכִי יהוה is used in the Ten Words Exod 20:2; Exod 20:5 = Deut 5:6; Deut 5:9 cited Ps 81:11; Hos 12:10; Hos 13:4 elsewhere only Exod 4:11 (J) Isa 43:11; Isa 44:24; Isa 51:15.
3. יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh יהוה יראה Gen 22:14 (J); יהוה נסי Exod 17:15 (E) יהוה שׁלים Judg 6:24 יהוה צדקנו Jer 33:16 (compare Jer 23:6 where it is applied to the Messiah); יהוה שָׁ֑מָּה Ezek 48:35. — On combinations such as ׳הַר י, צְבָאוֺת ׳י etc., see הַר, צָבָא, etc.

Note. — BonkZAW 1891, 126 ff. seems to shew that as prefix, in compare proper name, יְהוֺ is the oldest and the latest form and that יוֺ is intermediate, belonging to the earlier post-exilic period until the time of Chronicles; occasional copyists' mistakes being taken into the account.

BDB2170 H1984 H430 H3050

BDB2169 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB2171

II. [הָלַל] verb be boastful, Pi`el praise (Arabic shout, both in joy & (if conjecture of Nö RS be right, see citation below) in terror; especially II. in formula of worship; Syriac Pa`el cecinit, laudavit; compare Late Hebrew הִלּוּל praise, הַלֵּל id., Hallel (Psalm 113-118); Aramaic הִילּוּלָא marriage-song, &c.; on Assyrian alâlu, shout for joy, rejoice see LyonSargontexte 66 (Cylinder. 1. 36) also WincklerSargontexte 134, 1. 194; 156. 1. 149 KB44. 1. 36; 80. 1. 194; all variations of cry aloud, compare NöZMG 1887, 723 RSSemitic 411; perhaps originally break through, or out (in a cry), compare WeSkizzen iii. 107 ff., especially 109; compare also (according to PrätBAS i. 369 f.) Ethiopic implore (compare Amharic, Tigrinya), & swear) —

