Proverbs 14:13

גַּם בִּשְׂחֹ֥ק יִכְאַב לֵ֑ב וְאַחֲרִיתָ֖הּ שִׂמְחָ֣ה תוּגָֽה
Even in laughter the heart is sorrowful; and the end of that mirth is heaviness.
Select a Hebrew word above to see its details.

גַּם
גַּם
Particle indeed, surely
Dictionary form: גַּם · ɡahm

Particle — Affirmation

In the KJV here: even
also ×287 and also ×60 yea ×51 and ×42 even ×38 both ×25 moreover ×21 likewise ×14
More options
also — Default additive use; broadly applicable in most contexts.
even — Use for emphasis or surprise; intensifies the following word.
too — Informal additive; natural at the end of a clause.
moreover — Adds a stronger, cumulative point; slightly formal register.
likewise — Signals parallel action or similarity between two parties.
indeed — Affirming or intensifying; suits emphatic or asseverative contexts.

BDB1688 H1571

BDB1687 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB1689

גַּם768 adverb denoting addition, also, moreover, yea (Moabite id., also Zinjirli (Lzb250 Cooke166); probably akin to √ ; compare (accusative) in a mass, altogether) —

1. also, moreover, emphasizing sometimes the thought of an entire sentence, but more usually the word immediately following, as Gen 3:6 וַתִּתֵּן גַּם לְאִישָׁהּ and gave also to her husband, vGen 3:27 and take also of the tree of life, Gen 7:3; Gen 19:21; Gen 24:19; Gen 26:21; Gen 29:27; Gen 30:15; Gen 32:21 (גַּם הִגֵּה ֗֗֗ : so Esth 7:9) Gen 48:11; Exod 8:28; Exod 12:32b Deut 1:37; 1Sam 28:20; 2Sam 11:12; 2Kgs 9:27; Isa 7:13 +. Often before pronouns, Gen 4:4 וְהֶבֶל הֵבִיא גַם הוּא and Abel, he also brought, Gen 20:5 וְהִיאגַֿםהִֿוא (so only here) and she herself also, vGen 20:6; Gen 27:31 וַיַּעַשׂ גַּם הוּא, Gen 30:8; Deut 3:20; Judg 3:31; Judg 6:35; Judg 9:19; 1Sam 19:20-24; Jer 12:6; Jer 48:26 etc. (compare MI6 ויאמר גם הא): especially in genealogies of J (BuUrg. 220) Gen 4:22; Gen 4:26; Gen 10:21; Gen 19:38; Gen 22:20; Gen 22:24 compare Judg 8:31. גַּם followed by pronoun also begins a sentence with emphasis in an elevated style, thou (they) also, Isa 14:10; Jer 12:6 (twice in verse); Jer 48:7; Ezek 16:52; Nah 3:11 (twice in verse). After a pronoun in an oblique case (Ges«GKC:135»§ 135, 2) Gen 27:34; 1Sam 19:23; 2Sam 17:5; Jer 25:14; Jer 27:7 +. וְגַם and also (more often than גַּם alone attaching a sentence) Gen 6:4; Gen 14:16; Gen 15:14; Gen 17:16; Gen 20:12; Gen 24:14; Gen 24:46; Gen 30:6; Gen 37:7; Gen 38:24; Gen 42:28; Exod 2:19; Exod 3:9; Exod 4:14; Josh 7:11 (5 t.) 1Sam 4:17; 1Kgs 21:19 + often; with a negative = neither Exod 5:2; Exod 34:3 and elsewhere — גַּם ֗֗֗ גַּם (like et ... et) both ... and Gen 44:16; Gen 47:3; Gen 47:19; Num 18:3; Jer 51:12; Ps 49:3 +: גַּם ֗֗֗ גַּם ֗֗֗ גַּם Gen 24:25; Judg 8:22; Eccl 9:6: with a negative neither ... nor Num 23:25; 1Sam 20:27; 1Kgs 3:26, and (3 t.) Gen 43:8; Exod 4:10; 1Sam 28:6. So (but seldom) גַּםוְ֗֗֗גַם Gen 24:44; Gen 1:26; Gen 12:14; Gen 26:25: with negative 1Sam 21:9. —
N.B. In poetry independence and emphasis is sometimes given by גַּם to a new idea, where in English we should be satisfied with and: Ps 107:5; Ps 137:1; Job 24:19; Song 7:14; Lam 4:15.
2. with stress on a particular word, even, Exod 4:9; Num 22:33 גַּם אוֺתְךָ even thee I had slain, and kept her alive, 2Sam 17:10; Jer 2:33; Ps 132:12; Prov 14:13 even in laughter the heart is sorrowful, vProv 14:20; Prov 17:28; Prov 20:11; Ruth 2:15; Neh 3:35 and so often after כִּי, Deut 12:31 for even their sons they burn in the fire to their gods, 1Sam 22:17; Isa 26:12; Jer 6:11; Jer 12:6; Jer 14:5; Hos 9:12 כִּיגַֿםאֿוֺי לָהֶם for even woe is it to them when I depart from them; הֲגַם Gen 16:13; 1Sam 10:11; 1Sam 10:12 = 1Sam 19:24; 1Kgs 17:20; Ps 78:20; Job 41:1; Esth 7:8. Other cases: — 1Sam 24:12 רְאֵה גַּם רְאֵה see, yea see ! (but HupQu. Job vi. גַּם רָאֹה: compare below) Ps 118:11; Job 2:10 גַּם אֶתהַֿטּוֺב נְקַבֵּל shall we receive good (emphatic) from God and not evil ? Job 21:7 interposed once between a substantive and adjective Gen 20:4 gentemne etiam justam interficies? emphasizing כֹּל, Deut 28:61; Judg 9:49b 1Sam 22:7 גַּםֿ לְכֻלְּכֶם to all (emphatic) of you will he give ...? 2Sam 19:31 גַּם אֶתהַֿכֹּל יִקָּ֑ח yea, the whole let him take! Isa 26:12 אֶחָד 2Sam 17:12b and we will not leave גַּם אֶחָד ֗֗֗ even one (similarly v2Sam 17:13 b), Ps 14:3 (= Ps 53:4) אֵין גַּם אֶחָד; an infinitive or cognate accusative attached to a verb, Gen 31:15; Gen 46:4; Num 11:15; Num 16:13; 1Sam 1:6. גַּם שְׁנֵיהֶם literally even both i.e. the one as well as the other (German alle beide) is said idiomatically, Gen 27:45 (שְׁנֵיכֶם), Deut 22:22; Deut 23:19; 1Sam 25:43 (שְׁתֵּיהֶן), Prov 17:15; Prov 20:10; Prov 20:12; Ruth 1:5.
3. introducing a climax, yea, especially in a rhetorical style, Gen 27:33; Deut 23:3; Deut 23:4; Judg 5:4 (twice in verse); Isa 13:3; Isa 14:8; Isa 43:13 yea, from to-day I am the same, Isa 44:12 גַּם רָעֵב yea, he is hungry, and has no strength, Isa 47:3; Isa 48:8 (3 t. in verse); Isa 57:7; Jer 46:16; Jer 48:2; Jer 51:44; Hos 7:9; Ps 41:10; Ps 84:7; Ps 139:12; Isa 66:8 כִּיחָֿ֫לָה גַּםיָָֽֿלְדָה, צִיּוֺן אֶתבָּֿנֶיהָ, Jer 5:28; Jer 12:2; Ezek 24:5; Job 21:7; Song 8:1: emphasizing an extreme, or aggravated, case, yea, even, Isa 49:15 yea, these may forgot, Jer 8:17 yea, the stork knoweth, etc., Isa 23:12 גַּם שָׁם even there no rest shall be for thee (so Ps 139:10), Isa 49:25; Isa 57:6; Jer 23:11b; Mal 3:15; Ps 84:4.
4. expressing correspondence, especially in the matter of retribution (the גַּם correlativum), so frequently גַּם אֲנִי, גַּם אָנֹכִי I also (on my part): — Gen 20:6 I also [as well as thyself] know that thou hast done this innocently, Josh 24:18; Judg 2:21; 1Sam 1:28 (compare Dr) 1Sam 28:22 גַּם אַתָּה thou also (as I have done v1Sam 28:21), 2Sam 12:13 ׳י also [responding to thy confession] hath removed thy sin, 2Kgs 2:3; 2Kgs 2:5; Isa 31:2; Isa 66:3-4 (גם ֗֗֗ גם, emphasizing the action of both parties), Jer 2:36; Jer 4:12 now will I also [in correspondence with their deeds] speak judgments with them, Jer 7:11; Jer 51:49 (גם ֗֗֗ גם), Ezek 5:8; Ezek 5:11; Ezek 16:43 (וְגַם = therefore also), Ezek 23:35; Hos 4:6 because thou hast forgotten the direction of thy God, I also (on my part) will forget thy children, Ps 52:7 (thou lovest evil, etc.) גַּם אֵל יִתָּצְךָ God also (on his part) will pluck thee up, Ps 71:22; Ps 133:1; Prov 1:26; Job 7:11; Job 12:3; Job 16:4 so וְגַם Judg 2:3; Amos 4:6; Amos 4:7; Mic 6:13; Mal 2:9. In the apodosis (uncommon): Gen 13:16 if a man could number the dust of the earth, גַּם זַרְעֲךָ יִמָּנֶה thy seed also should be numbered, Jer 31:36; Jer 31:37; Jer 33:21; Jer 33:26; Zech 8:6. The correspondence is sometimes of the nature of a climax: Gen 27:33; Gen 30:8 I have wrestled, גַּם יָכֹלְתִּי (compare 1Kgs 22:22 וְגַם תּוּכָ֔ל, Jer 50:24), Isa 66:8.
5. connecting two ideas which express (or imply) a contradiction, גַּם acquires sometimes an adversative force (compare אַף 1 end), yet, but, though: Ps 95:9 they tried me, but also (Che) saw my work (namely of judgment), Ps 129:2; Jer 6:15 = Jer 8:12; Ezek 20:23; Eccl 4:8; Eccl 4:16; Eccl 5:18; Neh 6:1. So וְגַם Ezek 16:28; Ezek 20:15; Eccl 3:13; Eccl 6:7; Neh 5:8.
6. גַּם כִּי (with imperfect) yea, when Lam 3:8, even when Prov 22:6 yea though (stating an imagined case) Isa 1:15; Hos 8:10; Hos 9:16; Ps 23:4 (so גַּם אִם Eccl 8:17); also (is it) that Ruth 2:21 (see כִּי 1 d). כִּי גַם = for even (see above 2); = though even, although (conceding a fact) Eccl 4:14 (see De) Eccl 8:12.

