BDB8848 H8104
BDB8847 | BIBLICAL HEBREW | BDB8849
I. שָׁמַר465 verb keep, watch, preserve (Late Hebrew id.; Phoenician שמר in proper name and (Punic) = watchman; Tel Amarna šimiru is perhaps overseer (Canaanism), WklNo. 80, i. 23; Mandean סמירא preserved NöM 46; compare Arabic converse by night, stay awake (see LagBN 105); BaNB 175 f.; ES 43 infers from eyelid (compare [שְׁמֻרָה] below), and Arabic support, aid, protect (l = r), that two √ √ are combined in Hebrew; but proof insufficient); — Qal425 Perfect 3 masculine singular
׳שׁ Gen 37:11 +, etc.;
Imperfect 3 masculine singular
יִשְׁמֹר 1Sam 2:9 +,
יִשְׁמָרֿ Jer 5:24 +, suffix 3 masculine singular
יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ Exod 21:29;
Exod 21:36 3 feminine singular suffix
תִּשְׁמוּרֵ֑ם Prov 14:3 (read
תִּשְׁמְרוּם, see
Ges«GKC:47g»§ 47g Toy), etc.;
Imperative masculine singular
שְׁמֹר Job 2:6 +,
שָׁמְרָה 1Chr 29:18 +; masculine plural
שִׁמְרוּ Josh 6:18 +, etc.;
Infinitive absolute שָׁמוֺר Deut 5:12 +; construct
שְׁמֹר Gen 3:24 +, suffix
שָׁמְרָהּ Gen 2:15, etc.;
Participle active שֹׁמֵר 1Sam 1:12 +, etc.;
passive שָׁמוּר Eccl 5:12 (
1Sam 9:24 see below), etc.; — [Synon. I.
נָצַר,
נָטַר, q. v.]:
1. a. keep, have charge of, garden
Gen 2:15 (
J), ark
1Sam 7:1, property in trust
Exod 22:6;
Exod 22:9 (
E), compare
1Sam 25:31 tend flock
Gen 30:31 (
E), compare
Zech 3:7;
Num 3:8 (
P); so perhaps (object omitted)
Hos 12:13 (where
׳שׁ chosen for parallelism
Now Marti and others); Participle
הֲשֹׁמֵר אָחִי אָנֹ֑כִי Gen 4:9 (
J),
׳שׁ of sheep
1Sam 17:20,
הַכֵּלִים ׳שׁ v
1Sam 17:22,
הַכְּגָדִים ׳שׁ 2Kgs 22:14;
2Chr 34:22,
הַנָּשִׁים ׳שׁ Esth 2:3;
Esth 2:8;
Esth 2:15, compare v
Esth 2:14, etc.
b. keep, guard, captives
Josh 10:18 (
J),
1Kgs 20:39,
דֶּרֶךְ Gen 3:24 (
J);
keep watch and ward,
אֶל person for whom
1Sam 26:15 (
Ps 59:10 see
3 end),
עַל person v
Ps 59:16;
Prov 6:22 בַּנַּעַר 2Sam 18:12 have a care of (read
לִי for
מִי ᵐ5 and modern); in hostile sense,
אֶל הָעִיר (in siege)
2Sam 11:16,
חַטָאתִי עַל Job 14:16 (but read
תַּעֲבֹר with
ᵐ5 Ew Di Du and others [not
Hi Bu]); absolute with
מֵעַל Eccl 5:7 watcheth above, etc.;
keep one's mouth, be prudent of speech
Prov 21:33, compare
Mic 7:5 keep = protect, save, one's life,
נֶפֶשׁ Prov 13:3;
Prov 16:17;
Prov 19:16;
Prov 22:5, another's
Job 2:6 in Proverbs, accusative of person, subject wisdom,
Job 4:6 she shall preserve thee, compare (+
מִן of evil)
Job 6:24;
Job 7:5 especially Participle
watch, watchman, of city
Isa 21:11 (twice in verse);
Isa 21:12;
Isa 62:5 (figurative),
Song 3:3;
Song 5:7 (twice in verse);
Ps 127:1 הַמֶּלֶף ׳שׁ (in temple)
Jer 35:4 + (see
סַף),
פֶּית הַמֶּלֶךְ ׳הַפּ 1Kgs 14:27 =
2Chr 12:10,
הַשְּׁעָרִים ׳שׁ Neh 13:22,
שֹׁמְרֵי הַבַּיִת (figurative)
Eccl 12:3 ׳שׁ הַבַּיִתךֵסעוֺה ךֵהת פךֵךֵכ (of David's concubines) 2Sam 15:16; 2Sam 16:21; 2Sam 20:3 שֹׁמֵר הַכֵּלִים 1Sam 17:22, הַבְּגָדִים ׳שׁ 2Kgs 22:14, חַפַּרְדֵּס ׳שׁ Neh 2:8, הַנָּשִׁים ׳שׁ Esth 2:3; Esth 2:14; Esth 2:15, שֹׁמְרִים absolute Judg 7:19; Jer 51:12.