Qal Imperfect 2 masculine plural תָּהֹ֑לּוּ Ps 75:5 Participle הוֺלֲלִים Ps 5:6 + 2 t.; — be boastful אַלתָּֿהֹ֑לּוּ Ps 75:5 (|| אַלֿ (תָּרִימוּקָ֑רֶן); Participle boastful ones, boasters Ps 5:6 (|| פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן); Ps 73:3; Ps 75:5 (both || רְשָׁעִים). Pi`el Perfect הִלֵּל Ps 10:3, 1 singular suffix הִלַּלְתִּיךָ Ps 119:164 3 masculine plural וְהִלֲלן consecutive Isa 62:9, suffix הִלֲלוּךָ Isa 64:10. etc.; Imperfect יְהַלֶּלֿ Ps 63:6; Ps 102:19 suffix יְהַלֶּלְךָ Prov 27:2, יְהַלֲלֶ֑ךָּ Isa 38:18, וַיְהַלֲלָהּ Prov 31:38: 1 singular אֲהַלֵּל Ps 56:5 + 2 t., cohortative אֲהַלֲלָה Ps 69:31 + 2 t., etc.; Imperative feminine singular הַלֲלִי Ps 146:1; Ps 147:12 masculine plural הַלְלוּ Ps 104:35 + 30 t. Psalm + Jer 20:13; Jer 31:7 suffix הַלֲלוּ֫הוּ Ps 22:24 + 15 t. Psalms; Infinitive absolute הַלֵּל 1Chr 16:36 construct הַלֵּל 2Sam 14:25 + 16 t. Chronicles; Participle plural מְהַלֲלִים 1Chr 23:5 + 4 t. Chronicles; —
1. praise man or woman, accusative וַיְהַלֲלוּ אֹתָהּ אֶלפַּֿרְעֹה Gen 12:15 (J) and they praised her to Pharaoh, compare Prov 27:2; Prov 31:28; Prov 31:31; Song 6:9 וְהַמְהַלֲלִים אֶתהַֿמֶּלָךְ 2Chr 23:12 and those praising (shouting acclamations to) the king; see also לְהַלֵּל מְאֹד 2Sam 14:25 (of Absalom's beauty); in bas sense עֹזְבֵי תוֺרָה יְהַלֲלוּ רָשָׁע Prov 28:4 deserters of law praise a wicked man.
2. usually praise אֱלֹהִים, ׳י etc.;
  a. followed by accusative of heathen god Judg 16:24.
  b. object ׳(אֱלֹהִים) י; Ps 119:164 (עַל on account of), subject heaven, earth, seas, etc., Ps 69:35 תְּחִי נַפְשִׁי ותְהַלֲלֶךָּ Ps 119:175 in summons to all creatures to praise Ps 148:5; Ps 148:13; Isa 38:18 לֹא שְׁאוֺל תּוֺדֶךָּ מָוֶת יְהַלֲלֶ֑ךָּ (compare Ps 115:17); often of Public worship in sanctuary, Isa 62:9 (thanks giving in sanctuary after harvest), compare Isa 64:10; Ps 22:23 (|| אֲסַפְּרָה שִׁמְךָ), vPs 22:27; Ps 35:18; Ps 109:30 (both || אוֺדְךָ) Ps 107:32 (|| יְרוֺמֲמוּהוּ) Ps 84:5, see also Ps 146:2 (|| ׳אֲזַמְּרָה לֵא) Ps 149:3 (with בְּ instrumental; || יְזַמְּרוּ לוֺ); also object ׳שֵׁם י (in some cases of public worship) Ps 74:21; Ps 148:5; Joel 2:26 (thanksgiving after harvest); שֵׁםאֱֿלֹהִים בְּשִׁיר Ps 69:31 (|| וִאֲגַדְּלֶנּוּ בְתוֺדָה), Ps 145:2 (|| אֲבָֽרֲכֶ֑ךָּ); further, Ps 56:5 בֵּאלֹהִים אֲהַלֵּל דְּבָרוֺ, also vPs 56:11 + vPs 56:11b ׳ביהוה וגו, but compare Hup Che on 11:b as editorial addition; object not expressed אֶתעַֿמְּךָ ׳הַשְׁמִיעוּ הַלֲלוּ וְאִמְרוּ הוֺשַׁע י Jer 31:7, וְשִׂפְתֵי רְנָנוֺת יְהַלֶּלפִּֿי Ps 63:6.
  c. use of Imperative deserves special notice: הַלֲלוּהוּ Ps 22:24 (|| כַּבְּדוּהוּ; of temple-worship compare vPs 22:23 vPs 22:25); also in summons to angles, sun, moon, etc. (all created things) to praise ׳י Ps 148:2 (twice in verse); Ps 148:3 (twice in verse); Ps 148:4; Ps 150:1 of temple-worship Ps 150:2 (בְּ on account of) vPs 150:2 (כְּ), vPs 150:3 vPs 150:3 vPs 150:4 vPs 150:4 vPs 150:5 vPs 150:5 (all with בְּ instrumental); further Jer 20:13 (|| ׳שִׁירוּ לי), ׳הַלֲלוּ אֶתיֿ Ps 117:1 (addressed to nations, || שַׁבְּחוּהוּ), Ps 148:7 (created things), חַלֲלִי אֱלֹהַיִךְ צִיּוֺן Ps 147:12 (|| שַׁבְּחִי יְרוּשָׁלַםִ ׳אֶתיֿ).
  d. note especially: praise ye yah! הַלֲלויָֿהּ Ps 135:3, liturgical (|| זַמְּרוּ לִשְׁמוֺ); elsewhere always one word see BaerPsalm p.115, & always at beginning or end of Psalm (chiefly late), apparently liturgical; הַלֲלוּיָהֿ֑ Ps 104:35 (|| ׳בָּֽרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶתיֿ), elsewhere ׃הַלֲלוּיָהּ (I) at beginning Ps 106:1; Ps 111:1 (both || הודה) Ps 112:1; Ps 113:1 (|| הַלֲלוּ & ׳אֶתשֵֿׁם י ׳ה), Ps 135:1 (|| id.), Ps 146:1 (|| ׳הַלֲלִי נַפְשִׁי אֶתיֿ), Ps 147:1 (followed by זַמְּרָה in clause with כִּי), Ps 148:1 (|| ׳הַלֲלוּ אֶתיֿ, הַלֲלוּהוּ), Ps 149:1 (|| ׳שִׁירוּ לי), Ps 150:1 (|| הַלֲלוּאֵֿל, הַלֲלוּהוּ); (2) at end Ps 104:35 (above), Ps 105:45; Ps 106:48; Ps 113:9; Ps 115:18 (|| נְבָרֵךְ יָהּ), Ps 116:19; Ps 117:2; Ps 135:21 (|| ׳בָּרוּךְ י) Ps 146:10; Ps 147:20; Ps 148:14; Ps 149:9; Ps 150:6 (|| כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ); add to these (not liturgical) יְהַלֶּליָֿהּ Ps 102:19, כֹּל נְשָׁמָה תְּהַלֵּל יָהּ Ps 150:6, לֹא הַמֵּתִים יְהַלֲלויָֿהּ Ps 115:17.