also, yea, even, and, both, …
gam
properly, assemblage; used only adverbially also, even, yea, though; often repeated as correl. both...and
  • also, even, indeed, moreover, yea
    • also, moreover (giving emphasis)
      • "neither, neither...nor (with negative)"even (for stress)"indeed, yea (introducing climax)"also (of correspondence or retribution)"but, yet, though (adversative)"even, yea, yea though (with 'when' in hypothetical case)
    again, alike

בִּ שְׂחוֹק
בִּ
Prefix — preposition in, at, by, with
שְׂחוֹק
Root word laughter, derision, laughing, mocked, scorn, …
Dictionary form: שְׂחוֹק · seh-HOKE

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: in laughter
a derision ×3 in derision ×2 as one mocked ×1 for laughter ×1 in laughter ×1 is the laughter ×1 it is as sport ×1 man is laughed to scorn ×1
More options
laughter — Neutral everyday term; fits joyful or ironic contexts.
mockery — Prefer when contempt or ridicule is the dominant sense.
derision — Formal register; strong social scorn from a group.
scorn — Emphasizes the attitude of the scorner, not the act.
ridicule — Active, ongoing belittling; good for narrative contexts.
sport — Being made a laughingstock; use when victim is the focus.

BDB8200 H7814

BDB8199 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB8201

שְׂחֹק, שְׂתוֺק noun [masculine] laughter, derision, sport (properly infinitive construct); — absolute שְׂחֹק Jer 48:26 + 5 t.; construct Eccl 7:6 absolute שְׂחוֺק Jer 20:7 + 7 t.; —

1. laughter (joyous) Job 8:21 (|| תְּרוּעָה), Ps 126:2 (|| דִנָּה), Eccl 2:2 (|| שִׂמְחָה), Eccl 10:19 (|| שִׂמֵּחַ); as hollow Prov 14:13 (opposed to כָּאַב), Eccl 7:3 (opposed to כַּעַס), compare הַבְּסִיל ׳שׂ vEccl 7:6.
2. (object of) derision, ׳הָיָה לִשׂ, Jer 20:7; Jer 48:26; Jer 48:27 (read ׳לִשׂ for ᵑ0 ׳הַשּׂ ᵐ5 ᵑ6 ᵑ9 Gie Du; Co strike out vv), vJer 48:39; Lam 3:14 elsewhere Job 12:4 (twice in verse)
3. sport Prov 10:23.

laughter, derision, laughing, mocked, scorn, …
śĕḥôq
laughter (in merriment or defiance)
  • laughter, laughing stock, mocking, derision
    • laughter
      • joyful
        • "hollow
      derision (of object)"sport

יִכְאַב
יִכְאַב
Root word sore, sorrowful, grieving, mar, pain, …
Dictionary form: כָּאַב · kaw-AB

Verb — Qal, Imperfect (Yiqtol), third person masculine singular simple action — "he did" not-yet-complete action — try "he will ___" or "he ___s" the built-in subject is "he (or it)"

In the KJV here: is sorrowful
and mar ×1 and sorrowful ×1 him shall have pain ×1 is sorrowful ×1 made sad ×1 maketh sore ×1 nor any grieving ×1 sore ×1
More options
hurt — Broad, everyday word; fits physical or emotional pain.
ache — Suggests lingering, dull pain; physical or emotional.
grieve — Emphasizes emotional suffering or causing distress to another.
suffer — Highlights ongoing endurance of pain; slightly more formal.
distress — Useful when pain is mental anguish rather than physical.
wound — Prefer when the pain damages or mars; can be figurative.

BDB3873 H3510

BDB3872 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB3874

כָּאַב verb be in pain (Aramaic כְּאֵב, id.; Arabic be sorrowful, sad; Assyrian in derivatives, ikkibu, pain ZimBP 67, kêbtu, ruin Hpt in KAT2 Glossary i.) —

Qal Imperfect יִכְאָבֿ Prov 14:13 יִכְאָ֑ב Job 14:22 Participle כּוֺאֵב Ps 69:30 כֹּאֲבִים Gen 34:25 —
1. be in pain, physical Gen 34:25 (J, as result of circumcision); Job 14:22 (subject בָּשָׂר; poetic of body in grave || נַפְשׁוֺ תֶּאֱבָ֑ל).
2. of mental pain Prov 14:13 (subject לֵב; probably also Ps 69:30 (|| עָנִי). Hiph`il Perfect 1 singular suffix הִכְאַבְתִּיו Ezek 13:22 2 feminine plural הִכְאַבְתֶּן vEzek 13:22 ᵐ5 ᵑ7 Co (ᵑ0 הַכְאוֺת see כָּאָה); Imperfect יַכְאִיב Job 5:18 תַּכְאִ֫בוּ 2Kgs 3:19 Participle מַכְאִב Ezek 28:24 — pain, mar;
1. of enemies of Israel under figure of thorn causing pain (no object expressed) ׳קוֺץ מַכ Ezek 28:24 (|| מַמְאִיר סִלּוֺן); of שַׁדַּי, no object expressed, Job 5:18 (opposed to חָבַשׁ, || מָחַץ.
2. of mental pain, object לֵב, Ezek 13:22 (subject false prophetesses, see above); compare vEzek 13:22 (subject ׳י).
3. (si vera lectio) of marring good land with stones 2Kgs 3:19, ᵐ5 άχρειώσετε (Klo תְּאַבְּדוּ).