c. hence watch for, wait for, accusative of person 1Sam 19:11 (to kill him), compare Ps 59:1 (title; accusative הַבַּיִת); with יֲקֵכַי Ps 56:7 = dog my steps, Ps 71:10; Jer 20:10 = watch (suspiciously) Job 10:14; Job 13:27; Job 33:11 absolute הַשֹּׁעמרִים Judg 1:24 wait for, נֶשֶׁף Job 24:15, לַבֹּקֶר Ps 130:6 (twice in verse).
d. watch, observe, accusative of thing 1Sam 1:12; Eccl 11:4; Job 39:1; Jer 8:7 (of birds), with intelligence Isa 42:20; Ps 107:43 accusative of person Ps 37:37 (|| ראה), Zech 11:11 accusative of sin Ps 31:7; Ps 130:3 accusative of thing, for the purpose of avoiding, Ps 17:4. 2. a. keep, retain, of storing up (food)
Gen 41:35 (
E); absolute
Eccl 3:6 (opposed to
הִשְׁלִיךְ);
treasure up (in memory)
Gen 37:11 (
E), compare
Mal 2:7;
1Chr 29:18;
Prov 4:21 (
בְּתוֺךְ לְבָבֶ֑ךְ),
Prov 22:18 (
כְּבִטֱנ֑ךָ);
retain wrath
Amos 1:11 (read
שָׁמֶר לָנֶצַח We Now GASm Marti; see also
נָטַר 1) + (anger omitted)
Jer 3:5 (||
נטר).
b. keep within bounds,
restrain, object
שׁוֺר Exod 21:29;
Exod 21:36 (
E); with accusative hand,
מִן of evil
Isa 56:2 figurative
keep thy foot, with temporal clause
Eccl 4:17 לְֿפִי מַחְסוֺם׳אֶשׁ Ps 39:2 (
ᵐ5 Du and others
אָשִׁימָה); apparently reflexive (=
Niph`al),
Josh 6:18 (+
מִןהַֿחֵרֶס), possibly sc.
גַפְשְׁכֶם Di.
3. a. observe, celebrate, accusative of festival, etc.,
Exod 23:15 (
E),
Exod 34:18 (
J),
Exod 12:17 of day v
Exod 12:17 (
P), of month
Deut 16:1.
b. keep Sabbath
Deut 5:12;
Lev 19:3;
Lev 19:30;
Lev 26:2 (all
H),
Exod 31:13;
Exod 31:14;
Exod 31:16 (
P),
Isa 56:4, also (+
מֵחַלְּלוֺ) v
Isa 56:2 v
Isa 56:6.
c. of other obligations:
keep convenant
Ezek 17:14, especially convenant of
׳י Deut 29:8;
1Kgs 11:11 + 5 t.,
׳שְׁבֻעַת י 1Kgs 2:43,
perform vow
Deut 23:24 keep commands
Jer 35:18;
Ezek 20:18 especially
מִצָוֺת,
תֻקִּים,
יֲבֹדָה, etc., of
׳י (sometimes ||
נצר),
Exod 20:6 =
Deut 5:10;
Amos 2:4;
1Kgs 2:3;
Ps 119:8;
Ps 119:17;
Ps 119:34 + very often (c. 120 t.);
׳דֶּרֶח י ׳שׁ Gen 18:19 (
J) + 4 t.,
׳דַּרְכֵי י 2Sam 22:22 =
Ps 18:22,
׳י ׳ד omitted
Judg 2:22 b;
אָרְחוֺת צַדַּיקִים ׳שׁ Prov 2:20 (||
תֵּלֵח תְּלֵח בְּדֶרֶח טוֺבֹים),
׳שׁ דְּרָכַי (ways of wisdom)
Prov 8:32 (
Ps 17:4 see
1 d);
keep discharge an office,
כְּהֻנָּה Num 3:10;
Num 18:7 (both
P), absolute
2Chr 5:11 a function or duty, especially
מִשְׁמֶרֶת ׳שׁ Lev 8:35;
Num 1:53 + approximately 32 t. (see
׳מ below); accusative of obligation often omitted, especially
D (and
RD)
keep and do Deut 4:6;
Deut 7:12 + 8 t.;
to do Deut 5:1;
Deut 5:29 + 16 t.