  e. also followed by ליהוה, in Chronicles, of technical Levitical function (compare LagOr.ii.16 ff., who limits this technical הלל to priests, using חֲצֹצְרוֺת, for a signal to the people; see e.g. Neh 12:24 compare vNeh 12:27), 1Chr 16:4 (with instrumental music, compare בִּכְלֵי כְבָלִים וּבְכִנֹּרוֺת & בַּמְצִלְתַּיִ ם, all v1Chr 16:5, and Neh 12:27) 1Chr 23:30; 1Chr 25:3 (all || הוֺדוֺת); exercised (apparently) by both priests and Levites Ezra 3:11 (|| הֹדוֺת) compare vEzra 3:11 by Levites 2Chr 20:19 (בְּקֹל גָּדוֺל), 2Chr 29:30 (בְּדִבְרֵי דָוִיד) in which the people also joined 1Chr 16:36 also 2Chr 5:13 (בַּחֲצֹצְרוֺת וּבִמְצִלְתַּיִם וּבִכְלֵי הַשִּׁיר compare also v2Chr 5:12 || הֹדוֺת, v2Chr 5:13 apparently of Levites & priests), בַּכֵּלִים ׳מְהַלֲלִים לי 1Chr 23:5 (Levites) compare 2Chr 30:21 (Levites & priests ׳בִּכְלֵי עֹז לי); followed by לְשֵׁם תִּפְאַרְתֶּ֑ךָ 1Chr 29:13 (|| מוֺדִים; David speaks in name of people); followed by לְהַדְרַתקֹֿ֑דֶשׁ 2Chr 20:11 (before the army; || ׳מְשֹׁרֲרִים לי; probably of Levites, compare v2Chr 20:19). feminine followed by accusative ׳י Ezra 3:10 (priests & Levites: עַליְֿדֵי דָּוִיד), Neh 5:13 (people).
  g. other forms, with like technical sense, but absolute: לְהַלֵּל לְהוֺדוֺת בְּמִצְוַת דָּוִיד Neh 12:24 (Levites) compare 1Chr 23:5; 2Chr 8:14; 2Chr 29:30 (עַדלְֿשִׂמְחָה) 2Chr 31:2 (apparently priests & Levites; ׳בְּשַׁעֲדֵי מַחֲנוֺת י; || לְשָׁרֵת וּלְהֹוֺדוֺת); see also מוֺדִיעִים לְהַלֵּל 2Chr 23:13 (|| מְשׁוֺרֲרִים בִּכְלֵי הַשִּׁיר בְּהַלֵּל דָּוִיד בְּיָדָם ). 2Chr 7:6 (|| הֹדוֺת ליהוּה)
3. apparently boast, male one's boast compare Qal 2 (followed by בְּ in, of), בֵּאלֹהִים Ps 44:9 (|| שִׁמְךָ לְעוֺלָם נוֺדֶה); so according to most, in bad sense, רָשָׁע עַלתַּֿאֲוַת נַפְשׁוֺ ׳ה Ps 10:3 a wicked man boasteth of the desire of his soul, but Che praiseth (׳י) for (i.e. in a mercenary spirit). Pu`al Perfect 3 plural הוּלָּ֑לוּ Ps 78:63 Imperfect יְהֻלַּלֿ Prov 12:8 Participle מְהֻלָּל 2Sam 22:4 + 6 t.; feminine הַהֻלָּ֑לָה Ezek 26:17 (compare Ol§ 250 c Sta§ 220, 617 b; ᵑ0, however, accents as Perfect, regarding הַ as = relative, see sta:§ 176 c Ges«GKC:52»§ 52. 2, R. 6); — be praised,
1. human subject be praised, commended Prov 12:18 (opposed to יִהְיֶה לָבוּז); of maidens, praised, celebrated (in song) Ps 78:63 participle (see above) of city, renowned Ezek 26:17.
2. of ׳י only participle = gerundive, to be praised, worthy of praise 2Sam 22:4 = Ps 18:4 מְאֹד ׳וּמְה ׳גָּדוֺל י Ps 48:2; Ps 96:4 = 1Chr 16:25; Ps 145:3 so ׳שֵׁם י ׳מְה Ps 113:3. Hithpa. Imperfect יִתְהַלֵּל 1Kgs 20:11 + 5 t.; יִתְהַלָּ֑ל Prov 20:14 3 feminine singular תִּתְּהַלֵּל Ps 34:3, תִּתְּהַלָּ֑ל Prov 31:30 2 masculine singular תִּתְהַלֵּל Ps 52:3; Prov 27:1 תִּתְהַלָּ֑ל Isa 41:16 2 feminine singular תִּתְהַלֲלִי Jer 49:4 3 masculine plural יִתְהַלֲלוּ Ps 64:11; Isa 45:25 יִתְהַלָּ֑לוּ Isa 49:7; Jer 4:2 Imperative masculine plural הִתְהַלֲלוּ 1Chr 16:10; Ps 105:3 Infinitive לְהִתְהַלֵּל Ps 106:5 Participle מִתְהַלֵּל Prov 25:14; Jer 9:23 plural מִתְהַלֲלִים Ps 97:7 — glory, boast, make one's boast: —
1. of self-confident boasting, absolute 1Kgs 20:11 compare Prov 20:14 followed by בְּ of ground of boast Jer 9:22 (3 t. in verse); Jer 49:4; Ps 49:7; Ps 52:3; Prov 25:14, אַלתִּֿתְהַלֵּל בְּיוֺם מָחָר Prov 27:1 of glorying in idols הַמִּתְהַלֲלִים בָּאֱלִלִים Ps 97:7.
2. of glorying, making one's boast in (בְּ, on the ground of) ׳תִּתְהַלֵּל ׃י ׳בי נַפְשִׁי Ps 34:3, compare Isa 45:25; Jer 4:2 (|| וְהִתְבָּֽרְכוּ בוֺ); followed by בִּקְדוֺשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל Isa 41:16 see also Ps 105:3 = 1Chr 16:10 followed by ) בְּשֵׁם קָדְשׁוֺ || ׳(יִשְׂמַה לֵב מְבַקְשֵׁי י, compare further Jer 9:23 less often absolute Jer 9:23; Ps 63:12; Ps 64:11; followed by עִםנַֿחֲלָתֶ֑ךָ together with thine heritage (|| לִשְׂמֹהַ בְּשִׂמְהַת גּוֶֺ י֑ךָ).
3. once, late = passive be praised, commended, of God-fearing woman Prov 31:30. Po`el Imperfect יְהוֺלֵל Isa 44:25 + 2 t.; — make into a fool, make fool of, object שֹׁפְטִים Job 12:17 (subject ׳י; || מוֺלִיךְ יוֺעֲצִים שׁוֺלָ֑ל); object קֹסְמִים Isa 44:25 (subject ׳י || מֵפֵר אֹתוֺת בַּדִּים; object הָכָם Eccl 7:7 (subject הָעשֶׁק; || וִיאַבֵּד אֶתלֵֿב מַתָּנָה). Po`al Participle לִשְׂהוֺק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֺלָ֑ל Eccl 2:2 of laughter I said, It is mad (folly); מְהוֺלָלַי Ps 102:9 those mad against me (|| אוֺיְבָ֑י). Hithpo`el Imperfect וַיִּתְהֹלֵל 1Sam 21:14 3 masculine plural יִתְהֹלֲלוּ Jer 51:7, יִתְהוֺלֲלוּ Nah 2:5, יִתְהֹלֶ֑לוּ Jer 50:38 Imperative masculine plural הִתְהֹלֲלוּ Jer 49:9, הִתְהֹלָ֑לוּ Jer 25:16 — act madly, or like a madman, וַיִּתְהֹלֵל בְּיָדָם 1Sam 21:14 (of David) and he acted like a madman in their hands; of idolatrous worship by Chaldeans ׳וּבָאֵימִים יִתְה Jer 50:38 of nations, as drunken men, figurative of terror at Yahweh's judgements, Jer 25:16 (|| הִתְגֹּעֲשׁוּ) Jer 51:7 also of madly driving & jolting chariots Nah 2:5; Jer 46:9.