sore, sorrowful, grieving, mar, pain, …
kāʾab
properly, to feel pain; by implication, to grieve; figuratively, to spoil
  • to be in pain, be sore, have pain, be sorrowful
    • (Qal)
      • to be in pain (physical)
        • "to be in pain (mental)
      (Hiphil)
      • to cause pain, hurt, mar
        • "pain, mar (participle)

לֵ֑ב
לֵ֑ב
Root word heart, hearts, midst, mind, understanding, …
Dictionary form: לֵב · labe

Noun — Common, masculine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: the heart
heart ×99 my heart ×37 his heart ×35 the heart ×32 thine heart ×28 their heart ×19 in heart ×17 in his heart ×16
More options
heart — Default rendering; covers emotion, will, and character.
mind — Prefer when context emphasizes thought or intention.
inner self — Highlights the whole interior person; good for reflective passages.
will — Use when volition or resolve is the primary nuance.
understanding — Suits wisdom or discernment contexts.
conscience — Fits passages about moral awareness or self-judgment.

BDB4295 H3820

BDB4294 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB4296

לֵב599 noun masculine Prov 23:15 ( feminine Prov 12:25, from influence of נֶפֶשׁ see De Now) inner man, mind will, heart, absolute and construct לֵב Gen 8:21 + 239 t.; לֶבֿ Exod 15:8 + 15 t.; suffix לִבִּי Gen 24:45 + 102 t.; לִבְּךָ Exod 9:14 + 28 t.; לִבֶּ֑ךָ Judg 19:6 + 25 t.; לִבֵּךְ Isa 47:7 + 7 t.; לִבּוֺ Gen 6:5 + 93 t.; לִבָּהּ Judg 19:3 + 7 t.; לִ בֵּנוּ Isa 41:22 + 5 t.; לִבְּכֶם Gen 8:5 + 2 t.; לִבָּם Gen 42:28 + 56 t.; לִבָּן Exod 35:26 לִבְּהֶן Ezek 13:17 plural לִבּוֺת Ps 7:10; Prov 15:11 + 3 t. Proverbs; suffix לִבֹּתָם Isa 44:18 לִבּוֺתָם Ps 125:4. — inner part midst: I. seldom of things, בְּלֶביָֿם in the midst of the sea Exod 15:8; Prov 23:34; Prov 30:19 בְּלֵב יַמִּים Ps 46:3; Ezek 27:4; Ezek 27:25; Ezek 27:26; Ezek 27:27; Ezek 28:2; Ezek 28:8 בלב האלה 2Sam 18:14 בְּלֵב אֹיְבֵי in the midst of the enemies of Ps 45:2 (see BrMP on the passage; AV RV and others in the heart of). II. elsewhere of men:

1. the inner man in contrast with outer לבי ובשׂרי ירננו my heart and my flesh cry out Ps 84:3 || מעים Ps 22:15; Jer 4:19, the inner for outer מעים Jer 49:22 as within the breast על לב Exod 28:3; Exod 28:29; Exod 28:30 (twice in verse) (P); מלב 2Kgs 9:24 בלב Ps 37:15; 2Sam 18:14 סְגוֺד לִבָּם Hos 13:8 antithesis with בָּשָׂר Prov 14:30; Eccl 2:3 head Isa 1:5, face Ezek 14:3; Ezek 14:4; Ezek 14:7 arm Song 8:6 hands Ezek 22:14 bones Ps 102:5 eyes 1Kgs 9:3 (= 2Chr 7:16) Jer 22:17 ear Prov 22:17; Prov 23:12 mouth Ps 55:22 lips Isa 29:13 אֲנִי יְשֵׁינָה וְלִבִּי עֵר I slept but my heart waked Song 5:2.
2. the inner man, indefinite, soul, comprehending mind, affections and will, with occasional emphasis of one or the other by means of certain verbs: בכל לב 1Kgs 8:23 (= 2Chr 6:14) Ps 9:2; Ps 119:2; Ps 119:10; Ps 119:34; Ps 119:58; Ps 119:69; Ps 119:145; Ps 138:1; Prov 3:5; Jer 3:10; Jer 24:7 עם לב 2Chr 24:4 (see לבב 2); כלב 2Sam 7:21 (= 1Chr 17:19) Jer 3:15 תַּעֲלֻמוֺת לֵב secrets of the heart Ps 44:22 לֵב מְלָכִים אֵין חֵקֶר the heart of kings is unsearchable Prov 25:4 הַיֹּצֵר יַחַד לִבָּם Ps 33:15 etc.
3. specific reference to mind:
  a. מִלֵּב of one's own mind Num 16:28; Num 24:13 (JE) 1Kgs 12:33; Neh 6:8; Ezek 13:2; Ezek 13:17 חֲסַר לֵב destitute of mind Prov 6:32; Prov 7:7; Prov 9:4; Prov 9:16; Prov 10:13; Prov 10:21; Prov 11:12; Prov 12:11; Prov 15:21; Prov 17:18; Prov 24:30 לִבּוֺ חָסֵר Eccl 10:3 אֵין לֵב Jer 5:21; Hos 7:11 לב אין Prov 17:16 קנה לב get a mind Prov 15:32; Prov 19:8 כֹּחַ לב power of mind Job 36:5 רֹחַב לב breadth of mind 1Kgs 5:9, גנב לב 2Sam 15:6; Gen 31:20 (E? see לבב 3 a).
  b. knowledge, with ידע Deut 29:3; Prov 14:10; Prov 22:17; Eccl 1:17; Eccl 7:22; Eccl 7:25; Eccl 8:5; Eccl 8:16; Jer 24:7 ראה Ps 66:18; Eccl 1:16 חָכַם לב mind is wise Prov 23:15 לֵב חָכָם wise mind 1Kgs 3:12; Prov 16:23; Eccl 8:5 חֲכַם לֵב Exod 31:6; Exod 35:10; Exod 36:1; Exod 36:2; Exod 36:8 (P) Prov 10:8; Prov 11:29; Prov 16:21 חַכְמֵי לֵב Exod 28:3 (P) Job 37:24 חכמת לב Exod 35:25; Exod 35:35 (P); לב חכמים Eccl 7:4; Eccl 10:2 לב כסילים Prov 12:23; Prov 15:7; Eccl 7:4; Eccl 10:2 with חכמה Exod 36:2 (P) 1Kgs 10:24 (= 2Chr 9:23) Prov 2:10; Prov 17:16; Eccl 2:3 לֵב נָבוֺן intelligent mind Prov 14:33; Prov 15:14; Prov 18:15 with הבין Prov 8:5 תְּבוּנָה Prov 2:2 שָׂ֑כֶל Job 17:4 etc.
  c. thinking, reflection, with חשׁב Ps 140:3; Prov 16:9 מחשׁבות Gen 6:5 (J) Ps 33:11; Prov 6:18; Prov 19:21 compare Gen 8:21 (J); הגה muse, study Prov 15:28; Prov 24:2; Isa 33:18; Isa 59:13 הגיון Ps 19:15 הָגוּת Ps 49:4 שׂם לב set the mind, consider Isa 41:22; Ezek 44:5, with לְ 1Sam 9:20; 2Sam 13:20; Ezek 40:4; Ezek 44:5 אֶל Exod 9:21 (J) 1Sam 24:25; 2Sam 18:3 (twice in verse); Job 2:3; Job 34:14 עַל Job 1:8 שׁת לב Ps 62:10; Prov 22:17; Prov 24:32, with לְ Exod 7:23 (JE) 1Sam 4:20; Ps 48:14; Prov 27:23; Jer 31:21, אֶל Job 7:17.
  d. memory השׁיב אל לב call to mind Isa 44:19; Lam 3:21 על לב Isa 46:8 עלה על לב come into mind (occur to one) Isa 65:17; Jer 3:16; Jer 7:31; Jer 19:5; Jer 32:35 (compare Acts 7:23), so בא על לב 2Chr 7:11 שׂם על לב lay to heart Isa 42:25; Isa 47:7; Isa 57:1; Isa 57:11; Jer 12:11; Mal 2:2 (twice in verse); Dan 1:8 אל לב 2Sam 13:33; 2Sam 19:20 כתב על לב Jer 31:33 קשׁר על לב Prov 6:21 לוּחַ לֵב tablet of the memory Prov 3:3; Prov 7:3; Jer 17:1 נִשְׁכַּחְתִּי כְּמֵת מִלֵּב I am forgotten as a dead man out of mind Ps 31:13.
4. specific reference to inclinations, resolutions and determinations of the will; הכין לב set the mind 2Chr 12:14; Ps 10:17; Ps 78:8; Job 11:13 נכון לב Ps 57:8 (twice in verse) ( = Ps 108:2) Ps 78:37; Ps 112:7 נתן לב לְ Eccl 1:13; Eccl 1:17; Eccl 7:21; Eccl 8:9; Eccl 8:16; Prov 23:26; Dan 10:12 נתן אל לב Eccl 7:2; Eccl 9:1; Neh 2:12; Neh 7:5 (the 'heart' here not being the subject's), בלב Exod 35:34 (P) Ezra 7:27; Eccl 3:11 אֲשֶׁרנְֿשָׂאוֺ לִבּוֺ whose heart stirred him up Exod 35:21; Exod 36:2 compare Exod 35:26 (all P); נְדִיב לֵב willing of mind Exod 35:5; Exod 35:22 (P) 2Chr 29:31 compare Exod 25:2; Exod 35:29 (P); נטה לב אחריּ inclined to follow Judg 9:3; Ps 119:112 הטה לב 1Kgs 11:3; Ps 119:36; Ps 141:4 compare 2Sam 15:13: — גְּדֹלִים חִקְקֵילֵֿב great resolves of heart Judg 5:15 etc.
5. specific reference to conscience, וַיַּךְ לֵב דָּוִד אֹתוֺ and David's heart (conscience) smote him 1Sam 24:6 מִכְשׁוֺל לֵב offence of conscience 1Sam 25:31.
6. specific reference to moral character, God tries the heart Ps 17:3; Jer 12:3 sees the heart and reins Jer 20:12, tries them Ps 7:10; Jer 11:20, refines them Ps 26:2 searches the heart and tries the reins Jer 17:10.
  a. ישֶׁרלִֿבִּי Job 33:3 יִשְׁרֵי לֵב Ps 7:11; Ps 11:2; Ps 32:11; Ps 36:11; Ps 64:11 (all with דָּוִד in title), Ps 94:15; Ps 97:11 לֵב שָׁלֵם 1Chr 28:9; 1Chr 29:9; Isa 38:3 (all originally לבב, see לבב 6 a); נִשְׁבְּרֵילֵֿב broken of heart Ps 34:19; Isa 61:1 לֵבנִֿשְׁבָּר Ps 51:19 שְׁבוּרֵי לֵב Ps 147:3 לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Isa 57:15 לֵב טָהוֺר clean heart Ps 51:12 לֵב חָדָשׁ new heart Ezek 18:21; Ezek 36:26 (probably also Ezek 11:19 for אֶחָד see Co) etc.
  b. לֵב רָע evil heart Prov 26:23 חַנְפֵילֵֿב godless in heart Job 36:13 עקּשׁ(י) לב perverse in heart Prov 11:20; Prov 17:20 תַּרְמִת לִבָּם deceit of their heart Jer 14:14; Jer 23:26 בלב ולב with a double heart Ps 12:3 etc.
  c. seat of pride Prov 21:4; Jer 48:29; Jer 49:16; Hos 13:6; Obad 1:3 גְּבַהּלֵֿב Prov 16:5 גֹּבַהּ לב 2Chr 32:26 גָּבַהּ לֵב 2Chr 26:16; 2Chr 32:25; Ps 131:1; Prov 18:12; Ezek 28:2; Ezek 28:17.
  d. the heart is uncircumcised Jer 9:25; Ezek 44:7 (twice in verse); Ezek 44:9 and hardened: חזּק לב Exod 4:21; Exod 10:20; Exod 10:27 (E), Exod 9:12; Exod 11:10; Exod 14:4; Exod 14:8; Exod 14:17 (P), Josh 11:20 (D2 ?); יֶחֱזַק לֵב Exod 7:13; Exod 7:22; Exod 8:15; Exod 9:35 (P); חִזְקֵילֵֿב Ezek 2:4 הקשׁה לב Exod 7:3 (P) Prov 28:14 קְשֵׁילֵֿב Ezek 3:7 הכביד לב Exod 8:11; Exod 8:28; Exod 9:34; Exod 10:1 (J); כָּבֵד לב Exod 7:14; Exod 9:7 (J); כּכּד לב 1Sam 6:6 הַשְׁמֵן לֵבהָֿעָם הַזֶה make the heart of this people fat Isa 6:10 (?); שְׁרִ(י)רוּת לֵב Deut 29:18; Ps 81:13 after Jer 3:17; Jer 7:24; Jer 9:13; Jer 11:8; Jer 13:10; Jer 16:12; Jer 18:12; Jer 23:17 לב האבן the heart of stone Ezek 11:19; Ezek 36:26 etc.
7. for the man himself, אמר בלב Gen 17:17 (P), Gen 27:41 (JE), 1Kgs 12:26; Esth 6:6; Ps 10:6; Ps 10:11; Ps 10:13; Ps 14:1 ( = Ps 53:2) Ps 35:25; Ps 74:8; Eccl 2:1; Eccl 2:15; Eccl 3:17; Eccl 3:18; Isa 47:10; Obad 1:3; Zech 12:5 אֶללֿב Gen 8:21 (J) 1Sam 27:1 דבּר בלב Eccl 2:15 אֶללֿב Gen 24:45 (J); עַל לב 1Sam 1:13 (?); עִם לב Eccl 1:16 נְאֻםפֶּֿשַׁע לָרָשָׁע בְּקֶרֶב לִבִּי Ps 36:2.
8. as seat of appetites, סְעַד לב stay the heart (with bread) Gen 18:5 (J) Judg 19:5.
9. as seat of the emotions and passions:
  a. of joy and gladness, in various combinations of טוב, Judg 16:25; Judg 18:20; Judg 19:6; Judg 19:22; Ruth 3:7; 1Sam 25:36; 2Sam 13:28; 1Kgs 8:66 ( = 2Chr 7:10) 2Chr 21:7; Esth 1:10; Esth 5:9; Prov 15:15; Eccl 7:3; Eccl 9:7; Eccl 11:9; Isa 65:14 various combinations of שׂמח, Exod 4:14 (J) 1Chr 16:10 ( = Ps 105:3) Ps 4:8; Ps 16:9; Ps 19:9; Ps 33:21; Prov 15:13; Prov 15:30; Prov 17:22; Prov 27:9; Prov 27:11; Eccl 2:10 (twice in verse); Eccl 5:19; Song 3:11; Isa 24:7; Zech 10:7 שׂישׂ Ps 119:111; Isa 66:14; Lam 5:15 עלץ 1Sam 2:1 עלז Ps 28:7; Zeph 3:14 רנן Job 29:13 גיל Ps 13:6; Ps 24:17; Zech 10:7 of desire, Ps 21:3; Ps 37:4 דבּר עַל לֵב speak unto the heart (kindly) Gen 34:3; Gen 50:21 (JE) Judg 19:3; 2Sam 19:8; 2Chr 30:22; Isa 40:2; Hos 2:16; Ruth 2:13.
  b. of trouble 2Kgs 6:11; Isa 65:14, sorrow Neh 2:2; Prov 14:3, pain Ps 55:5. vexation Eccl 11:10, trembling Deut 28:65 (?) 1Sam 28:3, faintness Lam 5:17 it is wounded Ps 109:22 dies within one out of fear 1Sam 25:37 etc.; לב נמס the heart melteth (in fear) 2Sam 17:10; Ps 22:15; Ezek 21:12; Nah 2:11.
10. seat of courage: יַאֲמֵץ לִבֶּ֑ךָ let thine heart take courage Ps 27:14 אַמִּיץ לִבּוֺ Amos 2:16 אַבִּירֵי לֵב stout-hearted Ps 76:6; Isa 46:12 לִבּוֺ יָצוּק כְּמוֺאֶֿבֶן his heart as firm as a stone Job 41:16 לִבוֺ כְּלֵב הָאַרְיֵה his heart as the heart of the lion 2Sam 17:10.