D + 3 t., etc.
d. observe = follow dictates of (prudence, justice, kindness, wisdom)
Hos 12:7 (
חֶסֶד וּמִשְׁפָּט),
Isa 56:1;
Prov 4:4;
Prov 5:2;
Prov 7:1;
Prov 7:2 bad sense,
observe vanities
Ps 31:7. — Doubtful are:
לִשְׁמֹר absolute
Hos 4:10, very strange (conjectures in
We Now Marti);
שָׁמוּר 1Sam 9:24,
HPS אֵחַרְנוּ, compare
Now BuComm.;
Ps 59:10 read
עֻוִּי אֵלֶיךָ אֲזַמֵּ֑רָה (as v
Ps 59:18,
ᵑ6 Che Bae).
4. sometimes
׳י subject:
a. keep, preserve, protect, accusative of person, +
ב of way, etc.,
Gen 28:15;
Gen 28:20 (
J),
Exod 23:20 (
E; of
מַלְאָח),
Ps 91:11 (
׳מ),
Josh 24:17 (
E); accusative of person (or
נפשׁ) only:
1Sam 30:23;
Jer 31:9;
Num 6:24 (
P),
Job 29:2;
Ps 16:1 + 10 t. Psalms; +
מִן Ps 121:7 + 2 t.; accusative
רַהְּלַי 1Sam 2:9, compare
Prov 3:26 (
מִן);
Participle שֹׁמְרֶ֑ךָ Ps 121:3;
Ps 121:5, compare v
Ps 121:4, etc.; accusative of city
Ps 127:1.
b. with accusative
בְּרִית,
ל person
Deut 7:12, +
חֶסֶד v
Deut 7:7 + 5 t.,
אֱמֶת לְעוֺלָם ׳הַשּׁ Ps 146:6 הַשְּׁבֻעָה Deut 7:8, etc.; passive of covenant (
׳י agent)
עֲרוּכָה בַכֹּל וּשְׁמֻרָה 2Sam 23:5 (legal terminology,
Dr).
5. keep, reserve, weeks of harvest
Jer 5:24 (
ל person).
Niph`al36 Perfect 3 masculine singular
נִשְׁמַד 2Sam 20:10, etc.;
Imperfect 3 feminine singular
תִּשָּׁמֵד Judg 13:13 2 masculine plural
תִּשָּׁמַ֑רוּ Exod 23:13 Imperative masculine singular
תִּשָּׁמֵד Isa 7:4 הִדָמשּׁ֫מֶר (לְךָׅ Gen 24:6 +; feminine singular
הִשָּֽׁמְרִי Judg 13:4, etc.; —
1. be on one's guard, with
בַּחֶרֶב 2Sam 20:10 by reason of the sword, i.e. against it; with
ב temporal
1Sam 19:2,
שָׁם 2Kgs 6:10 take heed Exod 23:13 (
E)
Deut 2:4 with
מִן person
Exod 23:21 (
E),
Jer 9:3 מִן of thing
Judg 13:13;
Deut 23:10 מִן infinitive
take care not to, etc.
Gen 31:29 (
E),
2Kgs 6:9 infinitive without
מִן Exod 19:12 (
J), but read probably
מֵעֲלוֺת; followed by
פֶּן lest Gen 24:6 (
J) + 11 t. (especially Deuteronomy); with
(וְ)אַל jussive
Exod 10:23 (
J),
Judg 13:4;
Job 36:21, with Imperative coordinate
Isa 7:4. — Very often Imperative (24 t.), especially in phrase
הִשָּׁמֶרלְֿךָ (12 t.),
הִשָּֽׁטְרוּ לָכֶם (3 t.); +
לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם Deut 4:15;
Josh 23:11 (
RD; + infinitive); +
׳בְּנַפ Jer 17:21 apparently
ב pret.
on peril of your life (compare
ב III. 3 a),
so perhaps also בְּרוּחֲכֶם Mal 2:15; Mal 2:16 (We Now). 2. keep oneself, refrain, abstain,
מֵאִשָּׁה 1Sam 21:5.
3. be kept, guarded,
Hos 12:14 (compare
׳שׁ of Jacob v.
Hos 12:13); be preserved (by
׳י)
Ps 37:28 (
לִיוֺלָם), but read probably
עַוָּלִים (לְעוֺלָם) נִשְׁמָ֑דוּ Hup-Ri (
Now)
Che Bae Du Dr.
Pi`el Participle plural
מְשַׁמְּרִים הַבְלֵישָֿׁוְא Jonah 2:9 those paying regard to false vanities (compare Qal
Ps 31:7).
Hithpa`el Imperfect 1 singular
וָאֶשְׁתַּסֵּר מֵעֲוֺנַי Ps 18:24 I kept myself from, etc. =
2Sam 22:24 (verb cohortative); 3 masculine singular
וְיִשְׁתַּמֵּר חֻקּוֺת עָמְרִי Mic 6:16, but read
וְתִשְׁמֹר thou keepest, observest,
We Now GASm.