BDB430 H430

BDB429 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB431

אֱלֹהִים2570 noun masculine plural (feminine 1Kgs 11:33 on number of occurrences of אֵל, אֱלוֺהַּ, אֱלֹהִים compare also Nesl. c,)

1. plural in number.
  a. rulers, judges, either as divine representatives at sacred places or as reflecting divine majesty and power: האלהים Exod 21:6 (Onk ᵑ6, but τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ ᵐ5) Exod 22:7; Exod 22:8 אלהים Exod 22:8; Exod 22:27 (ᵑ7 Ra AE Ew RVm; but gods, ᵐ5 Josephus Philo AV; God, Di RV; all Covt. code of E) compare 1Sam 2:25 see Dr.; Judg 5:8 (Ew, but gods ᵐ5; God ᵑ6 BarHebr.; יהוה ᵑ9 Be) Ps 82:1; Ps 82:6 (De Ew Pe; but angels Bl Hup) Ps 138:1 (ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Rab Ki De; but angels ᵐ5 Calv; God, Ew; gods, Hup Pe Che).
  b. divine ones, superhuman beings including God and angels Ps 8:6 (De Che Br; but angels ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ7 Ew; God, RV and most moderns) Gen 1:27 (if with Philo ᵑ7 Jerome De Che we interpret נעשה as God's consultation with angels; compare Job 38:7).
  c. angels Psalm Job 97:7 (ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Calv; but gods, Hup De Pe Che); compare בני (ה)אלהים = (the) sons of God, or sons of gods = angels Job 1:6; Job 2:1; Job 38:7; Gen 6:2; Gen 6:4 (J; so ᵐ5 Books of Enoch & Jubilees Philo Jude vJude 1:6; 2Pet 2:4 JosAnt. «JOSEPHUS:Antiquities 1:3»i. 3. 1, most ancient fathers and modern critics; against usage are sons of princes, mighty men, Onk and Rab.; sons of God, the pious, Theod Chrys Jerome Augustine Luther Calv Hengst; ᵐ5L read οἱ υιὁὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ), compare בני אלים.
  d. gods האלהים Exod 18:11; Exod 22:19 (E) 1Sam 4:8; 2Chr 2:4; Ps 86:8 אלהי האלהים the God of gods, supreme God Deut 10:17; Ps 136:2 אלהים Exod 32:1; Exod 32:23 (JE) Judg 9:13 אלהים אחרים other gods Exod 20:3; Exod 23:13; Josh 24:2; Josh 24:16 (E) Deut 31:18; Deut 31:20 (JE) Deut 5:7 + (17 t. in D, not P) Judg 2:12; Judg 2:17; Judg 2:19; Judg 10:13; 1Sam 8:8; 1Sam 26:19; 1Kgs 9:6; 1Kgs 9:9 (= 2Chr 7:19; 2Chr 7:22) 2Chr 11:4; 2Chr 11:10; 2Chr 14:9; 2Kgs 5:17; 2Kgs 17:35; 2Kgs 17:37; 2Kgs 17:38; 2Kgs 22:17 (= 2Chr 34:25) 2Chr 28:25; Jer 1:16 + (18 t. Jeremiah) Hos 3:1 אלהי (ה)נכר foreign gods Gen 35:2; Gen 35:4; Josh 24:20; Josh 24:23 (E) Deut 31:16 (JE) Judg 10:16; 1Sam 7:3; 2Chr 33:15; Jer 5:19 נחור ׳א Gen 31:53 (E); מצרים ׳א Exod 12:12 (P) Jer 43:12; Jer 43:13 האמרי ׳א Josh 24:15 (E) Judg 6:10 ארם ׳א etc. Judg 10:6 אלהים מעשה ידי Deut 4:28 הגוים ׳א gods of the nations 2Kgs 18:33; 2Kgs 19:12; Deut 29:17; 2Chr 32:17; 2Chr 32:19; Isa 36:18; Isa 37:12 העמים ׳א Deut 6:14; Deut 13:8; Judg 2:12; Ps 96:5; 1Chr 5:25; 1Chr 16:26; 2Chr 32:13; 2Chr 32:14 כסף ׳א Exod 20:23 (E); זהב ׳א Exod 20:23 (E) Exod 32:31 (JE); מַסֵּכָה ׳א Exod 34:17 (J) Lev 19:4 (H).

2. Plural intensive.
  a. god or goddess, always with suffix 1Sam 5:7 (Dagon), Judg 11:24 (Chemosh), 1Kgs 18:24 (Baal), Judg 9:27; Dan 1:2 (twice in verse); or construct לעשתרת מואב ׳צדנים לכמוש א ׳א to Ashtoreth goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh god of Moab, etc. 1Kgs 11:33 הארץ ׳א god of the land 2Kgs 17:26 (twice in verse); 2Kgs 17:27, and so the Syrians suppose that Yahweh is a mountain-god and not a god of valleys 1Kgs 20:28.
  b. godlike one Exod 4:16 (J; Moses in relation to Aaron), Exod 7:1 (P; in relation to Pharaoh), 1Sam 28:13 (the shade of Samuel), Ps 45:7 (the Messianic king, O God, ᵐ5 ᵑ6 Jerome, most scholars ancient and modern, but thy throne is God's = God's throne AE Ki Thea Ew Hup, compare 1Chr 28:5).
  c. works of God, or things specially belonging to him (see אֵל 5) הר אלהים Ps 68:16; Ezek 28:14; Ezek 28:16 אש אלהים Job 1:16 גן (ה)אלהים Ezek 28:13; Ezek 31:8; Ezek 31:9.
  d. God (see 3 & 4).