BDB4296 H3826 H3820

BDB4295 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB4297

[לִבָּה] suffix לִבָּתֵךְ Ezek 16:30 should be corrected to לִבְרִיתֵךְ (see Co). > older view, as feminine of לֵבּ.

BDB7797 H7307 H5315 H3824 H1320 H3820

BDB7796 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB7798

רוּחַ378 noun feminineGen 41:8 (less often masculineExod 10:13 +) breath, wind, spirit; — absolute ׳ר Gen 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 construct רוּחַ Gen 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי vGen 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Ps 104:30 +, etc.; plural רוּחוֺת vPs 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jer 49:36, רוּחֹת Num 16:22; Num 26:16 (see Brרוח in O.T., JBL xix (1900), 132 ff., full statement of all passages); —

1. breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.):
  a. רוּחַ פִּיו Job 15:30 breath of his mouth, compare Job 19:17 רוּחַ אַפֵּינוּ Lam 4:20 (figurative of king), of idols לֹא רוּחַ בָּם Jer 10:14 = Jer 51:17, Hab 2:19; Ps 135:17 compare Job 9:18.
  b. as mere breath: compare 2 e. דִּבְרֵירֿוּחַ Job 16:3 i.e. windy words; נוֺאָשׁ לְרוּחַ אִמְרֵי Job 6:26, הַנְּבִיאִים יִהְיוּ לְרוּחַ Jer 5:13.
  c. as word of command: (1) of God: (נעשׂו) בְּרוּחַ פִּיו כָּלֿ צְבָאָםPs 33:6, compare Isa 34:16 (|| פֶּה); (2) of Messianic king: בְּרוּחַ שְׂפָתָיו יָמִית רָשָׁע Isa 11:4.
  d. as hard breathing through the nostrils in anger: (1) of God: מֵרוּח אַפּוֺ יִכְלוּ Job 4:9; Exod 15:8 (poem), 2Sam 22:16 = Ps 18:16; Isa 30:28; Isa 59:19 (2) of man: רוּחַ עָרִיצִים Isa 25:4.
  e. as sign and symbol of life: רוּחַ חַיִּים breath of life Gen 6:17; Gen 7:15 (P); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַפָּיו Gen 7:22 (P); Ezek 37:5, compare vEzek 37:6 vEzek 37:8 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:9 vEzek 37:10 vEzek 37:14 (breath or spirit), Eccl 3:19.
2. wind (117 t.):
  a. wind of heaven: Gen 8:1 (P) Exod 15:10 (E) Num 11:31 (J) 1Kgs 18:45 +, Jer 10:13, thence Jer 51:16; Ps 135:7 ׳רוּחַ י Hos 13:15; Isa 40:7, compare Job 26:13 (Di Bu); רוּחַ (ה)קָדִים east wind Exod 10:13 (twice in verse); Exod 14:21 (J) Ps 48:8; Jer 18:17; Ezek 17:10; Ezek 19:12; Ezek 27:26; Jonah 4:8 צָפוֺן ׳ר north wind Prov 25:23 יָם ׳ר sea wind (west wind) Exod 10:19 (J); . הַיּוֺם ׳ר day wind, evening wind Gen 3:8 (J; compare Song 2:17; Song 4:6); אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת four winds Jer 49:36; Ezek 37:9 (quarters?) Dan 8:8; Dan 11:4 (figurative quarters; compare b), Zech 2:10; Zech 6:5 רוּחַ סְעְרָה storm wind Ps 107:25; Ps 148:8; Ezek 1:4 (סְעָרוֺת ׳ר), Ezek 13:11; Ezek 13:13 רוּחַ סֹעָה rushing wind Ps 55:9 (read possibly סערה Hup); בַּעְיָם רוּחוֺ Isa 11:15 (read ׳בְּעֹצֶם ר, see עֲיָם, עֹצֶם), etc; wind personified: כַּנְפֵי רוּחַ 2Sam 22:11 = Ps 18:11; Ps 104:3, compare Hos 4:19; Ps 104:4.
  b. quarter (of wind), side: רוּחַ הַקָּדִים Ezek 42:16 east side; רוּחַ הַצָּפוֺן vEzek 42:17 north side; רוּחַ הַדָּרוֺם vEzek 42:18 south side; רוּחַ הַיָּם vEzek 42:19 west side; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֺת vEzek 42:20; 1Chr 9:24 four sides; ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 on the sides.
  c. breath of air: שָׁאֲפוּ רוּחַ כַּתַּנִּים Jer 14:6 רוּחַ לֹא יָבֹא בֵּינֵיהֶם Job 41:8.
  d. air, gas, from womb (dubious): כְּמוֺ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ Isa 26:18 (Di, e); רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם (RV breath) Isa 33:11 (Du, 3 c).
  e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7:7 my life is wind; דַּעַת רוּחַ Job 15:2 רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ נִסְכֵּיהֶם Isa 41:29 רְעוּת רוּחַ striving for wind Eccl 1:14; Eccl 2:11; Eccl 2:17; Eccl 2:26; Eccl 4:4; Eccl 4:6; Eccl 6:9 compare Eccl 1:17; Eccl 4:16; Eccl 5:15.
3. spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):
  a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֺד רוּחַ 1Kgs 10:5 = 2Chr 9:4 מַהזֶּֿה רוּחֲךָ סָרָה 1Kgs 21:5 וַתְּחִי רוּחַ Gen 45:27 (E); וַתָּשָׁב רוּחוֺ Judg 15:19; 1Sam 30:12.
  b. courage: ׳לֹא הָיָה בָם עוֺד ר Josh 5:1 נְגִידִים ׳יִבְצֹר ר Ps 76:13 מִצְרַיִם ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה ר Isa 19:3 תתעטּף רוּחִי Ps 77:4; Ps 142:4; Ps 143:4 לֹא קָמָה ׳עוֺד ר Josh 2:11 אִישׁ יְכַלְכֵּל מַחֲלֵהוּ ׳ר Prov 18:14.
  c. temper, especially anger: ׳רוּחַ רָעָה בֵּין וגו Judg 9:23 אָז רָֽפְתָה רוּחָם Judg 8:3 משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֺ Prov 16:32, compare Prov 25:28; Prov 29:11; Job 15:13 הֵנִיחוּ אֶתרֿוּחִי Zech 6:8; Eccl 7:9; Eccl 10:4.
  d. impatience or patience: קֹצֶר רוּחַ Exod 6:9 (P) impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of ׳י) Mic 2:7 קְצַררֿוּחַ Prov 14:29 (|| אֶרֶךְ אַפַיִם); הֱצִיקַתְנִי רוּחַ בִּטְנִי Job 32:18 (Du breath; Di Bu divine spirit, compare vJob 32:8); אִם מַדּוּעַ לֹאתִֿקְצַר רוּחִי Job 21:4 ׳הֲקָצַר רוּחַ י Mic 2:7 ׳אֶרֶךְ ר Eccl 7:8.
  e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented; וַתִּפָּעֶם רוּח(וׅ (his) spirit was troubled Gen 41:8 (E) Dan 2:3, compare vDan 2:1 מֹרַת רוּחַ Gen 26:35 (P) bitterness of spirit; ׳עֲצוּבַת ר Isa 54:6, compare Ezek 3:14; Job 6:4. feminine as crushed: וְכִהֲתָה כָלרֿוּחַ Ezek 21:12, compare Isa 61:3; Prov 15:4; Prov 15:13; Prov 17:22; Prov 18:14; Ps 143:7.
  g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: הֵעִיר אֶתרֿוּחַ 1Chr 5:26 (twice in verse); 2Chr 21:16; 2Chr 36:22; Ezra 1:1; Ezra 1:5; Jer 51:11; Hag 1:14 (3 t. in verse); הִנְנִי נ(וֺ)תֵן בּוֺ רוּח2Kgs 19:7 = Isa 37:7; Num 14:24 (J; see עִם 4 b), Mal 2:15 (twice in verse); Mal 2:16; Deut 2:30 רוּחַ קִנְאָה jealous disposition Num 5:14 (twice in verse); Num 5:30 (P); רוּחַ וְנוּנִים Hos 4:12; Hos 5:4 רוּחַ עִוְעִיםIsa 19:14 רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Isa 28:6 אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר רוּחַ אֱלהִֹרם בּוֺ (administrative) Gen 41:38 (E); קַר רוּחַ אִישׁ הְּבוּנָה Prov 17:27.