3. הָאֱלֹהִים the (true) God, הוא האלהים ׳י Yahweh is (the) God Deut 4:35; Deut 4:39; Deut 7:9; 1Kgs 8:60; 1Kgs 18:39 (twice in verse); 2Chr 33:13 הוא האלהים Isa 45:18 האלהים ׳י Josh 22:34 (P ?) 1Kgs 18:21; 1Kgs 18:24; 2Chr 32:16 אתה הוא האלהים 2Sam 7:28; 1Kgs 18:37; 2Kgs 19:15; 1Chr 17:26; Isa 37:16; Neh 9:7 האלהים as subject or object is used in E 33 t., Chronicles 38 t., Eccl 31 t., Jonah 5 t., elsewhere Gen 5:22; Gen 5:24; Gen 6:9; Gen 6:11 (sources of P) Gen 17:18 (P) Josh 22:34 (P ?) Gen 44:16 (J) Deut 4:35; Deut 4:39; Deut 7:9; Judg 6:36; Judg 6:39; Judg 7:14; Judg 10:14; Judg 16:28; Judg 21:2; 1Sam 10:3; 1Sam 10:7; 1Sam 14:36; 2Sam 2:27; 2Sam 6:7; 2Sam 7:28; 2Sam 12:16; 1Kgs 8:60; 1Kgs 18:21; 1Kgs 18:24 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 18:37; 1Kgs 18:39 (twice in verse); 1Kgs 19:15 (Ephr) Job 2:10; Jer 11:12; Isa 37:16; Isa 45:18; Ps 108:14; Dan 1:9; Dan 1:17 הקדוש ׳הא ׳י 1Sam 6:20 הגדול ׳הא ׳י Neh 8:6 אשר ׳בירושלם הא Ezra 1:3 אדני האלהים Dan 9:3 in many phrases, as איש האלהים the man of God, acting under divine authority and influence: =
   (a) angel Judg 13:6; Judg 13:8,
   (b) prophet (the term coming into use in the Northern kingdom in the age of Elijah 1Sam 9:9-10, compare אִישׁ הָרוּחַ Hos 9:7): of Moses Deut 33:1; Josh 14:6 (E) 1Chr 23:14; 2Chr 30:16; Ezra 3:2; Ps 90:1 of Samuel 1Sam 9:6-10 of David 2Chr 8:14; Neh 12:24; Neh 12:36 Shemaiah 1Kgs 12:22 (= 2Chr 11:2); Elijah, Elisha, and others of their time 1Kgs 13:1-31; 1Kgs 17:18-24; 1Kgs 20:28; 2Kgs 1:9-13; 2Kgs 4:7-42; 2Kgs 5:8-20; 2Kgs 6:6-15; 2Kgs 7:2-9; 2Kgs 8:2-11; 2Kgs 13:19; 2Kgs 23:16-17 (Ephr) 2Chr 25:7; 2Chr 25:9 unnamed prophet 1Sam 2:27 Hanan Jer 35:4 a later title of prophet was עֶבֶד האלהים the servant of God, used of Moses 1Chr 6:34; 2Chr 24:9; Neh 10:30; Dan 9:11. בית האלהים the house of God, Judg 18:31, especially late, Chronicles (52 t.) Eccl 4:17; Dan 1:2 ׳בית י ׳הא 1Chr 22:1 ארון (ברית) האלהים the ark (of the covenant) of God Judg 20:27; 1Sam 4:1-5:12; 1Sam 14; 2Sam 6:1-7:29; 2Sam 15 (23 t.); 1Chr 13; 1Chr 15; 1Chr 16; 2Chr 1:4 (13 t.); מטה האלהים the rod of God Exod 4:20; Exod 17:9 (E); הר האלהים the mount of God (Horeb) Exod 3:1; Exod 4:27; Exod 18:5; Exod 24:13 (E) 1Kgs 19:8 (Ephr); מלאך האלהים the (theophanic) angel of God Gen 31:11; Exod 14:19 (E) Judg 6:20; Judg 13:6; Judg 13:9; 2Sam 14:17; 2Sam 14:20; 2Sam 19:28 in other combinations Exod 18:16; Num 23:27 (E) Judg 20:2; 1Sam 4:8; 1Sam 5:11; 1Sam 10:5; 2Sam 16:23; 1Kgs 12:22; 1Chr 21:7 + (14 t.) Ps 87:3; Eccl 9:1.