  h. prophetic spirit: יְהוֺשֻׁעַ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁרֿ רוּחַ בּזֹNum 27:18 (P; or g, as Gen 41:38); רוּחַ אֵלִיָּהוּ עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע2Kgs 2:15, compare v2Kgs 2:9 רוּחַ תַּרְדֵמָה spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare Gen 2:21; Gen 15:12, but Di and others g, as Isa 19:14) Isa 29:10; Mic 2:11 רוּחַ הַטֻמְאָה Zech 13:2 (of lying prophets), compare Ezek 13:3.
4. spirit of the living, breathing being, dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, || נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):
  a. gift and creation of God: יֹצֵר רוּחַ אָדָם בְּקִרְבּוֺ Zech 12:1 רוּחַ אֱלוֺהַּ בְּאַפִּי Job 27:3, compare Isa 42:5.
  b. God preserves it: פְּקֻדָּֽתְךָ שָֽׁמְרָה רוּחִי Job 10:12, compare Job 12:10 אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחֹת לְכָל בָּשָׂ֑ר Num 16:22; Num 27:16 (P); תֹּכֵן רוּחוֺת Prov 16:2.
  c. it is therefore God's spirit: Gen 6:3 (J; see דִּין near the end).
  d. it departs at death: Ps 78:39 (Dr a wind that passeth away 2 e); חַיֵּי רוּחִי Isa 38:16 (Di principle of life), Ps 146:4 especially Ps 104:29; Ps 104:30; Job 17:1; Job 34:14 (compare vJob 34:15), Isa 57:16; Eccl 8:8 (twice in verse) (wind Wild); אֵינְךָ יוֺדֵעַ מַהדֶּֿרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Eccl 11:5, compare Eccl 3:21 over ag. הָרוּחַ תָּשׁוּב אֶלהָֿאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נְתָנָהּ Eccl 12:7 בְּיָָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי Ps 31:6.
  e. disembodied being (dubious, Di Du breath of wind): וְרוּחַ עַלפָּֿנַי יַחֲלֹף Job 4:15.
5. spirit as seat of emotion = נֶפֶשׁ:
  a. desire (possibly 3 g), Isa 26:9 (|| נֶפֶשׁ).
  b. sorrow, trouble (probably 3 e), Job 7:11 (|| נֶפֶשׁ). — 1Sam 1:15 see קָשֶׁה.
6. occasionally, (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts, || לֵב, or synonym with it: רוּחַ חָכְמָה Exod 28:3; Deut 34:9 (both P; probably 3 g); תּעֵי רוּחַ Isa 29:24, compare Job 20:3 (Hi Bu Du wind of Job's words), Ps 77:7 (ᵐ5 Symm ᵑ6 Jerome troubled disposition); רוּחַ יהוה Isa 40:13 come into mind (compare לֵב Isa 65:17; Jer 3:16 +); 1Chr 28:12.
7. rarely of the will; also = רוּחַ נָכוֺן לֵב Ps 51:12 (= לֵב נָכוֺן Ps 57:8 (twice in verse) +); רוּחַ נְדִיבָה vPs 51:14 נָָֽדְבָה רוּחוֺ Exod 35:21 (P; compare נְדִיב לֵב Exod 35:5; Exod 35:22 (P) 2Chr 29:31).
8. רוּחַ especially of moral character; also = ׃לֵב רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁהEzek 11:19; Ezek 18:31; Ezek 36:26 רוּחִי vEzek 36:27; Isa 59:21 (רוּחִי, || דְּבָרַי; but probably prophetic spirit 9 b); לֵב חָדָשׁ Ezek 18:31; Ezek 36:26 נְכֵה רוּחַ Isa 66:2 דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ Ps 34:19 (compare לֵב נִדְכָּאִים Isa 57:15); מִשֵּׁבֶר רוּחַ Isa 65:14 (compare 3 f); רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרֶה Ps 51:19 (|| לֵב נִשְׁבָּר, compare נִשְׁבְּרֵי לֵב Ps 34:19; Isa 61:1); Ps 32:2; Prov 11:13; Prov 16:18; Ps 78:8; Eccl 7:8 (compare גְּבַהּלֵב Prov 16:5); שְׁפַל רוּחַ Prov 16:19; Prov 29:23; Isa 57:15 רוּחַ שְׁפָלִים vIsa 57:15 (compare 3 f).
9. spirit of God (94 t.; not D or Jeremiah or any Deuteronomic writer; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy probably discredited from abuse by false prophets, see נביא, נבא):
  a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy, Num 11:17; Num 11:25 (twice in verse); Num 11:26; Num 11:29 (J), 1Sam 10:6; 1Sam 10:10 (compare v1Sam 10:5), 1Sam 19:20; 1Sam 19:23 as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as אֱלֹהִים רָעָה ׳ר 1Sam 16:15 (twice in verse); 1Sam 16:16, = ׳רָעָה מֵאֵת י ׳ר v1Sam 16:14 = רָעָה ׳א ׳צלח ר 1Sam 18:10 (other narrative) = רָעָה ׳י ׳ר 1Sam 19:9 ׳א ׳ר 1Sam 16:23 = רוּחַ הָרָעָה v1Sam 16:23, compare הָרוּחַ 1Kgs 22:21 = שֶׁקֶר ׳ר v1Kgs 22:22 v1Kgs 22:23 = 2Chr 18:20; 2Chr 18:21; 2Chr 18:22 = ׳רוּחַ י 1Kgs 22:24 = 2Chr 18:23 compare also (in earlier prophets) אִישׁ הָרוּחַ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, || הַנָּבִּיא Hos 9:7 ׳רוּחַ י Mic 3:8 (|| בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (We Now); וְלֹא רוּחִי Isa 30:1 רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.: Ezek 2:2; Ezek 3:12; Ezek 3:14; Ezek 3:24; Ezek 8:3; Ezek 11:1; Ezek 11:5; Ezek 11:24 (Co gloss), Ezek 37:1; Ezek 43:5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah 1Kgs 18:12; 2Kgs 2:16.
  b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably Num 24:2; 2Sam 23:2; 1Chr 12:18 elsewhere in Chronicles: 2Chr 15:1; 2Chr 20:14; 2Chr 24:20 distinctly in Isa2, Isa 48:16, compare Isa 61:1 so of ancient prophets, Zech 7:12; Neh 9:30 compare, of future prophetic gift, Joel 3:1; Joel 3:2.
  c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to שֹׁפְטִים, מוֺשִׁיעִים, מְלָכִים, of ancient Israel: וַתְּהִי רוּחַ על ׳י Judg 3:10; Judg 11:29, compare Judg 6:34; Judg 13:25; Judg 14:6; Judg 14:19; Judg 15:14; 1Sam 11:6; 1Sam 16:13; 1Sam 16:14 so also עַד יֵעָרֶה עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרוֺם Isa 32:15 (2) resting upon Messianic king: Isa 11:2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of ׳י, Isa 42:1.
  d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill Exod 31:3; Exod 35:31 (P); understanding Job 32:8 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); poured out by divine wisdom Prov 1:23.
  e. as energy of life: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַלפְּֿנֵי הַמָּ֑יִם Gen 1:2 (P); רוּחַ אֵל עָשָׂ֑תְנִי Job 33:4 (|| נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); as vital power, opposed to בָשָׂר: Isa 31:3 in cherubic chariot: Ezek 1:12, compare vEzek 1:20 vEzek 1:21; Ezek 10:17 reviving Israel Ezek 39:29; Zech 12:10; Isa 44:3. feminine = ancient angel of the presence and later Shekina: קָדְשׁוֺ ׳ר Isa 63:10; Isa 63:11 = ׳י ׳ר vIsa 63:14 (= מַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו vIsa 63:9), compare Ps 106:33 so also קָדְשְׁךָ ׳ר Ps 51:13 (in national prayer), compare Neh 9:20; Ps 143:10 prophets of restoration conceive of the divine spirit as standing in their midst and about to fulfil all divine promises: רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֺכֲכֶם Hag 2:5; Zech 4:6 this conception culminates in רוּחַ = divine Presence, and as such omnipresent, Ps 139:7 (|| פָּנֶיךָ; compare vPs 139:8).