4. אֱלֹהִים = God אֱלֹהִים אֱמֶת ׳י = Yahweh is God in truth Jer 10:10.
  a. אלהים (as subject object direct or indirect) is used by P (50 t. in story of creation and deluge, elsewhere 28 t.), by E (91 t.), J chiefly in poetic sources Gen 3:1; Gen 3:3; Gen 3:5 (twice in verse); Gen 9:27; Gen 39:9; Deut 32:17; Deut 32:39, by D (11 t.) Judges (21 t.) Samuel (50 t.) Kings (29 t.) Chronicles (45 t.); in Psalm 42-86 (180 t. often by editorial change for an original יהוה), elsewhere Ps 3:3; Ps 5:11; Ps 7:11; Ps 7:12; Ps 9:18; Ps 10:4; Ps 10:13; Ps 14:1; Ps 14:2; Ps 14:5; Ps 25:22; Ps 36:2; Ps 36:8; Ps 77:14; Ps 100:3; Ps 108:2; Ps 108:6; Ps 108:8; Ps 108:12 (twice in verse); Ps 149:9; Job 5:8; Job 20:29; Job 28:23; Job 32:2; Job 34:9 (& in Prologue 6 t.) Prov 2:5; Prov 3:4; Prov 25:2 Ecclesiastes (7 t.) Hosea (5 t.); Amos 4:11 (כמהפכת אלתים את סדם as God overthrew Sodom = Jer 50:40 = Isa 13:19) Zech 8:23; Zech 12:8; Mic 3:7 (but אליהם ᵐ5 ᵑ6) Isa 35:4 Isa2 (9 t.); Jer 10:10 Ezekiel (13 t.); Malachi (5 t.); Jonah (4 t.); the phrase לאלהים ׳היה ל Gen 28:21 (ER) Gen 17:7; Gen 17:8; Exod 6:7; Exod 29:45; Lev 11:45; Lev 22:33; Lev 25:38; Lev 26:12; Lev 26:45; Num 15:41 (P); Deut 26:17; Deut 29:13; 2Sam 7:24 (= 1Chr 17:22); Zech 8:8 Jeremiah (6 t.); Ezekiel (6 t.); אלהים צדיק righteous God Ps 7:10 קדשים ׳א holy God Josh 24:19 (E); חיים ׳א living God Deut 5:23; 1Sam 17:26; 1Sam 17:36; Jer 10:10; Jer 23:36 חי ׳א 2Kgs 19:4; 2Kgs 19:16 (= Isa 37:4; Isa 37:17). For the phrases ׳יהוה א, צבאות ׳א ׳י, צבאות ׳א, ׳י ׳אל א, ׳יה א, ׳צבאות א ׳י, אלתי ׳י, צבאות, ׳אדני א see יהוה, יה, צבאות & אדני.
  b. construct אֱלֹהֵי
   (a) with persons אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם = God of Abraham, a phrase of J, Gen 26:24; Gen 28:13; Gen 31:53, elsewhere Ps 47:10; 1Kgs 18:36; 1Chr 29:18; 2Chr 30:6 אדני אברהם ׳א Gen 24:12; Gen 24:27; Gen 24:42; Gen 24:48 (J); אלהי אב father's God (various suffix & names), a phrase of E, Gen 31:5; Gen 31:29; Gen 31:42; Gen 46:3; Gen 50:17; Exod 3:6; Exod 3:13; Exod 3:15; Exod 3:16; Exod 15:2; Exod 18:4; Josh 18:3, elsewhere Gen 32:10; Gen 43:23 (J) Exod 4:5 (J ?) Deuteronomy (8 t.); Judg 2:12; 2Kgs 21:22 Chronicles (31 t.); Dan 11:37 אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel's God, phrase of E, Gen 33:20; Exod 5:1; Exod 24:10; Exod 32:27; Josh 8:30; Josh 14:14; Josh 22:16; Josh 24:2; Josh 24:23, elsewhere Exod 34:23; Josh 7:13; Josh 7:19; Josh 7:20 (JE) Num 16:9; Josh 9:18; Josh 9:19; Josh 22:24; Josh 10:40; Josh 10:42; Josh 13:14; Josh 13:33 (R see Di Josh 7:13) Judg 4:6; Judg 5:3; Judg 5:5; Judg 6:8; Judg 11:21; Judg 11:23; Judg 21:3; 1Sam 1:17 + (20 t.) Kings (26 t.) Chronicles (45 t.); Ps 41:14; Ps 106:48 (doxology) Ps 59:6; Ps 69:7; Isa 17:6; Isa 21:10; Isa 21:17; Isa 29:23 Isa3, Isa 24:15; Isa 37:16; Isa 37:21 Isa2, Isa 41:17 + (6 t.); Jer 35:17 + (48 t.); Ezek 8:4 + (7 t.); Zeph 2:9; Mal 2:16; Ruth 2:12 מערכות ישראל ׳א God of the battle array of Israel 1Sam 17:45 ׳א יַעֲקֹב 2Sam 23:1 (poetry) Ps 20:2; Ps 46:8; Ps 46:12; Ps 75:10; Ps 76:7; Ps 81:2; Ps 81:5; Ps 84:9; Ps 94:7; Isa 2:3 (= Mic 4:2); העבריים ׳א God of the Hebrews Exod 3:18; Exod 5:3; Exod 7:16; Exod 9:1; Exod 9:13 (JE); it is used with other proper names, Nahor Gen 31:53 (E), Shem Gen 9:26 (J), David 2Kgs 20:5; 2Chr 21:12; 2Chr 34:3; Isa 38:5, Hezekiah 2Chr 32:17, Elijah 2Kgs 2:14 ארני המלך ׳א the God of my lord the king 1Kgs 1:36. (β) with nouns of attributes or relationships, קֶרֶם ׳א ancient God Deut 33:27 עולם ׳א everlasting God Isa 40:28 אֱמֶת ׳א true God 2Chr 15:3 אָמֵן ׳א Isa 65:16 (see אָמֵן); משפט ׳א Isa 30:18; Mal 2:17 מרום ׳א Mic 6:6 כָל בָשָׂר ׳א God of all flesh Jer 32:27 compare ׳א הרוחות לכל בשר Num 16:22; Num 27:16 (P); השמים ׳א God of heaven Gen 24:7 (JR) 2Chr 36:23; Ezra 1:2; Neh 1:4; Neh 1:5; Neh 2:4; Neh 2:20 compare כל הארץ ׳א Isa 54:5 ׳השמים וא ׳א ׳י הארץ Gen 24:3 (JR); מִקָּרֹב ׳א a God at hand opposed to מֵרָחֹק ׳א Jer 23:23, ישועתי ׳א, יִשְׁעִי ׳א God of my salvation Ps 18:47 (= 2Sam 22:47) Ps 24:5; Ps 25:5; Ps 27:9; Ps 65:6; Ps 79:9; Ps 85:5; Isa 17:10; Mic 7:7; Hab 3:18; 1Chr 16:35 ישועתי ׳א Ps 88:2 תשועתי ׳א Ps 51:16 צִדְקִי ׳א God of righteousness Ps 4:2 חַסְדִּי ׳א Ps 59:11; Ps 59:18 צוּרִי ׳א God who is my rock 2Sam 22:3 (compare Ps 18:3); מָעוּזִּי֯ ׳א God who is my stronghold Ps 43:2 תְהִלָּתִי ׳א God who is my praise Ps 109:1.
  c. with suffix in P (22 t. including phrase ויראת מאלהיך) Lev 19:14; Lev 19:32; Lev 25:17; Lev 25:36; Lev 25:43 (H) Exod 8:21; Josh 24:27 (E) Deut 32:37 (poetry) Josh 9:23 (JE) Deut 10:21; Deut 31:17; Judg 10:10; Judg 16:23; Judg 16:24; 1Sam 10:19; 2Sam 10:12; 2Sam 22:32 + (4 t. poetry) 1Kgs 12:28; 1Kgs 20:23; 2Kgs 19:10 Chronicles (83 t.); Psalms (62 t.); Prov 2:17; Prov 30:9; Ruth 1:15; Ruth 1:16 (twice in verse); Isa 1:10; Isa 7:13; Isa 8:19; Isa 8:21 Isa2 (29 t.); Jer 5:4; Jer 5:5; Jer 23:36; Jer 51:5; Ezek 34:31 Daniel (5 t.); Hosea (12 t.); Amos 2:8; Amos 4:12; Joel 1:13 (twice in verse); Joel 1:16; Joel 2:17; Mic 6:8; Mic 7:7; Jonah 1:5; Jonah 1:6; Zeph 3:2; Nah 1:14; Zech 9:7; Zech 12:5 אלהים with suffix is also used with יהוה several hundred times (see יהוה).