BDB9636 H3820 H3821

BDB9635 | BIBLICAL ARAMAIC | BDB9637

[לֵב] noun [masculine] id. (Biblical Hebrew id.; so ᵑ7 Syriac; Egyptian Aramaic, Lzb301 = Cooke76 A 6); — suffix לִבִּי Dan 7:28.

heart, hearts, midst, mind, understanding, …
lēb
the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the center of anything
  • inner man, mind, will, heart, understanding
    • inner part, midst
      • midst (of things)
        • "heart (of man)"soul, heart (of man)"mind, knowledge, thinking, reflection, memory"inclination, resolution, determination (of will)"conscience"heart (of moral character)"as seat of appetites"as seat of emotions and passions"as seat of courage

וְ אַחֲרִיתָ ֖הּ
וְ
Prefix — connector and (sometimes: but, so, then)
אַחֲרִיתָ
Root word end, latter, last, posterity, reward, …
֖הּ
Suffix — pronoun her / it
Dictionary form: אַחֲרִית · ah-huh-REET

הּ
Mapiq — the "her" dot The dot inside the final הּ (mapiq) makes the ה a real consonant: it is the suffix "her / its" attached to this word.

Noun — Common, feminine singular, construct state "___ of …" — bound to the next word

In the KJV here: and the end
in the latter ×9 the end ×4 but the end ×3 and the end ×2 at the last ×2 in the last ×2 the latter end ×2 a reward ×1
More options
end — Most versatile; fits narrative, poetic, and wisdom contexts.
outcome — Emphasizes result or consequence; good for proverbial sayings.
future — Highlights what lies ahead; suits prophetic or hopeful passages.
final days — Captures eschatological or generational scope.
posterity — Refers to descendants or legacy; use in genealogical contexts.
remnant — Stresses what survives after loss; fits lament or judgment texts.

BDB342 H319

BDB341 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB343

אַחֲרִית61 noun feminine after-part, end; —
  a. of place, only Psalm Eccl 139:9 (late) יָם ׳א.
  b. of time, latter part or actual close (according to context), opposed to רֵאשִׁית; — of year Deut 11:12 of a man's life Num 23:10; Prov 5:11; Job 8:7; Job 42:12 of a people's existence Num 24:20 = final lot Deut 32:20; Deut 32:29; Jer 12:4; Jer 31:17; Ps 73:17 a future, i.e. a happy close of life, suggesting sometimes the idea of a posterity, promised to the righteous Prov 23:18 (|| תִּקְוָה hope) Prov 24:14; Jer 29:11 (וְתִקְוָה ׳לָתֵת לָכֶם א), withheld from the wicked Prov 24:20 (|| ׃ נֵר יִדְעָֽח ׃ see below); the end or ultimate issue of a course of action Jer 5:31; Prov 14:12; Prov 23:32 (of wine, i.e. of indulgence in it) Prov 25:8; Isa 46:10 (absolute, but implicitly of a phase of history) Isa 47:7 (of the conduct described vIsa 47:6 b-7 a) Dan 12:8; Eccl 7:8 of a prediction = the event Isa 41:22. בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים in the end of the days, a prophetic phrase denoting the final period of the history so far as the speaker's perspective reaches; the sense thus varies with the context, but it often = the ideal or Messianic future; Gen 49:1 (of the period of Israel's possession of Canaan) Num 24:14; Deut 4:30 (of the period of Israel's return to God after adversity) Deut 31:29 (of the period of Israel's rebellion) Hos 3:5; Isa 2:2 ( = Mic 4:1) Jer 23:20 (see Graf) = Jer 30:24; Jer 48:47; Jer 49:39; Ezek 38:16 (of the period of Gog's attack upon restored Israel) Dan 2:28 (Aramaic) Dan 10:14 (of the age of Antiochus Epiphanes): compare הַשָּׁנִים ׳כְּא Ezek 38:8.
  c. הַגּוֺיִם ׳א Jer 50:12 the last, hindermost of the nations (of Babylon), opposed to ראשׁית הגוים Amos 6:1 (Israel) compare Num 24:20 (Amalek) chief of the nations.
  d. concrete posterity (extension of usage noted above in Prov 24:20) Ps 37:37; Ps 37:38 (possibly not more than 'a future' here) Ps 109:13 (|| אַחֵר יִמַּח שְׁמָם בְּדוֺר) Amos 4:2; Amos 9:1; Ezek 23:25 (twice in verse) (according to others, in these four passages, remnant, residue) Dan 11:4.

end, latter, last, posterity, reward, …
ʾaḥărît
the last or end, hence, the future; also posterity
  • after part, end
    • end, issue, event
      • "latter time (prophetic for future time)"posterity"last, hindermost

שִׂמְחָ֣ה
שִׂמְחָ֣ה
Root word joy, gladness, mirth, rejoice, rejoicing, …
Dictionary form: שִׂמְחָה · sim-HAW

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: of that mirth
joy ×11 and gladness ×10 with joy ×8 with gladness ×6 gladness ×5 and joy ×4 of gladness ×4 is joy ×2
More options
joy — Broadest, most natural modern default rendering.
gladness — Emphasizes outward, expressed happiness; formal contexts.
delight — Highlights pleasure and satisfaction; warm, personal tone.
celebration — Foregrounds communal or festive expression of joy.
rejoicing — Verbal-noun feel; suits active, exuberant contexts.
merriment — Captures lighthearted, festive mirth; use sparingly.

BDB8189 H7760 H8040 H8057

BDB8188 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB8190

שׂוּמָה (van d. H. שׂימה Kt) perhaps noun feminine token of unluckiness, scowl; — 2Sam 13:32, so EwG iii. 234, H.172 (abbreviated fromשׂמאל; or emendation שִׁטְמָה) We RSEncy. Brit.(9) DAVID Kit, compare Dr HPS.