god, gods, judges, great, goddess, …
ʾĕlōhîm
gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative
  • (plural)
    • rulers, judges
      • "divine ones"angels"gods
    (plural intensive—singular meaning)
    • god, goddess
      • "godlike one"works or special possessions of God"the (true) God"God

The cantillation accents are the Masoretes' punctuation: each group below ends at a pausing accent. Translate a group as one unit.
לֹֽא תִרְדֶּ֥ה ב֖וֹ Tipeha — a lesser break בְּפָ֑רֶךְ Etnahta — the verse's main pause — take a breath here וְיָרֵ֖אתָ Tipeha — a lesser break מֵֽאֱלֹהֶֽיךָ Silluq — end of the verse

לֹֽא-תִרְדֶּה בוֹ בְּפָרֶךְ וְיָרֵאתָ מֵֽאֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃
43
Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God.
Cross References

Colossians 4:1

Οἱ κύριοι τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τὴν ἰσότητα τοῖς δούλοις παρέχεσθε εἰδότες ὅτι καὶ ὑμεῖς ἔχετε κύριον ἐν οὐρανοῖς
1
Masters, give unto your servants that which is just and equal; knowing that ye also have a Master in heaven.

Exodus 1:13

וַיַּֽעֲבִדוּ מִצְרַיִם אֶת-בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃
13
And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour:

Leviticus 25:46

וְהִתְנַֽחַלְתֶּם אֹתָם לִבְנֵיכֶם אַֽחֲרֵיכֶם לָרֶשֶׁת אֲחֻזָּה לְעֹלָם בָּהֶם תַּֽעֲבֹדוּ וּבְאַחֵיכֶם בְּנֵֽי-יִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ בְּאָחִיו לֹֽא-תִרְדֶּה בוֹ בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃
46
And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen for ever: but over your brethren the children of Israel, ye shall not rule one over another with rigour.

Leviticus 25:17

וְלֹא תוֹנוּ אִישׁ אֶת-עֲמִיתוֹ וְיָרֵאתָ מֵֽאֱלֹהֶיךָ כִּי אֲנִי יְהוָֹה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶֽם׃
17
Ye shall not therefore oppress one another; but thou shalt fear thy God: for I am the LORD your God.

Ephesians 6:9

Καὶ οἱ κύριοι τὰ αὐτὰ ποιεῖτε πρὸς αὐτούς ἀνιέντες τὴν ἀπειλήν εἰδότες ὅτι καὶ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν ὁ κύριός ἐστιν ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ προσωποληψία οὐκ ἔστιν παρ' αὐτῷ
9
And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither there is respect of persons with him.