BDB8259 H8057

BDB8258 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB8260

שִׂמְחָה93 noun feminine joy, gladness, mirth; — absolute ׳שׂ Gen 31:37 +, construct שִׂמְחַת Isa 9:2 +; suffix שִׂמְחָתִי Ps 137:6, etc.; plural שְׂמָחוֺת Ps 16:11, תֹ- Ps 45:16 —

1. mirth, gladness, e.g. in festivity, Gen 31:27 (E), Ps 137:3; Ps 137:6, 1Kgs 1:40; 1Sam 18:6; Isa 9:2 (twice in verse); Isa 16:10; Ps 45:16 יוֺם ׳מִשְׁתֶּה וְשׂ Esth 9:17; Esth 9:18; Esth 9:22 compare (יוֺם omitted) vEsth 9:19 (+ יוֺם טוֺב), vEsth 9:22 (|| יוֺם טוֺם), + 5 t., + ׳קוֺל שׂ Jer 7:34 = Jer 16:9 = Jer 25:10 = Jer 33:11 joy of heart Prov 14:10; Prov 14:13; Eccl 5:19; Song 3:11, compare (of inward joy) Jonah 4:6; Prov 15:23; Prov 21:15 = gaiety, pleasure Isa 22:13; Eccl 2:1; Eccl 2:2; Eccl 2:10; Eccl 8:15; Eccl 9:7, ׳בֵּית שׂ Eccl 7:4 חָנֵף ׳שׂ Job 20:5, of foolish Prov 15:21; Prov 21:17 malicious joy Ezek 35:15 (ל of thing), so כָּללֵֿבָב ׳שׂ Ezek 36:5.
2.46 (especially Psalms Chronicles) religious: 2Sam 6:12 || 1Chr 15:16; 1Chr 15:25; Joel 1:16 +; ׳יוֺם שׂ Num 10:10 (P); ׳עָשָׂה שׂ i.e. make a (sacred) festivity 2Chr 30:23; Neh 8:12; Neh 12:27 שִׂמְחַת עוֺלָם Isa 35:10 = Isa 51:11; Isa 61:7 ׳שׂ with עַל person Neh 12:44 joy of heart Isa 30:29; Jer 15:16 as gift of ׳י Ps 4:8; Ps 21:7 + 7 t. + (in mockery) Isa 66:5.
3. joy of ׳י Zeph 3:17.
4. glad result, gleeful issue Ps 106:5 (|| טוֺבָה), Prov 10:28; Prov 12:20 (Gr אֱמֻנָה, Toy מִשְׁפָּט; opposed to מִרְמָה).

joy, gladness, mirth, rejoice, rejoicing, …
śimḥâ
blithesomeness or glee, (religious or festival)
  • joy, mirth, gladness
    • mirth, gladness, joy, gaiety, pleasure
      • "joy (of God)"glad result, happy issue

תוּגָֽה
תוּגָֽה
Root word heaviness, sorrow
Dictionary form: תּוּגָה · too-ɡAW

Noun — Common, feminine singular, absolute state

In the KJV here: is heaviness
doeth it to his sorrow ×1 for heaviness ×1 is heaviness ×1 is the heaviness ×1
More options
grief — Broad, emotionally resonant; fits most contexts well.
sorrow — Modernizes KJV 'heaviness'; slightly more formal tone.
anguish — Stronger intensity; use for acute or deep suffering.
heartache — Warm, relatable; suits personal or familial contexts.
sadness — Milder and everyday; fits low-intensity or general uses.
distress — Emphasizes outward burden or trouble over inner feeling.

BDB3419 H8424

BDB3418 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB3420

תּוּגָה noun feminine grief (poetry) — absolute ׳ת Ps 119:28; Prov 14:13; Prov 17:21 construct תּוּגַת Prov 10:1 — grief Ps 119:28; Prov 10:1 (opposed to יְשַׂמַּח), Prov 14:13 (opposed to שִׂמְחָה), Prov 17:21 (|| לֹא יִשְׂמַח).

heaviness, sorrow
tûgâ
depression (of spirits); concretely a grief
  • grief, heaviness, sorrow

This book is chanted to the poetic accent system (used only in Job, Psalms, and Proverbs). Each group below ends at one of its pausing accents — translate a group as one unit.
גַּם בִּשְׂחֹ֥ק יִכְאַב לֵ֑ב Atnach — the verse's main pause — take a breath here וְאַחֲרִיתָ֖הּ שִׂמְחָ֣ה תוּגָֽה Silluq — end of the verse

גַּם-בִּשְׂחֹק יִכְאַב-לֵב וְאַחֲרִיתָהּ שִׂמְחָה תוּגָֽה׃
13
Even in laughter the heart is sorrowful; and the end of that mirth is heaviness.
Cross References

Ecclesiastes 2:2

לִשְׂחוֹק אָמַרְתִּי מְהוֹלָל וּלְשִׂמְחָה מַה-זֹּה עֹשָֽׂה׃
2
I said of laughter, It is mad: and of mirth, What doeth it?

James 4:9

ταλαιπωρήσατε καὶ πενθήσατε καὶ κλαύσατε ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μεταστραφήτω καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν
9
Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your be laughter turned to mourning, and your joy to heaviness.

Proverbs 5:4

וְֽאַחֲרִיתָהּ מָרָה כַֽלַּעֲנָה חַדָּה כְּחֶרֶב פִּיּֽוֹת׃
4
But her end is bitter as wormwood, sharp as a twoedged sword.

Ecclesiastes 11:9

שְׂמַח בָּחוּר בְּיַלְדוּתֶיךָ וִֽיטִֽיבְךָ לִבְּךָ בִּימֵי בְחוּרוֹתֶיךָ וְהַלֵּךְ בְּדַרְכֵי לִבְּךָ וּבְמַרְאֵי עֵינֶיךָ וְדָע כִּי עַל-כָּל-אֵלֶּה יְבִֽיאֲךָ הָאֱלֹהִים בַּמִּשְׁפָּֽט׃
9
Rejoice, O young man, in thy youth; and let thy heart cheer thee in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thine heart, and in the sight of thine eyes: but know thou, that for all these things God will bring thee into judgment.

Ecclesiastes 2:10

וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר שָֽׁאֲלוּ עֵינַי לֹא אָצַלְתִּי מֵהֶם לֹֽא-מָנַעְתִּי אֶת-לִבִּי מִכָּל-שִׂמְחָה כִּֽי-לִבִּי שָׂמֵחַ מִכָּל-עֲמָלִי וְזֶֽה-הָיָה חֶלְקִי מִכָּל-עֲמָלִֽי׃
10
And whatsoever mine eyes desired I kept not from them, I withheld not my heart from any joy; for my heart rejoiced in all my labour: and this was my portion of all my labour.

Ecclesiastes 7:5

טוֹב לִשְׁמֹעַ גַּעֲרַת חָכָם מֵאִישׁ שֹׁמֵעַ שִׁיר כְּסִילִֽים׃
5
It is better to hear the rebuke of the wise, than for a man to hear the song of fools.

Luke 16:25

εἶπεν δὲ Ἀβραάμ· Τέκνον μνήσθητι ὅτι ἀπέλαβες σὺ τὰ ἀγαθά σου ἐν τῇ ζωῇ σου καὶ Λάζαρος ὁμοίως τὰ κακά· νῦν δὲ ὅδε παρακαλεῖται σὺ δὲ ὀδυνᾶσαι
25
But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented.

Revelation 18:7

ὅσα ἐδόξασεν ἑαυτὴν καὶ ἐστρηνίασεν τοσοῦτον δότε αὐτῇ βασανισμὸν καὶ πένθος ὅτι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς λέγει Κάθημαι βασίλισσα καὶ χήρα οὐκ εἰμί καὶ πένθος οὐ μὴ ἴδω
7
How much she hath glorified herself, and lived deliciously, so much torment and sorrow give her: for she saith in her heart, I sit a queen, and am no widow, and shall see no sorrow.
Proverbs 14:12
Read Proverbs 14
Proverbs 14:14