Ezekiel 34:4

אֶֽת-הַנַּחְלוֹת לֹא חִזַּקְתֶּם וְאֶת-הַחוֹלָה לֹֽא-רִפֵּאתֶם וְלַנִּשְׁבֶּרֶת לֹא חֲבַשְׁתֶּם וְאֶת-הַנִּדַּחַת לֹא הֲשֵׁבֹתֶם וְאֶת-הָאֹבֶדֶת לֹא בִקַּשְׁתֶּם וּבְחָזְקָה רְדִיתֶם אֹתָם וּבְפָֽרֶךְ׃
4
The diseased have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which was broken, neither have ye brought again that which was driven away, neither have ye sought that which was lost; but with force and with cruelty have ye ruled them.

Leviticus 25:53

כִּשְׂכִיר שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה יִֽהְיֶה עִמּוֹ לֹֽא-יִרְדֶּנּֽוּ בְּפֶרֶךְ לְעֵינֶֽיךָ׃
53
And as a yearly hired servant shall he be with him: and the other shall not rule with rigour over him in thy sight.

Exodus 3:7

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה רָאֹה רָאִיתִי אֶת-עֳנִי עַמִּי אֲשֶׁר בְּמִצְרָיִם וְאֶת-צַֽעֲקָתָם שָׁמַעְתִּי מִפְּנֵי נֹֽגְשָׂיו כִּי יָדַעְתִּי אֶת-מַכְאֹבָֽיו׃
7
And the LORD said, I have surely seen the affliction of my people which are in Egypt, and have heard their cry by reason of their taskmasters; for I know their sorrows;

Isaiah 47:6

קָצַפְתִּי עַל-עַמִּי חִלַּלְתִּי נַחֲלָתִי וָאֶתְּנֵם בְּיָדֵךְ לֹא-שַׂמְתְּ לָהֶם רַחֲמִים עַל-זָקֵן הִכְבַּדְתְּ עֻלֵּךְ מְאֹֽד׃
6
I was wroth with my people, I have polluted mine inheritance, and given them into thine hand: thou didst shew them no mercy; upon the ancient hast thou very heavily laid thy yoke.

Exodus 1:17

וַתִּירֶאןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת אֶת-הָאֱלֹהִים וְלֹא עָשׂוּ כַּֽאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֲלֵיהֶן מֶלֶךְ מִצְרָיִם וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ אֶת-הַיְלָדִֽים׃
17
But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive.

Exodus 2:23

וַיְהִי בַיָּמִים הָֽרַבִּים הָהֵם וַיָּמָת מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם וַיֵּאָֽנְחוּ בְנֵֽי-יִשְׂרָאֵל מִן-הָֽעֲבֹדָה וַיִּזְעָקוּ וַתַּעַל שַׁוְעָתָם אֶל-הָֽאֱלֹהִים מִן-הָֽעֲבֹדָֽה׃
23
And it came to pass in process of time, that the king of Egypt died: and the children of Israel sighed by reason of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up unto God by reason of the bondage.

Isaiah 58:3

לָמָּה צַּמְנוּ וְלֹא רָאִיתָ עִנִּינוּ נַפְשֵׁנוּ וְלֹא תֵדָע הֵן בְּיוֹם צֹֽמְכֶם תִּמְצְאוּ-חֵפֶץ וְכָל-עַצְּבֵיכֶם תִּנְגֹּֽשׂוּ׃
3
Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not? wherefore have we afflicted our soul, and thou takest no knowledge? Behold, in the day of your fast ye find pleasure, and exact all your labours.

Malachi 3:5

וְקָרַבְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם לַמִּשְׁפָּט וְהָיִיתִי׀ עֵד מְמַהֵר בַּֽמְכַשְּׁפִים וּבַמְנָאֲפִים וּבַנִּשְׁבָּעִים לַשָּׁקֶר וּבְעֹשְׁקֵי שְׂכַר-שָׂכִיר אַלְמָנָה וְיָתוֹם וּמַטֵּי-גֵר וְלֹא יְרֵאוּנִי אָמַר יְהוָה צְבָאֽוֹת׃
5
And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages, the widow, and the fatherless, and that turn aside the stranger from his right, and fear not me, saith the LORD of hosts.

Deuteronomy 25:18

אֲשֶׁר קָֽרְךָ בַּדֶּרֶךְ וַיְזַנֵּב בְּךָ כָּל-הַנֶּֽחֱשָׁלִים אַֽחַרֶיךָ וְאַתָּה עָיֵף וְיָגֵעַ וְלֹא יָרֵא אֱלֹהִֽים׃
18
How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.

Exodus 5:14

וַיֻּכּוּ שֹֽׁטְרֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר-שָׂמוּ עֲלֵהֶם נֹֽגְשֵׂי פַרְעֹה לֵאמֹר מַדּוּעַ לֹא כִלִּיתֶם חָקְכֶם לִלְבֹּן כִּתְמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם גַּם-תְּמוֹל גַּם-הַיּֽוֹם׃
14
And the officers of the children of Israel, which Pharaoh's taskmasters had set over them, were beaten, and demanded, Wherefore have ye not fulfilled your task in making brick both yesterday and to day, as heretofore?

Exodus 1:21

וַיְהִי כִּֽי-יָרְאוּ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת אֶת-הָֽאֱלֹהִים וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם בָּתִּֽים׃
21
And it came to pass, because the midwives feared God, that he made them houses.

Exodus 3:9

וְעַתָּה הִנֵּה צַֽעֲקַת בְּנֵֽי-יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּאָה אֵלָי וְגַם-רָאִיתִי אֶת-הַלַּחַץ אֲשֶׁר מִצְרַיִם לֹֽחֲצִים אֹתָֽם׃
9
Now therefore, behold, the cry of the children of Israel is come unto me: and I have also seen the oppression wherewith the Egyptians oppress them.
Leviticus 25:42
Read Leviticus 25
Leviticus 25:44